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Chemistry: Carbonyl Groups > Reactions With Carbonyl Groups > Flashcards

Reactions With Carbonyl Groups Flashcards

1
Q

What are aldehydes oxidised to?

A

Carboxylic acids

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2
Q

What symbol represents an oxidising agent?

A

[O]

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3
Q

What oxidising agent oxidised aldehydes?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

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4
Q

How do we acidify potassium dichromate (VI)?

A

Add excess dilute sulfuric acid

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5
Q

What two tests distinguish an aldehyde from a ketone?

A

-Fehlings Test
-Tollens Reagent/Silver Mirror Test

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6
Q

How is Fehlings test used to identify an aldehyde?

A
  1. aldehyde warmed with Fehlings solution
  2. Brick red precipitate formed
  3. Cu (II) oxidises aldehyde and itself is reduced to Cu (I)
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7
Q

How is Tollens Reagent/ The silver mirror test used to identify an aldehyde?

A
  1. Aldehyde warmed with Tollens Reagent
  2. Metallic silver formed, produced mirror on inside of test tube
  3. Ag+ reduced to metallic silver
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8
Q

What equation shows how Tollens Reagent is reduced to metallic silver?

A

[Ag(NH3)2]+ + e- > Ag + 2NH3

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9
Q

What is a hydroxynitrile?

A

contains hydroxyl and nitrile group

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10
Q

Which is the highest priority group between hydroxyl and nitrile?

A

C=-N

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11
Q

How do we name hydroxynitriles?

A

name from nitrile, including C in C=-N bond as the start of the carbon chain

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12
Q

What is the symbol for a cyanide ion?

A

:CN-

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13
Q

What will the reaction of a cyanide ion and aldehyde produce?

A

Hydroxynitrile
Racemic mixture of two optical isomers (enantiometers)

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14
Q

Why can nucleophillic addition lead to a racemic mixture with a cyanide ion?

A

:CN- can attack from above and below planar C=O

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15
Q

How can an optical isomer arise in a hydroxynitrile?

A

-chiral carbon
-asymmetrical
-two different R groups

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16
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

carbon attached to four different types of atoms

17
Q

What is a racemic mixture?

A

equal quantities of each enantiometer in a mixture

18
Q

What are the shape of double bonds?

A

Planar

19
Q

What are the hazards of potassium cyanide?

A

toxic/poisonous
flammable

20
Q

As potassium cyanide is flammable what is used instead of a Bunsen burner?

A

Water Bath

21
Q

Why is potassium cyanide acidified?

A

Produce H+ ions

22
Q

What are the hazards of hydrogen cyanide?

A

extremely poisonous
flammable
hard to store as gas

23
Q

How do Carboxylic acids react?

A

-C+ open to attack from nucleophiles
-O- of C=O attacked by positively charged species (H+)

24
Q

How is a carboxylate ion formed?

A

hydrogen of OH group lost leaving a negative carboxylate ion

25
Q

What do reactions with Carboxylic acids form?

A

ionic salts / carboxylate ion
Water
Carbon dioxide with a metal carbonate

26
Q

How do Carboxylic acids form ionic salts?

A

by reacting with more reactive metals, alkalis, metal oxides or metal carbonates

27
Q

How does ethanoic acid react with sodium hydroxide?

A

CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) >
CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)

28
Q

What is the word equation to show how sodium hydroxide reacts with ethanoic acid?

A

ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide >
sodium ethanoate + water

29
Q

How does ethanoic acid react with sodium carbonate?

A

2CH3COOH (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) >
2CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

30
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate?

A

ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate >
sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

31
Q

How are esters formed?

A

Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol alongside strong acid catalyst (concentrated H2SO4)

32
Q

How is an ester hydrolysed?

A

C+ attacked by weak nucleophile in carbonyl bond

33
Q

What does ester hydrolysis form?

A

Carboxylic acid
Alcohol

34
Q

What conditions are required for ester hydrolysis?

A

reflux
strong acid catalyst
lots of water

35
Q

Why is lots of water needed in ester hydrolysis?

A

push equilibrium to right

36
Q

What word equation shows how an ester and base react?

A

carboxylate ion/ionic salt + alcohol

37
Q

What are the conditions for a base/ester reaction?

A

reflux
hydroxide base
reaction in completion

Chemistry: Carbonyl Groups (5 decks)

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