Alex II - Other reforms and opposition Flashcards
What was the main issue with local government before 1864
Lead by unelected nobility
What role was the Zemstva given
Control of roads, school and health in local areas
What was the biggest issue with the local government reform
Elections were nobility dominated
How long were Zemstva representatives elected for
3 years
What were the problems with the courts system before 1864
Complicated system clogged up with bureaucracy
Unqualified judges
Bias towards male nobles
No juries
What were the main concepts of the judicial reforms
Simplification of the system
Judicial job security
Open courts
Jury trials for serious cases
JPs introduced
What were JPs
Justices of the Peace - Leaders of Small case courts
What was the effect of the JPs
Less corrupt courts that took quick affirmative action
What were the main issues with the Judicial reform
Some bureaucracy remained
Church & Military courts unaffected
Class segregation
When were the military reforms implemented and whom by
1861-81
Dmitri Milyutin
How much did the army reserve increase 1862-1870
+340,000
What were the main aspects of the military reforms
Conscription down to 6 years active, 9 in reserve
Modernisation of training
Reduction in punishments
New technology slowly introduced
What were the main issues with military reform
Universal conscription wasn’t true and peasants were still being relied upon
Modernisation was happening too slowly so was never truly up to date
1856-1878 how many primary schools were built
17,000
How many people were in primary education by 1878
1 million
1865-1899 what was the increase in the number of people attending university
4,000 - 16,000 (x4)
What reform was made to universities
Taken out of government control and were now self governing
How were women affected by the education reforms
Could attend and learn but not gain qualifications
What was the negative effect of the education reforms on the Tsar
Enlightenment
How was censorship loosened
Removal of preventive censorship
Allowed to publish papers discussing government
How did Alexander’s personal life influence his reactionary turn
Death of his eldest child
Illness of his favour
Public affair with mistress
What caused Alexander II’s turn to Russification
1863-64 Polish rebellion
How did Alexander backtrack on his education reforms
Removed autonomy
Curriculum restrictions
Banning extra-curricular activities
Who was appointed head of the third section
Pytor Shuvalov
