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History Russia - Stuart Beck > Tsarist Economy, Culture & Modernisation > Flashcards

Tsarist Economy, Culture & Modernisation Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What industry existed in the 1860s

A

State-run military factories
Small metal/wood workshops
Domestic textiles
Large scale private textiles & sugar

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2
Q

Who did Alexander invite to Russia in 1868 to help modernise iron and steel

A

John Hughes

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3
Q

What was the increase in miles of railway 1866-1881

A

3,000 to 13,270

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4
Q

Which modern day city was founded by John Hughes

A

Donetsk (Hugheskova)

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5
Q

Who are the Russian finance ministers

A

Von Reutern (62-78)
Bunge (81-86)
Vysnegradsky (87-92)
Witte (92-03)

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6
Q

What was Witte’s base idea for building industry

A

Iron, Coal & Steel as a base for development
Railway as a spring board

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7
Q

How many miles of railway existed in 1913

A

43,850

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8
Q

Why was railway successful as an economic stimulant

A

Increased metal, engineering and coal
Open up access to new oil fields
Encourage efficient farming as products could be sold to new markets

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9
Q

What statistics support the mass state sponsorship

A

1899 - state owned 2/3 of metallurgical productions
Controlled 70% of railways and some mines and oil fields

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10
Q

By 1900 what percentage of capital in companies had been invested in by foreigners.

A

33% of all
45% of industrial

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11
Q

Where were the foreign loans from

A

France (Primarily)
Germany and Britain

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12
Q

What protectionist policy did Witte introduce

A

High tariffs

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13
Q

When did Russia adopt the gold standard

A

1897

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14
Q

Which items did Witte raise taxes on

A

Vodka, kerosene, matches

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15
Q

How did Witte plan on paying back foreign loans

A

Grain Exports

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16
Q

Between 1890 and 1900 how much did iron & steel production increase

A

9 million poods in 1890
76 million in 1900

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17
Q

Between 1890 and 1900 how much did coal outpout increase

A

Tripled

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18
Q

When did Moscow become the fastest growing city in Europe

A

1900

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19
Q

In 1903 how many of the 35 Donbass blast furnaces were working

A

Only 23

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20
Q

Why did Russia enter a depression in 1899

A

International recession

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21
Q

Why did Russia not immediately recover from the recession

A

Russo-Japanese war
1905 Revoltion

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22
Q

In 1900 what percentage of Russia GDP was paying off debt

A

20% (10x the amount being spent on education)

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23
Q

What areas did Witte’s policies ignore

A

Light industry
Consumer goods
Agriculture

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24
Q

How did the industrial sector start up again in 1908

A

Russo-Japan rearmament

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25
1910-1913 how many join stock companies were started
774
26
How much did coal output increase 1910-1913
8.6 million tons
27
How did Von Reutern reform the treasury
New arrangements for tax collecting (Ban on tax farming) Government account audits Budget publication
28
What banks were opened in the 1860s
State Bank - 1860 Municipal Bank - 1862 Savings Bank - 1869
29
What industry did Von Reutern focus on building up
Cotton & Coal
30
How much was the tariff Vysnegradsky adopted
30%
31
How much did Grain exports increase 1881-1891
18%
32
What did Vysnegradsky say about exports
We ourselves shall not eat, but we shall export
33
What caused the famine 1891-2
Poor harvests and grain exports
34
How many died in the great famine
350,000
35
How many of Russia's provinces were effected by the great famine
17/39
36
When were the land banks introduced
Peasants (1883) Nobles (1885)
37
How much did peasant land ownership increase 1877-1905
21.6 million hectares
38
What was the average annual GDP growth 1862-1878
6%
39
What farming method was used in the stagnant 1860-1880
Strip farming
40
By 1905 what percentage of landlord land had been passed to the peasants
27%
41
What percentage of arable land did the peasants own by 1913
66%
42
What's the population increase 1861-79
50 million - 79 million (29 million increase)
43
What was the growth in potato production 1880-1913
+43%
44
What was the Khutor & the Otrub
Khutor - Own land and house separate from village Otrub - Owned 1 unit of land in village with access to communal areas
45
How much did the population of St Petersburg increase 1863-1914
Quadrupled
46
What percentage of the population were urban workers
2.5%
47
What percentage of towns folk sent money back to their peasant family -1907
90%
48
How long was the working day for the average worker
11 hours
49
Describe worker conditions
Disease ridden Sleeping next to work benches (Rotation) Strict rules and fines Employment instability
50
What was the name the communal workers appartments
Artels
51
What was the literacy rate for workers in 1897
57.8%
52
What organisations rose up to held educate workers
Museum of Assistance to Labour Marxist reading circles
53
When were Trade Unions made legal
1905
54
Why did housing conditions deteriorate 1910-1914
Population growth
55
What percentage of the work force were women in 1900
25%
56
Where were the best thriving peasant communes
Close to cities/towns
57
What is the rise in literacy for peasants 1897-1914
21% to 40%
58
What caused the biggest divides in the peasantry
Wealth and Age
59
How many households in the 1880s could not feed themselves (Tambov area)
2/3
60
What was the mir used as by peasants
Safety net
61
What is the decrease in noble land ownership 1861-1905
80% to 40% (halves)
62
1897 how many of the 1400 high ranking civil servants were nobles
1000
63
What was the All-Russia Union of Landowners
Anti-Stolypin Tsarist conservative nobles
64
Increase in doctors 1897-1914
17,000 - 28,000
65
What literature existed 1860-1914
Tolstoy - War & Peace, Anna Karenea Chekhov - Cherry Orchard Gorky - Mother
66
Who painted the Volga Barge haulers in 1873
Repin
67
When was the Black Square exhibited
1915
68
In 1914 what position did the Baku oil fields rank in global production
2nd (behind Texas)
69
What two liberating policies did Stolypin introduce in 1906
Right to leave the Mir Abolish redemption payments
70
By 1914 what percentage of households had private farm land
10%
71
What were the limitations of Stolypin's agricultural reforms
Only successful in western Russia Mixed reaction (traitors, Stolypin separators) Fall in livestock per capita
72
When was the first meeting of the All Russian Congress of Women
1908

History Russia - Stuart Beck (21 decks)

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