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Veterinary Pathology > Alimentary - Esophagus & Forestomach > Flashcards

Alimentary - Esophagus & Forestomach Flashcards

1
Q

True/False

The esophagus & forestomachs are lined by simple squamous mucosa

A

False

Esophagus & forestomachs lined by STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS (non-glandular)!

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2
Q

Abnormal swallowing

A

Dysphagia

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3
Q

4 phases of swallowing

A
  • Oral
  • Pharyngeal
  • Crico-esophageal
  • Esophageal
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4
Q

2 causes of esophageal dysphagia

A
  • Acquired - PHYSICAL OBSTRUCTION, neuromuscular (myasthenia gravis), endocrinopathy (hypothyroidism)
  • Congenital - congenital stricture, K9s predisposed
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5
Q

Causes of physical obstructions of the esophagus

A
  • Impaction (ingesta) / FB
  • Muscular hypertrophy (horses) -> prevents expansion
  • Strictures (healed ulcers)
  • Intra- or Extraluminal mass
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6
Q

Esophageal obstruction sequale

A

Physical perforation / pressure necrosis -> ulcer -> cellulitis (phlegmon)

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7
Q

True/False

Esophageal strictures can arise from prior ulcers

A

True

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8
Q

Causes of erosive/ulcerative esophagitis

A
  • Gastic reflux
  • Caustic substances (Cantharidin from Blister Beetles)
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9
Q

Diseases of ruminant forestomachs (non-glandular)

Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum

A
  • Rumen tympany
  • Traumatic reticulopericarditis
  • Rumenitits (viral, rumen acidosis)
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10
Q

True/False

The term “forestomach” actually refers to esophageal dilatations because they are lined by stratified squamous epithelium / are NON-GLANDULAR.

A

True

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11
Q

Ruminant forestomach with long villi like
“lawn of grass”

A

Rumen

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12
Q

Ruminant forestomach with
“honeycomb pattern”

A

Reticulum

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13
Q

Ruminant forestomach with short spikes like
“basketball surface”

A

Omasum

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14
Q

Ruminant TRUE stomach with slick shiny surface and rugal folds

A

Abomasum

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15
Q

Lesions seen with ruminant bloat

A
  • Rumen distension (predominantly left sided)
  • Head/neck congestion & edema
  • Pulmonary atelectasis
  • Intraluminal slimy foam or free gas
  • Esophageal bloat line
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16
Q

3 Syndromes of Bovine Hardware Disease

A
  • Reticuloperitonitis
  • Reticulopleuritis
  • Reticulopericarditis

Can occur in combination

17
Q

Hardware disease sequale

A

Ingestion of metallic foreign bodies
-> transmural perforation of reticulum
-> perf of diaphragm, pleural cavity, pericardial sac
-> rumen leakage
-> septic peritonitis
-> pleuritis, pericarditis

18
Q

Clinical signs of Hardware Disease

A

Peritonitis
* focal = walled-off abscess
* severe = inappetence, dysmotility, distension
Pericarditis/Pleuritis
* inappetence, cranial abdomen/thoracic pain, grunt
* jugular vein distension, head/neck edema, cardiac insufficiency
* Washing Machine Murmur (from anaerobes)
* cardiac tamponade
* characteristic ultrasonographic features

19
Q
  • Ulcerative & inflammatory disease of the rumen
  • Caused by unaccustomed ingestion of too much concentrate feed
  • Reduced saliva production
A

Chemical Rumenitis
* aka Rumen Acidosis Syndrome
* Grain Overload
* Rumen Drinkers

20
Q

Rumen acidosis pathogenesis

A

Rapid fermentation of CHO
-> excess productino of VFA (acetate)
-> microflora shift (increased lactobacillus & streptococcus, decreased ciliated protozoa & gram-)
-> decreased rumen pH (chemical burn effect)
-> rumen atony & decreased absorption
-> erosions & ulcers
-> fluid enters rumen from osmotic pressure
-> secondary fluid bloat
-> metabolic acidosis (D-lactate absorption)
-> hypovolemic shock
-> secondary bacterial/fungal infection
-> septic emboli
-> liver abscesses

21
Q

Rumen acidosis clinical signs

A
  • dehydration
  • abundant grain & fluid in rumen
  • acidic smell of rumen contents
    mucosal lesions (papillae blunting, erosions/ulcers, infarcts, perforation, peritonitis)
22
Q

True/False

Bacterial emboli in ulcerative rumenitis can lead to vasculitis and infarcts, while fungal emboli can lead to liver abscesses.

A

False

bacterial emboli = liver abscess
fungal emboli = vasculitis, infarcts

23
Q

True/False

Rumen acidosis can lead to laminitis

A

True

24
Q

In dogs with aspiration pneumonia and history of chronic regurgitation, you should rule out an acquired stricture caused by all EXCEPT:

A

Cardiac Ventricular Septal Defect

25
Q

In cows and other ruminants, Rumen Acidosis Syndrome is caused by _ A _ diets that result in rumen dysbiosis through a fermentation process that creates _ B _ volatile fatty acids with a _ C _ in rumen pH and _ D _ protozoa/gram negative bacteria with _ E _ acid-producing gram+ bacteria (lactobacillus, streptococcus).

A

A = Carbohydrate-rich
B = Excessive
C = Drop
D = Decreased
E = Increased

26
Q

Rumen acidosis often produces secondary bloat (ie, rumen tympany) from ‘stasis’ as well as through an osmotic drawl of fluid into the lumen. Rumen acidosis can lead to rumen ulcers as well as lameness due to _.

A

Laminitis

Veterinary Pathology (14 decks)

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