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Veterinary Pathology > Alimentary - Stomach & Abomasum > Flashcards

Alimentary - Stomach & Abomasum Flashcards

1
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A
  • Esophagus
  • Cardia
  • Fundus/Body
  • Pylorus
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2
Q

Region of the stomach containing only stratified squamous epithelium

A

Esophagus

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3
Q

Region of the stomach that secretes mucin only

A

Cardia

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4
Q

Region of the stomach that secretes pepsinogen, HCL & mucin

A

Fundus / Body

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5
Q

Region of the stomach that secretes mucin & gastrin

A

Pylorus

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6
Q

Luminal surface of gastric mucous-secreting cells

A

Foveolar epithelium

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7
Q

Parietal cells secrete:

A

HCl

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8
Q

Chief cells secrete:

A

Pepsinogen

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9
Q

Neuroendocrine cells secrete:

A

Gastrin

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10
Q

What 4 things comprises the gastric mucosal barrier?

A
  1. Mucous gel - protects and lubricates
  2. Bicarbonate (HCO3) - acid neutralization
  3. Replacement cells
  4. Blood Flow
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11
Q

What does prostaglandin in the stomach control?

A
  • HCO3 & mucous secretions
  • Cell turnover
  • Mivrovascular blood flow
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12
Q

Superficial mucosal defect limited to mucosa/lamina propria

tend to bleed less

A

Erosion

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13
Q

Deep mucosal defect that extends through epithelium into submucosa

tend to bleed a lot

A

Ulcer

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14
Q

Gastric ulcer sequale

A

Bleeding
-> anemia
-> internal exsanguination
-> transmural perforation
-> septic peritonitis
-> healing & fibrosis
-> dysmotility or obstruction
-> impaction

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15
Q

Acute gastric ulcer appearance

A

Red-to-brown mucosal depression with active bleeding +/- fibrin layer

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16
Q

Chronic gastric ulcer appearance

A

Raised tan “indurated” crater-like lesion with re-epithelialization +/- active hemorrhage

17
Q

How does a gastric ulcer arise?

A

Gastric acid secretion overcomes gastric mucosal barrier.
- increased parietal/chief cell secretion

18
Q

Clinical signs of gastric ulcers

A

Dog/cat: vomiting, inappetance, abdominal pain, anemia, melena
Cattle: anorexia, decreased milk production, melena, positive grunt test
Horses: anorexia, poor performance, bruxism
Swine: anorexia, peracute death

19
Q

Common causes of gastric ulcers

A
  • Vascular Compromise (pharmacologic, supraphysiologic stress, displacements)
  • Dietary Disturbance
  • ** Trauma/Toxin** (FB, caustic)
  • Neoplasm
  • Infectious/Inflammatory (GASTRITIS)
20
Q

How do NSAIDs cause vascular compromise & ulcers?

A

COX (1&2) Inhibition
* Acetylsalicylic acid - PG & TX inhibition
* Carprofen, Deracoxib, Fibrocoxib, Meloxicam - COX2 only
* Acetominophen - TOXIC

21
Q

How do steroids cause vascular compormise & gastric ulcers?

A
  • PLA2 enzyme inhibition, COX inhibition, alpha-inflammatory
  • Decrease immune cell activation
  • Induce immune cell apoptosis
22
Q

NSAID ulcer sequale

A

COX enzyme inhibition -> decreased PG synthesis
* increased acid secretion (parietal cells)
* decreased HCO3 & mucus
* decreased microcirculation
* decreased replacement cells

23
Q

True/False

Gastric ulcers can result from gastric displacements and dilations

A

True

24
Q

Common gastric displacements and dilations

A
  • Bovine abomasal displacements (LDA, RDA)
  • Canine GDV syndrome (CV)
  • Equine acute gastric dilation (RUPTURE)
25
Q

Dietary disturbances causing gastric ulcers

A
  • Canine: dietary indiscretion
  • Bovine: milk -> fiber diet in calves, post-parturient diets
  • Swine: small feed particle size, bleeding ulcers in pars esophagea -> exsanguination
26
Q

Neoplasms associated with gastric ulcers

A
  • Adenocarcinoma (K9)
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma (EQ)
  • Lymphosarcoma (BV BLV > K9, FE)
  • Mast Cell Tumors (typically outside of stomach)
27
Q
  • Gastric neoplasm common in older male dogs
  • Glandular portion
  • Infiltrative (not often raised)
  • Ulcerative (may resemble chronic ulcer)
  • Desmoplasia -> firm, tan-white
  • Carcinomatosis
  • Poor prognosis
A

Gastric Adenocarcinoma

28
Q
  • Gastric neoplasm common in older horses
  • Squamous portion
  • Exophytic
  • Verrucous
  • Ulcerative
  • Desmoplasia -> firm, tan-white
  • Carcinomatosis
  • Uncommon widespread mets
  • Poor prognosis
A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

29
Q
  • Sporadic gastric neoplasm (more common in intestines) in both small & large animals associated with gastric ulcers
  • Abomasum in cows (BLV in older cows), also epidural, retrobulbar spaces, uterus, heart in cows
  • Can be associated with FeLV in cats
A

Lymphosarcoma
(Lymphoma)

30
Q

Epi-/Norepinephrine mediated VASCOCONSTRICTION is associated with what mechanism of gastric ulcers in dogs?

A

Stress

31
Q

COX enzyme inhibition leading to DECREASED prostaglandin is associated with what mechanism of gastric ulcers in dogs?

A

NSAIDs

32
Q

Local invasion of neoplastic cells with desmoplasia leading to disruption of glands and microvasculature is associated with what mechanism of gastric ulcers in dogs?

A

Adenocarcinoma

33
Q
  • Neoplasm associated with pyloric/anterior duodenal ulcers
  • Origin in skin, viscera
  • Result of excess circulating histamine
A

Mast Cell Tumors

34
Q
  • Clostridium perfringens culprit causing erosions, ulcers, emphysema, & HEMORRHAGE
  • Gram+ anaerobe that produces toxins
  • Seen in ruminants, dogs
A

Hemorrhagic Abomasitis (calves)
Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (dogs)

35
Q
  • Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in dogs, cats, horses
  • Infiltration of eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells
  • Signs: vomiting +/- diarrhea
  • Inflammation causing hyperplasia of mucosa, erosions +/-, loss of gastric glands, fibrosis
A

Immune-Mediated Gastritis
(IBD)

Eosinophilic Gastritis/Gastroenteritis

Veterinary Pathology (14 decks)

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