Respiratory Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Epithelial cell types in respiratory tract
A
- Stratified squamous
- Transitional
- Ciliated respiratory
- Olfactory
2
Q
True/False
Normal fetal lungs should be dark red-purple, rubbery, & sink when submerged in water or formalin
A
True
3
Q
Incomplete expansion / collapse of alveoli
Congenital or Acquired (obstruction or compression)
A
Atelectasis
4
Q
True/False
Normal postnatal lungs are pink, spongy, & sink when submerged in water or formalin
A
False
Postnatal lungs should FLOAT
5
Q
Inner pulmonary pleura in contact with lung parenchyma
A
Visceral Pleura
6
Q
Outer costal, mediastinal, & diaphragmatic pleura
A
Parietal Pleura
7
Q
Features of conducting airways
A
Trachea & Bronchi
* Cartilage
* Smooth muscle
* Bronchial glands
* Ciliated respiratory epithelium
8
Q
Features of transitional airways
A
Bronchioles
* No cartilage or glands
* Smooth muscle
* Club cells (cytokines, antibacterial, surfactant)
9
Q
Features of exchange system
A
Alveoli
* Capillaries
* Type 1 pneumocytes (flat, gas exchange)
* Type 2 pneumocytes (cuboidal, stem cell)
10
Q
True/False
The respiratory system is not particularly vulnerable to injurious agents due to few routes of exposure
A
False
VULNERABLE b/c dual exposure routes
(AEROGENOUS, HEMATOGENOUS)
11
Q
3 respiratory defenses
A
- Mucus
- Antimicrobial proteins
- Alveolar macrophages
12
Q
Response to airway epithelial injury
A
- Degeneration, necrosis, exfoliation
- Repair, preciliated cells, mitosis, cell differentiation
- Return to normal function
13
Q
Upper Respiratory Tract (URT) congenital anomalies
A
- Wry Nose
- Palatoschisis
- Choanal Atresia
- Hypoplastic Epiglottis
- Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)
14
Q
Superior or inferior shortened jaws
A
Brachygnathia
15
Q
Midline defect of hard and soft palate
- can lead to aspiration pneumonia
A
Palatoschisis
16
Q
Narrowing or complete closure of nasal choana(e)
A
Choanal Atresia
17
Q
Underdevelopment of epiglottis
A
Hypoplastic Epiglottis
18
Q
What causes the obstructed airflow in BOAS?
A
- Stenotic nares
- Overlong soft palate
- Hypoplastic trachea
- Everted laryngeal saccules
19
Q
Inflammation of nasal passage
A
Rhinitis
20
Q
Inflammation of paranasal sinus
A
Sinusitis
21
Q
Inflammation of pharynx
A
Pharyngitis
22
Q
Inflammation of auditory tube / guttural pouch
A
Eustachitis
23
Q
Inflammation of larynx
A
Laryngitis
24
Q
Causes of URT inflammation
A
- Infection
- Mechanical irritation
- Allergy
- Trauma
25
Types of URT inflammation
* Serous
* Mucoid (catarrhal)
* Fibrinous
* Purulent (suppurative)
* Granulomatous
26
Type of URT inflammation seen here
Catarrhal rhinitis
27
Type of URT inflammation seen here
Mucopurulent rhinitis
28
Type of URT inflammation seen here
Fibrinonecrotic rhinitis & pharyngitis
29
Type of URT inflammation seen here
Purulent rhinitis & sinusitis
30
Type of URT inflammation seen here
Granulomatous rhinitis
31
Type of URT inflammation seen here
| Cause: *Streptococcus equi* (*equi* or *zooepidemicus*) infection
Purulent (suppurative) eustachitis
| Guttural Pouch Empyema
32
Collection of pus in a body cavity (especially pleural cavity)
Empyema
33
What common pathology of the equine guttural pouch is shown here?
Guttural Pouch Mycosis
| Fungal plaques, can invade arteries/cranial nerves, hemorrhage/dysphagia
34
Describe the laryngeal lesions from left to right
Laryngeal Edema, Inflammation, Ulcer
35
Classify this largyngeal lesion
Necrotic Laryngitis
36
URT inflammation sequale
1. Epithelial goblet cell hyperplasia / squamous metaplasia
2. Lymphoid hyperplasia
3. Hemorrhage or **epistaxis**
4. Ulcers, granulation tissue, polyp formation
5. Local extension (brain, bone)
37
Epistaxis
Blood from nose, regardless of origin
38
* Atrophy & malformation of nasal conchae, common in pigs
* Caused by *Pasteurella multocida* producing **bacterial toxins** that inhibit osteoblasts and promotes osteoclast resoption
Atrophic Rhinitis
39
What is this lesion in the pharynx of a cat caused by chronic inflammation?
Nasopharyngeal Polyp
| inflammatory mass arising from middle ear or auditory tube
40
What is this lesion in the pharynx of a horse with an unknown cause?
Ethmoid hematoma
| submucosal hemorrhage & vascular proliferation with inflammation
41
What is this non-neoplastic expansile mass that can distort the skull of horses and can become fluid filled?
Paranasal Sinus Cyst of horses
42
Types of nasal & sinus neoplasms
* **Epithelial neoplasm** (squamous cell carcinoma, nasal adenocarcinoma)
* **Round cell neoplasm** (lymphosarcoma)
* **Mesenchymal neoplasm** (bone, cartilage, connective tissue, vascular tumors)
* **Olfactory neuroblastoma** (esthesioneuroblastoma, rare)
43
Malignant epithelial neoplasm in nasal cavity.
| Can be retrovirus-induced in sheep and goast
Nasal Adenocarcinoma
44
These lesions are examples of:
Laryngeal Tumors
45
* Unilateral paralysis (hemiplegia) of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle in horses and dogs
* Caused by injury or idiopathic degeneration of left recurrent laryngeal nerve -> **denervation atrophy**
* Incomplete arytenoid abduction causes airway obstruction and abnormal respiratory noise (**roaring**)
Laryngeal Paralysis
| "Lar Par"
46
# True/False
Abundant tracheal froth is a common postmortem finding in animals with pulmonary edema
True
47
# True/False
Tracheal collapse (dorsoventral flattening) is common in large breed dogs and draft horses
False
| common in toy breed dogs and miniature horses
48
What are these lesions examples of?
Tracheitis
| Fibronecrotic from IBR (left) & Parasitic from Oslerus osleri (right)
49
What is an example of a potential cause of tracheal trauma/perforation that can occur in veterinary hospitals?
Overinflation of endotracheal tube cuff
50
Describe this lung abnormailty
Lung Hypoplasia
| rare
51
Describe this lung abnormality
Lung Lobe Torsion
| usually idiopathic
52
Gas distension of interlobular septa, common agonal change in cattle
Emphysema
53
# True/False
In **pulmonary congestion** from left sided CHF, **hemosiderin** can be found in pulmonary alveolar macrophages.
True
54
# True/False
A pulmonary thrombus can lead to a pulmonary infarct
True
55
What are 2 causes of pulmonary hemorrhage?
* Blunt force trauma (contusions)
* Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)
56
# True/False
Uremic mineralization is **secondary to renal failure** in dogs. These lungs will **fail to collapse** on necropsy.
True
56
# True/False
**Soft lesions** on costal pleura are common findings associated with uremic mineralization.
False
| gritty plaques on costal pleura seen in uremic mineralization
57
# True/False
Primary lung neoplasms are more common than metastatic neoplasms to the lungs.
False
| Lung neoplasms most commonly metastatic
58
What pulmonary neoplasm in cats commonly has metastasis to digits?
Pulmonary Carcinoma
59
What pulmonary neoplasm in sheep (less commonly goats) is retrovirus-induced?
Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (OPA)
60
Inflammation of lung parenchyma. Features of it include:
* **Exudates** impair gas exchange
* **Leukocyte-derived enzymes/oxygen radicals** injure lung
* **Repair processes** can permanently impair function
Pneumonia
61
What are the 4 patterns of lung disease?
* Airway disease
* Bronchopneumonia
* Interstitiall & bronchointerstitial
* Embolic pneumonia & abscesses
62
Bronchitis & asthma are examples of which lung disease pattern?
Airway Disease
63
Airway disease sequelae
* **Bronchiectasis:** permanent bronchial dilation due to chronic inflammation
* **Bronchiolitis obliterans:** fibrovascular polyp covered by respiratory epithelium that occludes bronchioles
64
* Lung disease pattern originating at the bronchioar-alveolar junction
* **Infection of the airspace**, usually from opportunistic bacteria via AEROGENOUS route of entry
* **Gross Findings:** cranioventral consolidation (discolored, firm) due to gravity
* **Microscopic Findings:** neutrophils +/- fibrin and macrophages in bronchiolar/alveolar lumen
* **Common Pathogens:** Pasteurellaceae (*Manheimia, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus, Histophilus, Bibersteinia*), *Mycoplasma bovis*, *Rhodococcus equi*
Bronchopneumonia
65
Subtype of brocnhopneumonia due to aspiration of foreign material, pattern depends on animal's position at time of aspiration
Aspiration Pneumonia
66
* Lung disease pattern caused by damage/inflammation of alveolar/interlobular septa (**interstitium infection/injury**)
* Often via HEMATOGENOUS route
* **Gross Findings:** all lung fields affected (multifocal or diffuse), postmortem lungs fail to fully collapse, rib impressions, discoloration, firm or rubbery
* **Microscopic Findings:** diffuse alveolar injury with edema, macrophages, & neutrophils in alveoli, +/- hyperplasia & interstitial fibrosis
Interstitial Pneumonia
67
Examples of interstitial pneumonia
* **Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis (EMPF)** via EHV-5 infection
* **Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)**
* **Pneumotoxicosis** (e.g. Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema & Emphysema / "Fog Fever" from L-tryptophan in forage)
68
# True/False
ARDS is an extreme form of interstitial pneumonia characterized by **simultaneous capillary & type I pneumocyte injury** due to cytokine storm
True
| -Many causes: sepsis, aspiration pneumonia, pancreatitis, barotrauma etc
69
* A **specific injury** of pneumocytes & airway epithelium at **broncho-alveoalar junction** (microscopic diagnosis required)
* Implies VIRAL etiology (e.g. Canine Distemper Virus, BRSV)
* Often lobular pattern
Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia
70
* Lung disease pattern caused by HEMATOGENOUS delivery of bacteria, protozoa, fungi to lungs (e.g. *Corynebacterium pseutotuberculosis*)
* Multifocal distribution
* **Gross Findings:** hemorrhage, necrosis, suppuration, thrombosis
Embolic Pneumonia
71
Incidental lung findings include:
* **Melanosis** (ruminants, pigs breed variation; NOT metastatic melanoma!)
* **Heterotopic bone** (older dogs; NOT osteosarcoma!)
* **Subpleural macrophage foci** ("endogenous lipid pneumonia" in cats, rats, ferrets, camelids)
* **Inhaled environmental particulares** (*Anthracis bacillus*)
72
Air of gas in pleural cavities
Pneumothorax
73
Examples of non-inflammatory pleural effusions:
* **Chylothorax** - ruptured thoracic duct
* **Hemothorax** - trauma, neoplasia, anticoagulatnts, ruptured aorta
* **Hydrothoraz** - heart failure, hypoproteinemia
74
Inflammation of pleura, most commonly caused by extension of pneumia
Pleuritis
75
Neoplasm arising from mesothelium of pleura, pericardium, or peritoneum
Mesothelioma
76
Transmission of metastatic neoplasms to lungs can occur via:
* Transpleural Dissemination (carcinomas or sarcomas)
* Pleuroperitoneal Migration (carcinomas through diaphragm
77
**Bronchopneumonia ** is typically characterized by **cranioventral consolidation** of the lungs and is usually associated with what route of exposure?
Aerogenous
