All scientists (simpler than in actuall decks)

Question 1

Watson and Crick

Answer 1

Discovery of DNA structure by making models

Question 2

Timothy Hunt

Answer 2

Discovered cyclins by luck (serendipity)

Question 3

Meselson and Stahl

Answer 3

Semi conservative replication using ¹⁴N and ¹⁵N and cetrifugation

Question 4

Gregor Mendel

Answer 4

Discovered the Laws of inheritence by crossing pea plants and making Punnett squares

Question 5

Davson and Danielli

Answer 5

“Sandwich” model of the cell membrane with proteins on the outside

Question 6

Singer and Nicolson

Answer 6

Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane with proteins on the inside

Question 7

Charles Darwin

Answer 7

Theory of natural selection

Question 8

William Harvey

Answer 8

He described the one way circulation of blood, using the heart as a pump, convinced people by showing it (close off an artery and see heart swell, or see blood go in one direction after opening it again). Showed that Galen (ancient Greek philosopher) was wrong.

He also studied fertilization, but he could not prove it since no microscope was invented, and he used the deer, which has delayed implantation. He thought both male and female gametes were needed to create an embryo, which is correct, and not Aristotle’s “seed and soil” hypothesis.

Question 9

Freidrich Wöhler

Answer 9

Made urea and falsified vitalism (that a living force was needed to make complex organic molecules)

Question 10

Pasteur

Answer 10

Disproved spontaneous generation by using broth in swan necked flasks, open and closed, boiled or not

Question 11

Florey and Chain

Answer 11

Tested penicillin on a man and after only testing on 8 mice before that then on 5 more people, including a child, after the man died. Unethical, also because it could have had harmful effects

Question 12

John Cairns

Answer 12

Method of measuring DNA in prokaryotes by autoradiography, using radioactive thymine and putting on photographic paper, Found that prokaryote DNA was longer than thought

Question 13

Ian Wilmut

Answer 13

Cloned Dolly the sheep by somatic nuclear transfer method. Take a nucleus out of an egg and using an electric pulse, fuse the empty egg with a nucleuse from a fully differentiated cell (from the donor sheep’s udder). Place the embryo in a surrogate mother. Dolly is a clone of the donor sheep

Question 14

Peter and Rosemary Grant

Answer 14

Studied evolution of the changes of beak length in the ground finch (Geospiza) on the island Daphne major in the Galapagos islands. Weather caused changes in the seed availability, and the beak length of the birds changed due to natural selection. Fast change is easily measured and seen as evidence for evolution.

Question 15

Hershey and Chase

Answer 15

DNA is the hereditary material, not protein. Used radioactively labelled 35S in the proteins of virus which infects bacteria (bacteriophage) and 32P in the DNA of it, and saw which entered a bacteria = 32P. They did this by centrifuging the mixture, and the pellet with bacteria had the P and the liquid suprenat on top had the S – showed protein did not enter.

Question 16

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens

Answer 16

Took the picture of DNA using X-Ray crystallography, which helped Watson and Crick developed the model of DNA. (She worked in Maurice Wilkens lab)

Question 17

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Answer 17

Discovered linked genes by doing crosses and analyzing why they did not follow Mendel’s predictions (can use Chi square test). Used fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster)

Question 18

Charles Krebs

Answer 18

Krebs cycle in aerobic cell respiration. Acetyl coA with 2 Cs enters cycle and binds to a 4 C molecule to make a 6 C molecule. 2 CO2s leave, and NAD+ and FAD get reduced, 1 ATP is made. Happens in the matrix of the mitochondrion

Question 19

Peter Mitchell

Answer 19

Chemiosmosis which was a paradigm shift that was difficult to get others to accept

Question 20

Calvin

Answer 20

Figured out the light independent reaction by using his lollipop apparatus. Gave algae radioactive carbon in dissolved hydrogen carbonate, killed the algae and looked for which products were made in which order (by double chromatography)

Question 21

Edward Jenner

Answer 21

Tested smallpox vaccine on a child. Deadly disease – did not know if there would be fatal consequences, no animal testing before, and tested on a child which was under the age of consent. He was the first person to use humans as research peope for vaccines, BUT, smallpox is the first and only viral disease of humans that has been eradicated.

Question 22

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 22

Reflex conditioning, a type of learning. A new stimulus can be coupled with a normal reflex. Pavlov’s dogs. Coupled a bell to dogs’ salivation reflex. Conditioned response = salivation; conditioned stimulus = bell. Did this by sounding a bell which had no normal effect, before every feeding. Dog learned that bell meant food was coming, and salivated at the sound of the bell, instead of waiting until it smelled or tasted food (which was the the normal unconditioned stimulus)

Question 23

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 23

Imprinting. There is a critical time of learning in an animal’s life. Geese are imprinted on a moving object at around 16 hours after hatching

Question 24

B F Skinner

Answer 24

Operant conditioning. Skinner box. Organisms learn new behavior by trial and error, with reward or punishment.