Flashcards in ALL THINGS GUT- FINAL Deck (41)
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1
different types of esophageal motility disorders
Achalasia
diffuse esophageal spasm
nutcracker esophagus
hypertensive lower esophageal spasm
2
Achalasia is characterized by
increased tone and pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), diminished to absent peristalsis in the distal portion of the esophagus and lack of a coordinated LES relaxation in response to swallowing
3
characteristic finding in achalasia following barium swallow is
"bird's beak" appearance
4
the underlying pathophysiology that results in achalasia is
lymphocytic infiltration of Auerbach’s plexus and destruction of ganglion cells
5
Diffuse esophageal spasm is characterized by
uncoordinated contractions and several segments of the esophagus contract simultaneously
6
Nutcracker esophagus is characterized by
contractions proceed in a coordinated manner but the amplitude is excessive
7
barium swallow findings for nutcracker esophagus
corkscrew esophagus
8
Mallory–Weiss tears refers to bleeding in the
mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus,
The tear involves mucosa and submucosa but not the muscular layer (not a transmural tear).
9
Boerhaave's syndrome is a
full thickness tear or rupture of the esophageal wall
10
Barrett's esophagus is characterized by
transformation of cells at the lower end of the esophagus from normal squamous epithelium lining to columnar epithelium.
Micrograph of biopsy showing Barrett's esophagus with characteristic goblet cells
11
Hirshsprung’s disease is a disorder of the gut which is caused by
the failure of the neural crest cells (enteric ganglion cells) to migrate completely during fetal development of the intestine
Auerbach plexus involvement
12
___________ is suspected in a baby who has not passed meconium within 48 hours of delivery.
Hirshsprung's disease
13
Intestinal volvulus is defined as
a complete twisting of a loop of intestine around its mesenteric attachment site.
14
An intussusception occurs when
a part of the intestine has migrated into another section of intestine, similar to the way in which the parts of a collapsible telescope may slide into one another
15
Celiac disease small intestine changes
There is blunting and flattening of villi with celiac disease, and in severe cases a loss of villi with flattening of the mucosa as seen here. Over 95% of affected patients will express the DQw2 histocompatibility antigen, which suggests a genetic basis for the condition
16
Crohn's vs Ulcerative Colitis in terms of location
Crohns- anywhere from mouth to anus
UC- restricted rectum and colon
17
Microscopic findings of Crohn's vs Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn's- transmural lesions
UC- mucosal involvement, crypt abscess
18
is Crohn's or ulcerative colitis associated with increased risk of adenocarcinoma?
Ulcerative Colitis!!!!
19
Across all age groups, what's the most common cause of viral enteritis?
Norwalk virus
20
Amongst children and infants what's the most common cause of viral enteritis (diarrhea)?
Rotavirus
21
What are the most common causes of food-borne illnesses world wide?
Norovirus- #1 cause
Salmonella- #1 cause in infants
Clostridium perfringens
Campylobacter- #1 cause of bloody diarrhea
22
what's associated with 'picnic food poisoning'?
Staph aureus
23
what's associated with contaminated meat or rice from chinese restaurants?
Bacillus cereus
24
what's associated with contaminated shellfish?
Vibrio (cholera and non-cholera)
25
what's associated with improperly home canned fruits and veggies?
Clostridium botulinum
26
a cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD)? AKA pseudomembranous enterocolitis
Clostridium difficile
27
Benign small bowel tumors
Hyperplastic polyps
Adenomas
Leiomyomas- only one he talks about
Lipomas
Hamartomas
28
Histologic findings of leiomyoma
the elongated spindle cells containing cigar-shaped nuclei and no evidence of increased mitotic activity is seen.
29
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by
mucocutaneous pigmentation (i.e. lesions on the face, lips, and buccal mucosa) and benign GI hamartomas.
30
Histologically the Peutz-Jeghers lesions appear
frond-like appearance
31
the most common type of small bowel malignancy in the US is?
adenocarcinma
32
less common types of small bowel malignancies
carcinoid tumors
lymphomas
33
carcinoid tumors
Nests of carcinoid tumor have a typical endocrine appearance with collections of small round cells containing nuclei that are consistent in size and shape and surrounded by cytoplasm which stains pink to pale blue
34
with Juvenile polyposis syndrome (the appearance of mutliple polyps in the GI tract esp in the young) there is an increased risk of developing what?
adenocarcinoma
35
with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (congenital condition marked by hundreds to thousands of polyps in the large intestines) there is an increased risk of developing what?
colon cancer
36
The combination of polyposis, osteomas, fibromas and sebaceous cysts is termed
Gardener's syndrom
37
microscopically neoplastic glands of adenocarcinoma have
crowded nuclei with hyperchromatism and pleomorphism
38
Atrophic gastritis is usually caused by
H. pylori
39
In Atrophic gastritis, impairment in the secretion of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor can lead to
B12 deficiency
40
The characteristic histologic findings of gastric adenocarcinoma is
singlet ring cell pattern
41