Alterations in Pulmonary Function Flashcards
1
Q
What are three upper respiratory disorders
A
Common COLD, ACUTE/ALLERGIC RHINITIS
2
Q
What is acute rhinitis
A
Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes
3
Q
What is the contagious period of the common cold
A
1-4 days before symptoms and the next 3 days
4
Q
What is the transmission of the common cold
A
Droplet
5
Q
What are the S+S of the common cold
A
Congestion, cough, secretions
6
Q
What are the treatments for the common cold
A
Decongestants, antitussives, antihistamines, glucocorticoids
7
Q
What do antihistamines do
A
Decrease inflamation and secretions
8
Q
What is sinusitis
A
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of sinuses
9
Q
What is the treatment of sinusitis
A
Decongestant, acetaminophen, fluids, rest, antibiotics
10
Q
What is acute pharyngitis
A
Inflammation of the throat (sore throat)
11
Q
Treatments for acute pharyngitis
A
Saline gargles, lozenges, increased fluid intake, acetaminophen, ABX (STREP)
12
Q
Is the flu upper or lower respiratory tract
A
Upper
13
Q
What type of infection is the flu
A
Viral
14
Q
What are the types of flu
A
A (most common), B, and C
15
Q
What are the S+S of the flu
A
SUDDEN, FEVER, FATIGUE, ACHING pain
16
Q
What can commonly occur with the flu
A
2nd infections, Ex. pneumonia
17
Q
What are the two antiviral drugs
A
Amantadina, Oseltamivir
18
Q
Is COPD upper or lower respiratory
A
Lower
19
Q
What is COPD
A
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A GROUP of disorders including- EMPKYSEMA, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA
20
Q
What does COPD cause
A
Irreversible and progressive damage to the lungs
21
Q
What does COPD do to the airway
A
OBSTRUCTS and increases RESISTANCE
22
Q
What can people with emphysema not do well
A
Exhale
23
Q
What are the contributing factors of emphysema
A
GENES, SMOKING
24
Q
What does the breakdown of alveolar walls result in in emphysema
A
Loss of SA and ELASTICITY, NARROWED airways
25
What happens when people with emphysema exhale
They can't get the air out so it over-INFLATES, causing a BARREL CHEST
26
What happens to the body with emphysema
HYPOXIA drive, frequent INFECTIONS
27
What are the signs and symptoms of emphysema
Prolonged EXPIRATORY phase, BARREL chest, FATIGUE, WEIGHT loss, CLUBBED fingers
28
What are the treatments of emphysema
VACCINES, PURSED LIP BREATHING, NURTITION, O2 threapy
29
What is the highest you can put the O2 at for COPD pts
4L/ min
30
What is chronic bronchitis
Bronchial INFLAMMATION and excessive MUCUS production
31
What are the causes of chronic bronchitis
SMOKING, INFECTIONS, ENVIROMENT
32
What are the S+S of chronic bronchitis
Constant PRODUCTIVE COUGH, increased breathing, SOB, THICK SECRETIONS, low O2 levels, DYSPNEA, FATIGUE (not getting enough O2 to the body)
33
What causes the increase in mucos
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mucous glands
34
What are the treatments for chronic bronchitis
Stop smoking, EXPECTORANTS, BRONCHODILATORS
35
What is asthma
INFLAMMATORY disorder of the airway walls associated with airway OBSTRUCTION caused by TRIGGERS
36
What happens to the bronchi and bronchioles in asthma
INFLAMMATION, BRONCHOCONSTRICTION, increased SECRETION
37
What are the S+S of asthma
TIGHTNESS in chest, WHEEZING, rapid and LABORED breathing, THICK MUCUS, PULSUS PARADOXUS,
38
What is pulsus paradoxus
Pulse differs on inspiration and expiration
39
What causes respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation
40
What causes respiratory acidosis
Air trapping
41
What can respiratory failure lead to
Decreased responsivensess, and cyanosis
42
What is status astmaticus
Persistent severe attack of astme, does NOT RESPOND to usual therapy, EMERGENCY
43
What are the general treatment measures for asthma
Avoidance of triggers, good vantilation, maintence inhalers or drugs
44
What are the treament options for acute asthma attacks
Bronchodilators, glucocorticoids
45
How to use a nebulizer
Sit UPRIGHT, SLOW DEEP breathes, CLEAN, stop when chamber is empty
46
What are some examples of lower respiratory tract infection
Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, SARS, histoplasmosis (fungal), anthrax
47
What is bronchiolitis caused by
RSV
48
How is bronchiolitis transmitted
Droplet
49
What does bronchiolitis cause
Necrosis and inflammation in small cronchi
50
What are the S+S of bronchiolitis
Wheezing, dyspnea, rapid shallow breathes, rales, retractions, fever
51
What is the treatment for bronchiolitis
Supportive and symp;tomatic
52
How is pnuemonia classified
The causative agent, Ex. viral, bacterial, fungal
Nococomial or Community-acquired
53
What is bacterial pneumonia usally caused by
Strep
54
What can happen to bacterial pneumonia
Spread to pleural cavity and become EMPYEMA
55
What are the S+S of bacterial (lobar) pnueumonia
Rusty sputum, sudden, dyspnea, tachypnea/cardia, pleural pain, rales, confusion
56
What is bronchopneumonia
Infection in BOTH lungs
57
What are the S+S of bronchopneumonia
Fever, productive cough (purulent), rales
58
How do you treat bronchopneumonia
ABX
59
What does the thing that causes legionnaires disease thrive
Warm, moist environemtns, nosocomial infection
60
What's weird about legionnaires disaese
Difficult to identify
61
How is primary atypical pneumonia transmitted and what are the S+S
Aerosol, caused by the FLU, UNPRODUCTIVE COUGH
62
How is SARS transmissed
Droplet
63
What are the later signs of SARS
DRY cough, dyspnea, congestion, hypoxia
64
What are the treatments for SARS
Antivirals, glucocoritcoids
65
What are the risk factors for SARS
TRAVEL, CONTECT
66
What is histoplasmosis
Fungal infection
67
What are the S+S of histoplasmosis and what is the treatment
Cough, fever, NIGHT SWEATS, antifungal meds
68
What is anthrax
BACTERIAL SPORES
69
What are the S+S of anthrax
Fever, chills, DOB, sweats, aches
70
What is the treatment for anthrax
Ciprofloxacin
71
What is a resticictive lung diseases
Decrease in total lung capcity due to fluid accumulation and loss of elasticity of lung tissues, PULMONARY EDEMA
72
What causes pulmonary edema
Heart filure, lymphatic obstruction, increased capillary permeability
73
What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema
Pink, frothy sputum, othopnea
74
What are the tratments of pulmonary edema
O2, solve the causitive issue
75
What is a pulmonary embolus
Blood clot ore mass that obsturcts pulmonary artery, DVT
76
What are the S+S of a small emboli in the lungs
Chest PAIN, DYSPNEA
77
What are the S+S of a larger emboli in the lungs
Chest PAIN, DYSPNEA SUDDENLY, HEMOPTYSIS
78
What are the S+S of a massive emboli in the lungs
SEVERE CRUSHING CHEST PAIN, LOC
79
What are some PE preventions
Teaching before surgery, SCDs, stockings, exercise, anticoagulant drugs
80
What is the treatment of PE
BED REST, put a FILTER into the vena cava, HEPARIN, body will break it down
81
What are some examples of an obstructive lung diseases
Cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, aspiration, obstructive sleep apnea, asthma
82
What is pleural effusion
Lungs can't EXPAND, excessive FLUID in the pleural CAVITY
83
What are the S+S of pleural effusion
Dyspnea, chest pain, DULLNESS to percussion, absence of breathe SOUNDS, tracheal DEVIATION
84
What is the treatment of a pleural effusion
Analyze fluid, THORACOCENTESIS (big needle)
85
What is a pneumothorax
Air in the pleural cavity
86
What can cause a pneumothorax
A TEAR on the surface of the lung, rupture of an emphysematous BLEB
87
What is an open pneumothorax
Sucking wound from a large opening in the chest wall
88
What is a tension pneumothorax
Air enters into the pleural vacity on inspiration but hole closes on expiration
89
What are the S+S of a pneumothorax
ATELECTASIS (collapsed lung), reduced breath SOUNDS, UNEQUAL chest expansion, chest tube placement
90
What is the emergency treatment for a pneumothorax
OCCLUSIVE dressing, don't remove objects
91
What causes a flail chest
Fractured ribs, they go the opposite way when breathing
92
What is cystic fibrosis
Genetic disorder, MUCUS obstructs airflow, common INFECTIONS
93
What are the S+S for cystic
SALTY skin, abdominal DISTENTION, COUGH and INFECTIONS, can't meet normal GROWTH milestones
94
What are the treatments for cystic fibrosis
Chest physiotherapy (vibrate)
95
What are 90% of cases of lung cancer caused by
Smoking
96
What are the effects of lung tumors
OBSTRUCTION of airflow, abnormal breath SOUNDS, DYSPNEA, INFLAMMATION, BLEEDING
97
What are the early S+S of lung cancer
Productive cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, edema
98
What is aspiration
Passafe of foreign material into trachea and lungs
99
Who is aspiration a common problem for
Young children, swallowing issues, people eating or drinking laying down
100
What can aspiration lead to
Obstruction, inflammation and swelling, pneumonia
101
What are the S+S of aspiration
Coughing choking, dyspnea, loss of vocie, stridor, hoarseness, wheesing, tachy, nasal flaring, retractions, hypoxia
102
What is the emergency treatment for aspiration
Haimlich maneuver
103
What is obstructive sleep apnea
Pharyngeal tissue collapse during sleep
104
What happens in obstructive sleep apnea
Breathing stops, obesity, aging, neck CIRCUMFERENCE
105
What is the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea
CPAP
106
What is a nasal cannula
1-6L
107
What is high-flow nasal cannula
Up to 8L
108
What is a non-rebreather
10-15L
109
What is a venturi mask
2-15L
110
When do you use a bag-valve mask
When respirations are insufficient for oxygenation
111
What is the nursing care for mechanical ventilation
ASses for PAIN and SEDATION, elevate HOB, ORAL care
