Altered cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Cells that withstand stress and recover completely
A
Reversible cells injury
2
Q
Cells that change structure in order to adapt to stress
A
Adaptation
3
Q
Cell death caused by outside stressors
A
Necrosis
4
Q
Cell triggered suicide
A
Apoptosis
5
Q
5 types of cell adaption
A
Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia
6
Q
Atrophy that occurs early in development
A
Physiologic Atrophy
7
Q
Atrophy that occurs with outside stressors
A
Disuse - not using muscles Denervation - paralyzed limbs Ischemia induced - reduced O2 & Nutrients lack of endocrine - menopause Nutrient starvation - not eating
8
Q
Increase in the size of the cell due to hormones or physical use
A
Hypertrophy
9
Q
Types of Hypertrophy
A
mechanical - stretching a muscle Trophic - hormones, GF examples of physiological: enlargement of uterus in pregnancy Skeletal muscle when working out cardiac muscle due to HTN
10
Q
Increased number of number cells due to increased cellular division
A
Hyperplasia
11
Q
Two types of Hyperplasia
A
Physiological
Pathological
12
Q
Types of Physiological Hyperplasia
A
Compensatory - callus formation, liver regeneration
Hormonal - estrogen dependent organs like the breast and uterus
13
Q
types of Pathological hyperplasia
A
endometrial - excess menstrual bleeding
1 enlarged nucleus
2 clumping of chromatin
3 enlarged nucleoli
14
Q
Increased number of cells in abnormal cells or mature cells
A
Dysplasia
15
Q
A reversible conversion of a cell shape and type
A
metaplasia
example - smoking causes ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
16
Q
When a cell is unable to maintain homeostasis in face of stimuli
A
cellular injury
17
Q
Types of cellular injury
A
reversible cellular injury
irreversible cellular injury
18
Q
Injurious stimuli include
A
hypoxia free radicals chemical agents infectious agents physical and mech forces inflammation (allergic reaction) genetics nutritional imbalances cellular aging
19
Q
6 major biological themes in cell injury/death
A
ATP depletion - Na/k pumps off
Lack of O2 or free radicals - MOST COMMON
Increased cytoplasmic Ca++ - enzyme turn on
Mitochondrial damage - no ATP
Defects in membrane permeability - increased Ca++
20
Q
Three forms of cellular injury are
A
Hypoxic
Reactive oxygen
Chemical injury
21
Q
Common causes of hypoxic injuries
A
decreased P1O2 decreased heart function decreased RBC's Respiratory disease Cardiovascular disease metabolic inability to use O2 (poisoning) Ischemia (MOST COMMON)
22
Q
Hypoxic sequelae
A
decreased O2 into mitochondria --> decreased ATP ---> No ATP no Na/K pumps ---> ^ Na ICF, ^ Ca ICF, ^ K ECF ---> H2O follows Na into cell (hydropic sweeling)> ER detaches ribosomes ---> no protein synthesis, swelling lysosomes --> release of enzymes = cell death
23
Q
Irreversible damage is characterized by
A
major disturbance in the membrane
increased ICF Ca++
Lack of ATP
24
Q
Free radicals either ______ or _____ elctrons
A
barrow
steal
25
ROS is called
reactive oxygen species
26
ROS are produced where
in the mitochondria
27
Excess ROS leads to
oxidative stress
28
ROS react to the following
fatty acids - peroxidation or membrane lipids
Proteins - ion pump damage
DNA- impaired protein synthesis
29
Free radicals can be initiated within cells by
```
oxidation reactions - normal metabolism
absorption of radiant energy- UV Xray
Enzymatic metabolism-exogenous chem/drug
Inflammation - leukocytes
Reperfusion energy
```
30
Four biologically free radicals are
```
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Hydroxyl radical (OH-)
Superoxide
Nitric oxide (NO-)
```
31
Cells have two methods of removing free radicals
Antioxidant molecules
| Antioxidant enzymes
32
Antioxidant molecules are:
Vit E
Vit C
beta carotene
33
Antioxidant Enzymes are
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) >H2O2
glutathione peroxidase > H2O2 --> H2O
Catalase > H2O2 --> H20 + O2
34
Lipid peroxidation _____ electrons in the membrane
steal
| leads to destruction of membrane bound organelles
35
Free radicals actions on proteins are
fragmentize polypeptides
36
Free radicals actions on DNA
fragmentize DNA strands
37
When a chemical combines with a molecular component if the cell membrane
direct toxicity
38
Chemical injury sequelae is similar to
hypoxic injury
| Ca++ > Na/K off > swelling Mito > cell death
39
The chemical that destroys the rough ER of liver cells is
Carbon tetrachloride
40
Due to carbon tetrachloride Livers become
fatty
41
The chemical that affects the nervous sys, renal sys and hematopoietic is
Lead
hemolysis of RBC --> anemia
interferes with neurotransmitters
causes renal lessons
42
Carbon monoxide causes injury most similar to
hypoxic injury
43
Chemical that causes largely liver damage
Ethanol
44
The ability to produce disease in a host
Pathogenicity
45
Pathogenicity depends on the ability for it to
Invade host and destroy cells
Produce toxins
Produce damaging reactions
46
cellular membranes that are injured by direct contact with cellular or chemical components
(lymphocytes and histamines)
inflammatory injury
47
injurious genetic factors include
cell nucleus altered
| plasma membrane structure, shape receptors altered
48
injurious nutrition factors include
insufficient or excessive essential nutrients
49
Injurious physical elements are
```
Temperature extremes
changes in atmospheric pressure
ionizing radiation (DNA damaged)
Illumination
mechanical stress
noise
```
50
Instantaneous damage caused by a single wave of sound
Acoustic Trauma
51
hearing loss over a prolonged period of time
Noise-induced hearing loss
52
When mechanical energy to the body results in tearing, shearing or crushing
Blunt force trauma
53
2 types of blunt force trauma are
Blow
| impact
54
A blow injury is
when a moving objects strikes the body
55
An impact injury
when a moving body strike a fixed object
56
The two most common types of blunt force trauma
Motor vehicle accidents
| falls
57
Bleeding into the skin or underlying tissue due to a blow
contusion
or
hematoma
58
The two types of hematomas are
epidural
| subdural
59
Bleeding between the skull and soft tissue underlying is called a
epidural hematoma
60
Bleeding between the dura mater and arachnoid matter would be called a
subdural hematoma
61
Removal of the superficial layer of the skin caused by friction
abrasion
62
a tear of rip of the skin
laceration
63
Broken bones are called
fractures
64
Types of sharp injuries
Incised wound - cut longer than deep
Stab wound - deeper than long
Puncture wound - penetrating wound by sharp pointed object
Chopping wound - made by heavy wedged instruments
65
Types of entrance wounds by gun shot
Contact - point blank
Intermediate - close (gun powder flashing)
Indeterminate - everything else
66
Type of wound when the cells fail to receive O2
Asphyxial injuries
67
Types of asphyxial injuries
Suffocation - lack of o2 or blockage of O2
Strangulation - compression of blood vessels to the brain
Chemical - prevention of delivery or blockage of O2 by a chemical
68
Manifestations of cellular injury
```
Water - swelling
lipids, CHO - build up in the liver
Glycogen - IC deposits found ECF
Proteins - albumin in urine
Pigments -
Calcium -
Urate -
```
69
Most common type of glycogen manifestation
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
70
Brownish yellow spots associated with ageing
Lipofuscin
71
brown-black that block UV light
melanin
72
Two types of hemoglobin derivatives
hemosiderin - excess iron
bilirubin - yellow green in bile
(hyperbilirubinemia occurs with destruction of RBC, causing jaundice and more)
73
Excess calcium activates what
enzymes
74
The enzymes that c++ activates are
Phospholipase - causes membrane damage
Proteases - break down membrane proteins
Endonucleases - DNA fragmentation
ATPase - increase the rate of ATP depletion
75
disorder where extra urate crystals found in tissues that are pain and cause arthritis
Gout
76
Two types of manifestations are
Cellular
| Systemic
77
Types of systemic manifestations are
```
Fever - release of pyrogens
Increased WBC - due to inflammatory
Increased HR - due to ^ metabolic rate
Pain - pressure, various others
Serum elevation of cellular enzymes - enzymes are released through broken membranes
```
78
The two types of cell death are
Necrosis - passive degenerative process
| Apoptosis - programed cell death
79
4 patterns of tissue necrosis are
Coagulative - Cells are dead but tissue remain for a few days (caused by hypoxia)
Liquefactive - Watery break up of cells (bacterial infections)
Caseous - combo of coagulative and liquefactive (Tb)
Gangrenous - large are of cell death
80
Types of gangrenous
Dry - no bacterial
Wet - bacterial infection
Gas - bacterial caused by a clostridium
81
Apoptosis occurs when
DNA damage
accumulation of misfolded proteins
Injury due to infection
After duct obstruction (kidney, pancreas)
82
Two theories of cell aging
wear and tear
| intrinsic genetics
83
theories that go along with the wear and tear
somatic mutation
Free radical
immunological
84
Theories that go along with intrinsic genetics
Neuroendocrine
| Programmed sentence
85
The most characteristic tissue change with ageing is
tissues gets rigid and stiff
86
The death of an entire organism
Somatic death
87
postmortem decrease in body temp is called
algor mortis
88
Muscles become stiff after death is called
rigor mortis
89
rigor mortis is caused by
Depletion of ATP on Actin and Myosin
90
Blood settling causing the body to turn purple is called
livor mortis
