ANS

Question 1

Two types of nervous systems

Answer 1

CNS

PNS

Question 2

what are the two divisions of the PNS

Answer 2

afferent

efferent

Question 3

Two major division of the efferent peripheral system

Answer 3

Somatic

Autonomic

Question 4

Somatic pathways consist of __ neuron between CNS and effector

Answer 4

1 neuron

Question 5

Somatic neurons normally innervate _____

Answer 5

skeletal muscle

Question 6

Autonomic pathways consist of ____ between CNS and effector

Answer 6

2 neurons

Question 7

ANS innervates ____

Answer 7

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, GI neurons

Question 8

ANS is activated by ______

Answer 8

spinal cord, brain stem (pons and medulla) and hypothalamus

Question 9

Brainstem is responsible for controlling ____ of the ANS

Answer 9

cardio and respiratory

MAP, HR, respiratory frequency, tidal volume

Question 10

Hypothalamus is responsible for controlling ____ of the ANS

Answer 10

Temperature regulation
water balance
feeding control

Question 11

signals sent to CNS in ganglia that return immediately to the effector organ

Answer 11

reflex

Question 12

examples of reflex are

Answer 12

sweating (thermo)
bladder emptying (water regulation)
smells -> digerstive enzymes (glands)
baroreceptor (MAP)

Question 13

Functions of the ANS included

Answer 13

homeostasis control

4 F’s (fighting, fooling around, fleeing or feeding)

Question 14

2 subdivisions of efferent ANS

Answer 14

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Question 15

sympathetic system is also called the

Answer 15

thoracolumbar

Question 16

Sympathetic system responses

Answer 16

—-responds to stress—-
fight or flight
preparing for physical activity

Question 17

Parasympathetic system is also called

Answer 17

craniosacral

Question 18

Parasympathetic system responses

Answer 18

—–conserves energy—–

when not in stressful situation

Question 19

ANS cell bodies are located

Answer 19

outside the CNS

Question 20

Cluster of nerve bodies found outside the CNS

Answer 20

ganglia or ganglion

Question 21

The two neurons in the ANS are called

Answer 21

Preganglionic neurons

Postganglionic neurons

Question 22

sympathetic ganglia lie close to the spinal cord being called ______

Answer 22

sympathetic trunk

Question 23

75% of parasympathetic fibers are located in the _____

Answer 23

vagus nerves

Question 24

acetylcholine (aCh) is released at

Answer 24

ALL preganglionic synapses
and postganglionic synapses in the parasympathetic system
(except sympathetic, sweat glands, piloerector muscles and blood vessels)

Question 25

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete

Answer 25

norepinephrine

Question 26

neurons that secrete norepinephrine are called

Answer 26

adrenergic

Question 27

aCh is released through

Answer 27

exocytosis

Question 28

aCh is released due to a rise in ____

Answer 28

calcium (intracellular )

Question 29

aCh is hydrolyzed by

Answer 29

acetylcholinesterase

Question 30

A bulbous enlargement of the postganglionic ganglia is called

Answer 30

varicosities

Question 31

removal of neurotransmitters | 3 steps

Answer 31

1. reuptake (50%-80%) 2. diffusion out of cleft 3. enzymatic destruction

Question 32

adrenal medulla release _____ directly into the _____

Answer 32

epinephrine and norepinephrine | blood stream

Question 33

cells of the adrenal medulla that release neurotransmitters are called

Answer 33

chromaffin

Question 34

chromaffin cells are like _____

Answer 34

sympathetic Postganglionic neurons (no axons)

Question 35

norepinephrine in the blood stream last _____

Answer 35

5-10 times longer

Question 36

receptor-dependent cells are excited or inhibited by:

Answer 36

1. change in membrane permeability | 2. enzyme is activated or inactivated

Question 37

aCh actions on the heart

Answer 37

increase SA node permeability to K | decreasing the heart rate

Question 38

norepinephrine actions on the heart

Answer 38

increase SA node permeability of Na | increase heart rate

Question 39

The two types on ANS receptors

Answer 39

cholinergic (acetylcholine) | Adrenergic (epinephrine or norepinephrine)

Question 40

Two types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 40

muscarinic | nicotinic

Question 41

Muscarinic receptors operate through ___

Answer 41

2nd messenger system | linked to gated K+ channels

Question 42

Nicotinic receptors operate through ____

Answer 42

opening a cation channel

Question 43

cholinergic changes in the body

Answer 43

lower HR lower atrial contractility dilate coronary arties contract smooth muscle (bronchial)

Question 44

Adrenergic receptors are linked to

Answer 44

G-protein linked 2nd messenger

Question 45

Two types of adrenergic receptors are

Answer 45

Alpha | Beta

Question 46

alpha receptors are responsible for

Answer 46

systemic vasoconstriction

Question 47

Beta receptors are responsible for

Answer 47

sympathetic cardiac stimulation | airway dilation

Question 48

effects on receptors by norepinephrine

Answer 48

excites alpha receptors highly | excites beta receptors slightly

Question 49

effects on receptors by epinephrine

Answer 49

excites alpha and beta equally

Question 50

fight or flight term coined by

Answer 50

Walter cannon

Question 51

sympathetic stress response on the body

Answer 51

``` increased arterial pressure increased blood flow to active muscles decreased blood flow to GI tract and kidney increased cellular metabolic rate increased blood glucose levels increased glycolysis in muscles and liver increase muscle strength (recruitment) increased mental activity increased rate of blood coagulation ```

Question 52

some effector tissues in the ANS are innervated by other means called

Answer 52

non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC)

Question 53

Alpha receptor (adrenergic) function

Answer 53

a1 vasoconstriction

Question 54

Beta receptor (adrenergic) function

Answer 54

b1 increased HR b1 increased force of contraction b2 bronchodilation b2 vasodilation