Chapter 2 VOCAB

Question 1

DNA nitrogen pyrimidines

Answer 1

Cytosine and Thymine

Question 2

DNA nitrogen purines

Answer 2

Adenine and Guanine

Question 3

DNA is in the shape of _________

Answer 3

Double-helix

Question 4

Proteins are composed of one or more ______

Answer 4

polypeptides

Question 5

Polypeptides are composed of

Answer 5

Amino Acids

Question 6

A group of three nitrogen bases are called a _____

Answer 6

codons

Question 7

Type of bonds between the pairing bases

Answer 7

Hydrogen bonding

Question 8

Complement base pairing are ___ and ___, and ___ and ____

Answer 8

Adenine and Thymine

Guanine and Cytosine

Question 9

The fragmented single strand of DNA is called the ___

Answer 9

template

Question 10

The enzyme responsible for adding the correct nucleotide to the single strand of DNA during DNA replication

Answer 10

DNA polymerase

Question 11

A inherited alteration of genetic material

Answer 11

mutation

Question 12

The mutation where one base pair replaces another

Answer 12

base pair substitution

Question 13

Mutations that have no consequence are called

Answer 13

silent mutations

Question 14

base pair substitution which produces a change in the amino acid

Answer 14

missense mutation

Question 15

base pair substitution which produces a stop codon

Answer 15

nonsense

Question 16

The three stop codons are

Answer 16

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 17

a mutation that inserts or deletes two or more base pairs of the DNA

Answer 17

Frameshift mutation

Question 18

Outside agents that cause mutations

Answer 18

mutagens

Question 19

mutations with the absence of mutagens are called

Answer 19

spontaneous mutations

Question 20

DNA sequences that are common to have mutations are called

Answer 20

mutation hot spots

Question 21

DNA is short for

Answer 21

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 22

RNA is short for

Answer 22

ribonucleic acid

Question 23

When RNA is synthesized from DNA

Answer 23

transcription

Question 24

When amino acids are created form RNA

Answer 24

translation

Question 25

Type of RNA that is synthesized from DNA

Answer 25

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 26

What enzyme separates DNA during transcription

Answer 26

RNA polymerase

Question 27

RNA polymerase binds on the DNA at the _____ site

Answer 27

promoter site

Question 28

RNA polymerase continues to separates DNA until it reaches a ____

Answer 28

stop codon or | termination sequence

Question 29

The sequences that are removed from mRNA

Answer 29

introns

Question 30

The sequences that remain on mRNA

Answer 30

exons

Question 31

The RNA that carries the amino acid and 3 nucleotides during translation

Answer 31

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 32

The places where protein synthesis happens

Answer 32

ribosomes

Question 33

Two types of human cells are

Answer 33

Gametes | somatic cells

Question 34

Gametes consist of

Answer 34

sperm and eggs

Question 35

Somatic cells consist of

Answer 35

all other human cells

Question 36

somatic cells are called ______ consisting or 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs

Answer 36

diploid cells

Question 37

somatic cells are reproduced through

Answer 37

mitosis

Question 38

gamete cells are called _____ because they only contain one chromosome pair (23 chromosomes)

Answer 38

haploid cells

Question 39

haploid cells are formed from diploid cells through

Answer 39

meiosis

Question 40

when two chromosomes are the virtually identical they are called

Answer 40

homologous

Question 41

the 22 homologous pairs of chromosomes are called

Answer 41

autosomes

Question 42

an electronic view of chromosomes lined up in pairs is

Answer 42

karyotype

Question 43

cells with normal numbers of chromosomes are called

Answer 43

euploid cells

Question 44

an euploid cell that has more then the desired number of chromosomes is called

Answer 44

ployploid

Question 45

A zygote that has three copies of EACH chromosome is called

Answer 45

triploid

Question 46

when a CELL does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes it is called

Answer 46

aneuploidy

Question 47

when a CELL has three copies of one chromosome it is called

Answer 47

trisomy

Question 48

when sister chromosomes fail to separate and one cell receives both copies it is called

Answer 48

nondisjunction

Question 49

when an extra portion of one chromosome is present in the cell

Answer 49

partial trisomy

Question 50

trisomy of the 21st chromosome

Answer 50

down syndrome

Question 51

only having one copy of a chromosome

Answer 51

monosomy

Question 52

Monosomy of the X chromosome is called

Answer 52

Turner syndrome

Question 53

Indivduals with two X and one Y chromosome (XXY) is called

Answer 53

Klinefelter Syndrome

Question 54

Broken chromosomes and/or broken DNA is called

Answer 54

deletions

Question 55

a repeat of a section of DNA

Answer 55

duplication | less harmful than deletion

Question 56

when two breaks occur on a chromosome but the section is put back in, in reverse

Answer 56

inversion

Question 57

interchanging genetic material between two non homologous chromosomes

Answer 57

``` translocation reciprocal translocation (if it happens on two different chromosomes) ```

Question 58

When the long arm of two nonhomologous chromosomes fuse at centromeres, creating a single chromosome

Answer 58

robertsonian translocation

Question 59

the appearance of an individual | Gene expression

Answer 59

phenotype

Question 60

composition of genes at a given locus | Genes make up

Answer 60

genotype

Question 61

Two different alleles (dominate and recessive)

Answer 61

Heterozygous

Question 62

two of the same alleles (dominate OR recessive)

Answer 62

Homozygote

Question 63

when a heterozygote has the allele but it is not expressed

Answer 63

carrier

Question 64

a chart that expresses dominate and recessive genes

Answer 64

Punnett square

Question 65

a chart that shows disease in a family blood line

Answer 65

pedigree

Question 66

the probability that a person will develop a genetic disease

Answer 66

recurrence risk

Question 67

showing signs and symptoms of an autosomal dominate disorder with no family history is most likely

Answer 67

germline mosaicism

Question 68

the tumor suppressor gene is found on _____ chromosome

Answer 68

long arm of chromosome 13

Question 69

When a nitrogen group is replaced with a methyl group

Answer 69

DNA methylation

Question 70

mating of two related people

Answer 70

consanguinity

Question 71

For female sex hormones X, parts are turned off

Answer 71

X inactivation

Question 72

the theory that X chromosomes are turned off

Answer 72

dosage compensation

Question 73

Cells that of chromosomes that are turned off (only in females)

Answer 73

barr bodies

Question 74

When homologous chromosomes switch entire arms

Answer 74

crossover