Ambulatory Study Material Flashcards
(268 cards)
1
Q
Herpes 1 and 4 in horses
A
the equine vaccine decreases virus but does not prevent neurological form of the disease
The two most significant are EHV-1, which causes respiratory disease, abortion, and neurologic disease; and EHV-4, which primarily causes respiratory disease and only occasionally can cause abortion or neurologic disease.
2
Q
Fescue toxicosis typically does not cause abortion but can cause what other reproductive signs…
A
Agalactia, long gestation, red bag, retained fetal membranes and early embryonic death
3
Q
Heifers should be vaccinated for Brucellosis at which age?
A
4-12 months bc they are unlikely to be preg and you do not want to induce infection in bulls which wil cause orchitis
4
Q
what abx has the shortest meat withdrawal drug and time
A
Ceftiofur (all forms); milk is zero bc does not cross milk plasma barrier, meat withdrawal is 4-14 days
5
Q
Shortest meat withdrawal drugs (2) and time
A
Naxcel, Exanel (Ceftiofur) which is ZEROOO days for milk and 4 days for meat withdrawal
Exceed is also a Ceftiofur and has a 14 day meat withdrawal and no milk withdrawal
6
Q
What 3 drugs are used in bovine OvSync protocols?
A
GnRH (7 days), Prostaglandins (2 days), GnRH (18 hours)
7
Q
What is the most common reason for use of abx in cows?
A
mastitis
7
Q
These two contagious mastitis agents are difficult to treat with antibiotics
A
Mycoplasma bovis (lacks cell wall), Staph aureus (microabscesses and creates biofilm around the cell wall)
8
Q
This type of ovarian cyst can cause persistent estrus in a cow
A
Follicular cyst
9
Q
Which 4 treatments can be used to treat bovine ovarian cysts?
A
PGF-2 alpha, GnRH, Progesterone and HcG
10
Q
What do we use to tx pyometra in cows?
A
PGF2 alpha
11
Q
Which 2 combinations of vitamins and minerals may be used to treat retained fetal membranes in cows?
A
Vit D, Calcium; Vit E, Selenium
12
Q
Bovine pregnancy signs at 1 month (30-35 days; earliest signs)
A
Vesicle
13
Q
Bovine pregnancy sign at 2 months
A
Mouse sized fetus
3 months dime sized placentomes and rate sized fetus
4 months quarter size placentomes and small cat sized fetus
5 months small dog sized fetus
14
Q
Female fetus twin that develops abnormal (95% infertile) under the influence of testosterone
A
Freemartin
15
Q
in cows, what initiates parturition
A
fetal cortisol
16
Q
How long is Ferguson’s reflex present after calving?
A
5 days
17
Q
a calf should have a minimum of what % of body weight colostrum, within a maximum time frame of ?
A
10% (body weight), 2-6 hours
18
Q
The use of these vaccines should be limited to 3 at a time in healthy cows and 2 at a time in at-risk or heifers
A
Gram negative (due to endotoxin)
19
Q
50% of persistently infected BVDV calves die before weaning due to these two causes
A
Mucosal disease (CE virus superinfection), immunosuppression
20
Q
Where is GnRH secreted?
A
hypothalamus
21
Q
Where are LH and FSH secreted?
A
Anterior pituitary
22
Q
where is progesterone secreted?
A
CL
23
Q
where is prostaglandin secreted?
A
Uterus
24
Where is estrogen secreted?
Follicle
25
In cows, uterine involution should be complete by this time
30-40 days
26
Average age at first calving for heifers
24 months
27
When should pregnant cattle be moved to the transition group (heifers and cows)?
4 weeks (heifers), 3 weeks (cows)
28
What are the 3 prebreeding vaccines that should be given to heifers/cows?
IBR, BVDV, Lepto (hardjo), vibrio (campylobacter)
29
Drugs prohibited for ELDU in food animals
Chloramphenicol, clenbuterol, DES, nitroimidazoles, nitrofurans, sulfonamides (lactating cattle), fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides
30
Antibiotic labeled for clostridial infections
PPG
31
4 tx labeled for metritis
Ceftiofur, oxytetracycline, tylosin, urea (uterine bolus)
32
At what DIM is peak lactation?
45-90
33
Higher production of this VFA leads to milk with higher butterfat content
acetic acid
34
Higher production of this VFA leads to higher milk production
Propionate
35
Most common cause of contagious mastitis in the US
Staph aureus
36
What are the 4 groups of environmental mastitis pathogens?
Strep (dysgalactia, uberis), Coliforms (E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter), Pseudomonas, yeasts
37
What are the 3 ketone bodies?
BHBA (betahydroxybutyrate) breaks down to acetyloacetate, which reduces to acetone and CO2
38
What is the cow side diagnostic test of choice for ketosis?
Blood or milk BHBA
39
Name the five most common periparturent diseases of cattle.
Mastitis, metritis, ketosis, hypocalcemia, displaced abomasum
40
3 most common generalized neurologic disease in adult cattle
Polio(encephalomalacia), listeria, lead poisoning
41
Criteria used to determine if a mare can be induced for labor
Gestation length, colostral electrolytes, cervical softening, fetal PPP (presentation, position, posture)
42
average milk production of a Holstein
23, 000 lbs/ lactation
43
what criteria are used to determine if a dairy heifer is ready to be bred?
65% mature size, cycling, adequate pelvic area
44
How long is estrus in a cow?
18 hours, ovulates at the end
45
what are the 3 VFA's?
Acetate, propionate, butyrate
46
characteristics of mastitis milk
elevated pH
decrease in lactose, caesium, k
increase in Na, Cl
increased amount of SCC
47
Contagious mastitis pathogens
Strep ag
Staph aureus
mycoplasma bovis
48
CS of milk fever
hypersenstivity, off feed, excitable, unable to rise, s-shaped neck, rumen stasis
49
complications of a long term down cow
muscle damage/compartmental crush syndrome
increased incidence of LDA
mastitis
decreased milk production
increased traumatic injuries
50
toxic effect of Ca
cardiac arrest and arrhythmias
tx: epi and magnesium
51
How to prevent milk fever?
Ca:P ratio to.7:1
anionic cation ration for close up cows
52
What are the ketone bodies?
acetone, acetylacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate
53
type 1 ketosis
spontaneous, 3-6w postpartum
54
type 2 ketosis
hepatic lipidosis
55
acid base and electrolyte disturbances associated with LDA
hypokalemia
hypocalcemia
metabolic alkalosis
56
5 most common periparturent diseases of cattle
mastitis
ketosis
metritis
hepatic lipidosis
LDA
57
when does metritis commonly occur
7-14 days post calving
58
Polioencephalomalacia
due to thiamine deficiency
stargazing, blindness, ataxia, dorsomedial strabismus
tx: thiamine, pred
59
Lead toxicity CS and TX-->
central blindness and diarrhea
tx: CaEDTA, oral binders, rumenotomy
60
Salt toxicity signs
head pressing, blindness, paddling, dog sitting
61
2 most common causes of lateralized neurological disease in cattle
listeria
TEME aka Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis assoc. With Histophilus
62
2 most common causes of hyper-excitability in a fresh cow
hypocalcemia
hypomagnesemia
63
circling disease
listeria
64
vit a deficiency
blindness, ataxia, convulsions
65
bovine bonkers
urea toxicosis
66
Aujeskis disease
pseudorabies
67
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
hemorrhagic diarrhea, uveitis, bloody urine, CNS signs, mucopurulent exudate
68
3 DDx Right heart failure
hardware disease
lymphoma
endocarditis
69
primary differential for unilateral jugular distention
hardware diseae
70
what vaccines should adult beef cattle get prior to breeding
Lepto, BVD, Campylobacter and IBR
71
Clostridium chauvoei aka
blackleg
72
trichophyton verrucosum aka
ringworm
73
ringworm aka
trichophyton verrucosum
74
Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water Disease) aka
clostridium haemolyticum
75
Malignant edema aka
Clostridium septicum
76
order of eruption of permanent teeth (horse
2.5, 3.5, 4.5
77
core vaccines suggested by the AAEP
rabies
WNV
EEE/WEE
tetanus
78
3 possible sources of bleeding in castration
improperly applied emasculators
crushing cord that is too large
movement of the horse
79
management options for a hydrocele
remove vaginal tunic
scrotal ablation
80
mycoplasma pneumonia
most common casuse of chronic pneumonia and non-productive cough in pigs
81
priapism
persistent erection without stimulation
82
phimosis
inability to extrude the penis
83
Define:
1. Paraphimosis
2. phimosis
3. priapism
1. Inability to retract the penis
2. inability to extrude the penis
3. persistent erection without stimulation
84
5 criteria for mare being induced
normal fetal presentation
verifiable pregnancy length of 335 days
presence of pre colostrum electrolytes
cervical softening
85
when do most EED occur
first 60 days
86
when do endometrial cups disappear
130 days
87
when do endometrial cups form
35 days of pregnancy
88
when does the fertilzed ovum move from the oviduct into the uterus
40-45 days
89
what is the appropriate technique used to manipulate the mare's cycle to expedite her transition back to cycling in the winter
putting them under light in the winter, continue for 60 days
90
high intrinsic reproductive rates (R0) for diseases leads to…
higher levels of herd immunity required to prevent propagation of epidemic
91
what form of bacteria is found in water, manure, and mud
Coliform bacteria
92
Coliform bacteria is found in ____, ___ and ____
manure, mud, and water
93
Accepted standard length for a lactation period in dairy cattle is…
305 days
94
primary bacterial agents involved with BRD (bovine respiratory disease) are:
Mannheimia, Mycoplasma, and Pasturella
95
if specificity of a herd is 65% what does this mean?
65% of the herd are apparently healthy
96
What chemicals do we use for disinfecting animal and outdoor pens?
Oxidizing agents
97
A 21 preg rate in cattle being 64% means….
95% of the calf crop during a 63 day calving season
98
How many days is normal estrous in cattle?
21 days
99
What is threshold level?
the minimum density of susceptibility of animals required to cause contact-epidemics to occur
100
the type of vaccine which is most likely to cause a cell mediated response to viral pathogen is….
whole virus modified live vaccine
101
what is the amplifier host?
animal that is usually not adversely affected by a disease but the number of infectious units increases in the animal
102
IH of taenia saginata
cattle/bovine
103
what disease is currently involved with federal and state control programs in cattle
brucellosis
104
_ is a bacteria that can result in violation of increased SCC bacteria in dairy cattle
strep agalactia
105
_ is a bacteria that can result in violation of increased SCC bacteria in dairy cattle
strep agalactia
106
What are the 3 main contagious causes of mastitis in dairy cattle???
Strep agalactia, Staph aureus, Mycoplasma bovis
107
What bacteria causes gangrene mastitis?
Staphylococcus aureus
108
What bacterial agent causes high SCC in milk?
Strep agalactiae
109
What method do we use to prevent contagious mastitis? How can we prevent environmental mastitis?
Contagious mastitis- use POST dipping teat protocols and for environmental, use PRE dipping teat protocols
110
_______ causes outbreaks of mastitis with history of swollen joints, esp. disease that occurred in the past of the infected individual(s)
Mycoplasma
111
What is a very very contagious bacterial agent that is also able to resist treatments
Mycoplasma
112
What are all of the GI pathogens in hutch calves that we need to look out for
E. coli, Rotavirus, coronavirus, coccidia
113
___ causing pneumonia is the most common cause of mortality in post-weaning dairy calves
Pasteruella
114
Breed dairy heifers at _____-____ months
Avg. age at first calving is usually ______ months old and avg. conception rate of AI at estrus is __-___% but with a bull timing it, it is ____%
Breed dairy heifers at 13-15 months
Avg. age at first calving is usually 22 months old and avg. conception rate of AI at estrus is50-60% but with a bull timing it, it is 40%
115
Move to transition grp at __ weeks before what happens?
at 4 weeks old before expected changes to cause rumen flora accumulation and to use anionic salts which prevent hypoCALCEMIA
Also wanna increase propionic acids and decrease anionic acids with use of VFC’s
116
What is the ideal pH of the urine in the transition grp?
5.7-6.4 pH
117
What is the number one main risk period for mastitis and how do we prevent it?
Dry off period; we use 1mm for prevention
118
increased ____ diets promote acetic acid which does what?
forage; More buttermilk fat
119
What does forage diet do?
Increases acetic acid production which means more buttermilk fat
120
What does diets high in starch promote?
more propionic acids which causes more milk production
121
What diet causes more milk production? How about buttermilk fat?
Propionic acid; acetic acid
122
rumeninsin decreases ______ and ______ VFA’s
acetic and propionic acids
123
What percent of carbs (grains and forages) make up a consistent diet in ruminants?
70%
124
What are the disadvantages of concentrates?
Laminitis, SARA, rumenitis, liver abscesses
125
What is the legal limit of SCC in bulk tank?
750,000 cells/CFU
126
What do you do if you cattle are affected with mycoplasma bovis?
CULLLL
127
What is the most common cause of laminitis of dairy cattle?
hairy heel wart, caused by Treponoma denticola
128
What is the tx for hairy heels wart?
Tetracycline in water
129
PPE level ___ is the lowest and __ is the highest
D; A
130
BVDV exists as a persistently infected animal, mucosal disease, transitional/transient infection and the virus is a member of the ____ virus family and is generally associated with ______, ________ and _______
Pestivirus;
early embryonic death, immunosuppressants, congenital abn
131
What is prohibited drug from ELDU in cattle and other food animals?
Fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, metronid, and Nitrofurans
132
How soon after giving prostaglandins do you expect parturition?
48 hours after giving it, parturition may occur anytime between 2 and 7 days but 2 days is the avg.
133
what causes rumen acidosis leading to rumen ulcers?
Feeding high conc levels or suddenly changing the amount of conc fed can result in a drop of rumen pH below 5.5
134
how can we help minimize rumen ulcers in high-producing dairy cattle?
feeding buffers like sodium bicarbonate
135
what causes epizootic bovine abortions (EBA) aka Foothill abortions
Ornithodoros coriaceus tick vector
this vector can be found in fetal thymuses and causes late abortions and abortion storms in the last trimester, the cows will be healthy but the aborted fetuses will have hepatosplenomegaly, and generalized lymphadenopathy
136
how can you prevent epizootic bovine abortions aka foothill abortions
exposure to endemic areas before breeding and/or controlling tick vector populations or prophylactic abx use in high risk regions
137
What is a toxin that causes last trimester abortions and cow are usually moribund after delivery and hemorrhage?
Ponderosa pine needles
138
high mtn disease testing results telling you they have it...
PAP (pulm. arterial pressure) testing done at 6,000 ft or above on animals over 12 months showing less than 40mmHg pressure
139
what causes the appearance of the reticulated (Nutmeg) liver?
the appearance occurs bc there are red central veins and sinusoids between tan areas of swollen hepatocytes. This occurs when right sided heart failure from passive congestion of the sinusoids of hepatocellular hypoxia. Pericardial effusion causes right sided heart failure and is the case of the liver's appearance
140
What do you think this cow has?
A rancher bought these cattle a few days ago and now they are showing ataxia, head tilt, knuckling, staggering, coughing, RR abn, and have fevers. On CSF tap they all have xanthochromia, increased protein, and increased number of neutrophils.
Histophilus somni infection.
This is a systemic infection that may start in the resp. tract in young and stressed often transported cattle. Early tx is abx
141
Mycoplasma is a common cause of _______.
Otitis media and externa
142
what does a cow show with otitis media-externa (usually caused by M. bovis)
unilateral ear droop, eye ptosis on the same side as the ear droop, epiphora of that same eye, and head tilt on the affected side
143
What do we see CS of a cow with polioencephalomalacia???
stargazing, head pressing, depression, blindness
it is caused by a thiamine deficiency
144
doing a mcmasters fecal on cattle, when should you deworm?
Minimum of 300-400 strongyle types per gram of feces with or without any CS
145
average milk produced of a holstein
23,000 lbs/lactation
146
What criteria are used to determine if a dairy heifer is ready to be bred??
she is 65% of mature size at least and is cycling with a decent pelvic area and is more than 15 months old
147
how long is estrus in a cow?
18 hours
148
characteristics of mastitis milk
elevated pH
decrease in lactose, caesium, k
increase in Na, Cl
increased amount of SCC
149
contagious mastitis pathogens
Strep ag
Staph aureus
mycoplasma bovis
150
Environmental mastitis pathogens
E coli
Klebsiella
Staph pseudo
serratia
proteus
pasturella
nocardia
151
C/S of milk fever
hypersenstivity, off feed, excitable, unable to rise, s-shaped neck, rumen stasis
152
complications of a long term down cow
muscle damage/compartmental crush syndrome
increased incidence of LDA
mastitis
decreased milk production
increased traumatic injuries
153
toxic effect of Ca
cardiac arrest and arrhythmias
tx: epi and magnesium
154
Prevent milk fever
Ca:P ratio to 7:1
anionic cation ration for close up cows
155
type 1 ketosis vs. type 2 ketosis
Type 1- spontaneous, 3-6w postpartum
type 2- ketosis
hepatic lipidosis
156
Why do cows displace their abomasums?
decreased rumen fill and the void left by recent calving
157
acid base and electrolyte disturbances associated with LDA
hypokalemia
hypocalcemia
metabolic alkalosis
158
5 most common periparturent diseases of cattle
mastitis
ketosis
metritis
hepatic lipidosis
LDA
159
what vaccines should adult beef cattle get prior to breeding
lepto
bvd
campy
ibr
160
order of eruption of permanent teeth (horse
2.5, 3.5, 4.5
161
which nerve is blocked to desensitize the maxilla and/or rostral mandible
Trigeminal
162
What are caps?
deciduous teeth that have not been lost and sit on top of the permanent teeth, are lost once permanent teeth fully erupt
163
core vaccines suggested by the AAEP
rabies
WNV
EEE/WEE
tetanus
164
3 possible sources of bleeding in castration
improperly applied emasculators
crushing cord that is too large
movement of the horse
165
what is the appropriate technique used to manipulate the mare's cycle to expidite her transition back to cycling in the winter
putting them under light in the winter, continue for 60 days
166
pigs housed indoors are more likely to suffer from this respiratory disease
actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
167
pig with nose deviated to the side likely has what virus?
Bordetella aka atrophic rhinitis
168
rules of thumb in cattle nutrition-->
min. of 7% of crude protein needed for proper rumen function, min of 0.5% body weight per day of long-stemmed roughage and proper rumen function, max of 7%-9% crude fat in ruminant diet
169
target weaning weight is __-__% of dam's mature bw
40-45%
170
70% of calf grows in the last __ months of gestation
3 months
171
how long do calves stay in hutches on dairys?
birth to about 6-8 weeks old
172
what diet is fed to the transition group (that is the 4 week period of heifers and 3 week period for cows in the dairy before calving)
anionic salt ration to cause metabolic acidosis so body will draw calcium from the bones via PTH and calcium carbonate will bond with free H+ since acidic and the Ca+ left over will be free in the body to prevent hypocalcemia from smooth muscle contractions during parturition. Also need low K+ and Na+ in the forages (DCAD)
173
what is the ideal pH when the anionic diet is fed to the transition group (that is the 4 week period of heifers and 3 week period for cows in the dairy before calving)
pH of around 5.5-6.5 is ideal.
174
why do we continue giving monesin to lactating cows?
it is safe for lactating cows and allows for more propionate so more lactose leading to more milk production
175
what is the number one abx use on dairies?
mastitis
176
high bulk tank SCC is usually due to _____ mastitis
subclinical
177
high forage means more acetic acid which means more ____
buttermilk fat
178
high forage means more ______
acetic acid
179
high starch means higher _____ which means more _____
propionic acid; high milk production
180
increase feed density in what months?
summer months
181
what marks the beginning of a dairy cow's next lactation?
The dry period, which should be 60 days prior to expected calving (during the dry period you should use IMM tubes and feed her differently- less protein, fat and carbs then actively lactating cows!!!!!)
182
dry off cow vax
Lepto 5-way, Viral MLV, Clostridia 7-way, E.coli mastitis, +/- Rota/corona
183
what is the goal BCS of dry cow in the southeast?
3.0-3.25
184
what are DCAD diets?
Dietary-Cation-Anion-Diets
which are diets that influence blood acid-base status which effects calcium homeostasis
* cation rations--> results in metabolic alkalosis which depresses tissue response to PTH and is ideal for use in the NON-PREPARTUM COWS (aka the non-transition cow group)
*anion rations--> results in metabolic acidosis so calcium carbonate can be released from the bone due to response from PTH to correct the metabolic acidosis, therefore the carbonate buffers free acid and leaves calcium in excess by itself to be used during PRE-PARTURITION aka the Transition group
185
what number of SCC means infection?
>200,000 cells/mL = Infection
186
legal limit of SCC in bulk tank is..
<750,000 cells/mL
187
what influences SCC?
Age of cow, stress on gland, breed and some genetics, infectious agents present/mastitis, stage of lactation
188
major loss of contagious mastitis is clinical or subclinical, what about in environmental mastitis???
contagious= subclinical
enviro. = clinical mastitis
189
what are the most common causative agents of mastitis?
1. strep agalactiae
2. staph aureus
3. M. bovis
190
what are some environmental mastitis pathogens?
Coliforms (GRAM -), strep agalactiae, strep uberis, pseudomonas, Nocardia (GRAM +), yeast
191
what is an easier infection to tx for mastitis?
Strep agalactiae
TX is IMM infusion during lactation of dry period and dry cow mgmt
192
what is the most common agent associated with heifer mastitis?
Coagulase neg STAPH- most common pathogen in heifers
193
summer mastitis aka
T. pyogenes- will cause nasty abscesses of the udder, no tx kill the quarter
194
what mastitis agent is zoonotic and infected individuals should be culled?
Nocardia infections
195
why do MLV go lower on the neck than other vaccines?
Because the live vaccines must migrate and can cancel out the MLV when they do and this is where the lowest priced cuts of meat are
196
the number one bacteria of concern in cattle is...and what is the most common CS of it?
Clostridium; most common CS of all clostridial infections is sudden death
197
what are sources of nitrates?
plants, commercial fertilizers, highest level found in plants that are just about to flower
198
What is more toxic, nitrate or nitrite??
nirite!! is more toxic
199
will wilting of the plant cause decreased levels of nitrate?
NOOO
200
how is the concentration of nitrate and cyanide different?
Nitrate has its higher conc. at the bottom of the stem (closer to the ground) and cyanide has more conc. at the top
201
who is most susceptible to nitrate poisoning?
ruminants
202
how does nitrate cause death from toxicity?
tissue anoxia since nitrite oxidizes Hgb to ferrous iron and converts to ferric iron, and converts all the Hgb to iron
203
what are some signs of chronic exposure to nitrate toxicity?
Poor growth, abortions, Vit A def, goiter, morbidity
204
brownish colored mm and darkened chocolate colored blood= ______ toxicity
Nitrate toxicity
205
tx of nitrate toxicity--
Methylene blue- converts Hgb back to
206
what is the test that is done to test for Nitrates?
Diphenylamine test, if it turns blue then the sample contains potentially dangerous levels of nitrate
207
color of cattle or ruminant coat being dull and copper colored means it is likely def. in what mineral?
Copper
208
what animal is most sensitive to salt toxicity?
Swine
209
pathophysiology of lead toxicosis and what are some of the CS???
causes rupture of lysosomes and release of acids, causes GI signs first then grinding teeth, neuro signs, some twitching and head bobbing
210
Cyanide MOA
inhibits cytochrome oxidase and causes cellular hypoxia
211
Grazing stunted plants in a drought is a common cause of ___ poisoning
cyanide (which is usually seen with wilting plants, usually after first frost of the fall)
212
MM will be BRIGHT red with this toxicity--->
cyanide
213
rumen smelling like bitter almonds and bright red blood that clots slowly means it has what toxicity?
Cyanide
214
Tx cyanide toxicity =
Sodium thiosulfate IV repeated as needed and supportive care like O2
215
Test for cyanide toxicity--
Picrate test where the prussic acid strip is used for cyanide testing of plant material and if positive will turn bright yellow
216
young or old plants have more cyanide in them?
young
217
ALL Mycotoxins are
Immunosuppressive
218
what are mycotoxins?
secondary metabolites of fungus that make a toxin in another organism
219
more than ___ ppm fumonisin (a type of mycotoxin) is toxic in cattle
50ppm
220
what mycotoxin inhibits the release of prolactin and affects the milk production because of that?
Ergotism
221
what mycotoxin inhibits the release of prolactin and affects the milk production because of that?
Ergotism
222
pigs sneezing with nasal discharge
atrophic rhinitis caused by bordetella
223
how long is estrous cycle in dairy cow
21 days with estrus 18 hours
224
name contagious mastitis pathogens
strep agalactiae
staph aureus
mycoplasma bovis
225
type 1 ketosis
spontaneous and/or underfedding/pregnancy toxemia in first 3-6 weeks postpartum - respond well to treatment
226
type 2 ketosis
fat cow/hepatic lipidosis - any cow that mobilizes fat to liver in late pregnancy that carries over into early lactation
doesnt respond well to treatment
227
when does metritis in cows usually occur?
first 7-14 days post calving
228
what would be the two most common causes for hyperexcitability in recently freshened dairy cow
hypocalcemia
hypomagnesemia
229
Theilers disease aka idiopathic acute hepatic disease- what are the CS?
Acute depression, anorexia, severe icterus, photosensitization, hepatoencephalopathy, pica (means excessive swallowing)
230
fetal sizes
* 60 d = mouse
* 90 d = rat
* 120 d = small cat
* 150 d = large cat
* 180 d = beagle dog
231
Placentomes sizes
* 90 d: dime
* 120 d: quarter
* 150 d: half dollar
* 180 d: silver dollar
232
why cant non protein nitrogen be fed as sole protein source?
it causes urea toxicity
233
when are the most impt nutrient requirements in cattle?
late pregnancy
234
Target BCS of beef in what time in their reproductive status?
Pre-calving 60-90 days- target BCS is 5.5-6
Pre-breeding and cycling is BCS 5.0
Pregnancy exam and weaning is min BCS 4.5
235
we breed back around ___ DIM and milk for ___ days of the year
82 DIM; 305 days of the year
236
we like a ____ day dry off period
2 weeks dry out, 2 weeks of mammary rest and 2 weeks for colostrum
237
What is the "ideal calf cycle"?
birth to calving is 21-24 months
hutches to weaning around 6-8 weeks old
post wean in small groups til 12-13 months old then pregnant
238
how many SCC means infection?
about 200,000 cells/mL
239
influences of SCC
Infectious agents, age of cow (higher with older cows), season, stress on the gland, breed/genetics, milking fraction (first milk ration has higher cell count), mastitis infection, stage of lactation (end of lactation means decreased BCS and therefore more cell count because less milk so less dilutant)
240
What is the most impt hormone of the estrous cycle
progesterone (P4)
241
what does Progesterone do and where does it come from?
progesterone- comes from the CL- grows and ovulates the follicle
242
what is the mechanism of release of hormones in the fertility cycle?
When P4 (progesterone drops)- GnRH increases and comes from the hypothalamus and goes to anterior pit to cause release of FSH- follicle grows and produces estrogen which causes estrogen to spike and goes back to hypothalamus where there is a surge of GnRH and causes follicle to ovulate by causing release of LH
243
how do we tx follicular cysts?
Prostaglandins (PGF-2) (ONLY like one week AFTER GNRH OR HCG), GnRH, HcG, progesterone/CIDR
244
T/F Follicular waves are biphasic or tri-phasic in cattle but we cannot predict which wave pattern they have, so we use ov sync and re-sync protocols
Trueee
245
what causes luteolysis???
Prostaglandins from the uterine tissue
246
what does CIDR contain?
progesterone
247
pigs gestation
3 month 3 week 3 days so about 115 days
248
horse gestation- melatonin inhibits ___
GnRH
249
goat and sheep gestation
110 days
250
fetal stress and _____ initiates parturition
cortisol
251
What can you give cow to relax uterus during parturition?
Epinephrine, blocks oxytoxin and relaxes smooth muscle (uterus) like with Dr. Christiansen in that one fetotomy case
252
maternal side of placentome is ____ and fetal side is ____ and there are protein bonds holding it together for the transfer of nutrients
caruncle; cotyledon
253
cow aborted, what samples would you collect?
Dam's blood, placenta, fetus
What is the most important one? Placenta
254
number one cause of fetal loss in southeast in cattle?
heat stress
255
where do we prefer to get out ketone bodies (BHBA, Acetyloacetate, acetone, CO2)?
Blood and milk, NOT urine like in cats
256
subclinical BHBA level of ketosis? What about more 3.1mmol/L?
>1.2mmol/L is subclinical, >3.1mmol/L is clinical
257
what is ketosis? how do we tx?
negative energy balance; Dextrose 50%, steroid (increases appetite too which is good bc already in an E deficit), propylene glycol orally- can cause ruminal acidosis so feed rumen contents from another cow
tx MINIMUM OF FOUR DAYSSSS
258
colostrum neonate needs 10% bw within ______-____ hours
2-6 hours
259
where does lepto harjo bovis hide?
renally, hides in renal pelvis and contaminates renal tubules; give diuretic like furosemide IV to collect urine and test for it
260
lepto tx in cattle to clear the carrier state?
Oxytetracycline (doxycycline in dogs and humans though)
261
clostridial infections produce ___ so organ will be ____
gas; crepitus
262
what mycotoxin is illegal to be in milk for human consumption?
aflatoxin; more than 0.5ppb
263
order of pregnancy palpation from earliest to latest
1. vesicle (earliest 30 days)
2. membrane slip
3. fetus
4 placentomes (around 90 days)
264
.
.
265
what does colostrometer read for?
measures specific gravity- high quality colostrum will have SG greater than 1.050
266
Cow in estrus lasts ____ hours and we AI them after _____ detection of heat
18 hours; AI them after 12 hours (and she will ovulate in 24 hours)
267
when does cow ovulate after estrus?
24 hours
