FAM rotation final Flashcards
(343 cards)
1
Q
Lumpy jaw tx is __ ___ and prognosis is ___
A
sodium iodine; prognosis is poor if infection is severe
2
Q
Bacillus antrhacis produces gram ___ aerobic, spore-forming rods
A
gram +
3
Q
Moraxella bovis causes what pathognomonic sign?
A
central corneal ulcer (younger individuals more predisposed)
Tx LA-200/300 and if severe needs 3rd eyelid flap or tarsorrhaphy
4
Q
non-cornified cells are ____ and _____ and look like fried eggs and tell you she is in ____ with WBC’s present?
What if NO WBC are present?
A
Intermediate and parabasal; diestrus if WBC’s
but without any WBC= anestrus
5
Q
you see intermediate cells with some cornified and RBC what stage is she in?
A
proestrus
6
Q
what about if you see all cells cornified?
A
estrus
7
Q
too much protein in cow’s diet causes….
A
increased urea and increased BUN= nitrate toxicity
8
Q
what if you see dramatic shift from cornified back to intermediate/parabasal/WBC’s on cytology?
A
diestrus
9
Q
what is the 2-2-2 rule in therio?
A
2 ng/day of progesterone= LH surge
2 days later they will ovulate
2 days later you breed her/she is fertile
10
Q
how should you manipulate a calf if it is presenting in abn position during dystocia?
A
push the calf completely back in the uterus and then move the limbs into the correct position medially to avoid uterine or vaginal tears
11
Q
How do you perform a vaginal cytology
A
swab the cranial vaginal, roll on slide and stain with Diff Quick
12
Q
what does a progesterone of 2.0 mean
A
LH surge
13
Q
what does a progesterone level of 4-6 mean
A
ovulation
14
Q
what does progesterone level of 10 mean?
A
fertile
15
Q
how long does semen live in the repro tract? Chilled? Frozen?
A
they live in the reproductive tract for 5-7 days
chilled 3-4 days
frozen 18-24 hours
16
Q
when should you ntr a pig? What about spay a pig?
A
ntr at 8-10 weeks and spay at 3 months
17
Q
Puberty of pigs occurs at ___-___ months
what vax do we give?
A
2-4 months; do vax: erysipelas, lepto, bord, parvo, pasturella
18
Q
what is the estrous cycle of a pig? What about the estrus cycle? Gestation length?
A
Estrous 19-22 days
estrus is about 3 days
gestation is 110 days
19
Q
“creeper” or downer cows causes “THE M’S”
A
Metabolic derangements
Metritis
Mastitis
Milk fever (hypocalcemia)
Misc.
Musculoskeletal issues
massive infections/septicemia
20
Q
decreased ____ and ___ and _____are common with downer cows
A
calcium, phosphorus and potassium
21
Q
what is common that we diagnose in Ketoacidosis cattle?
A
measure bodily fluid Beta-hydroxybutyrate (should be less than 1.4 and if it is increased more than 1.4 then it is ketoacidosis)
22
Q
what is common in obese dairy cattle in early lactation or late gestation and is worse prognosis than toxemia/ketosis?
A
fatty liver syndrome
23
Q
neuro signs in whole herd possible diagnosis-
A
vitamin A, salt tox, nervous coccidiosis
24
Q
L displaced abomasum is usually in PP cow with decreased milk and hypomotility and will have a ping where?
A
between the 10th and 13th ribs, on the left side. Ddx is right flank pyloric omentopexy
25
RDA and abomasal volvulus
ER and fatal situation, RDA is just displacement with partial obstruction (can progress to abomasal volvulus which is hemorrhage strangulation like GDV)
26
most common cause of anterior abdominal pain (will have NEGATIVE withers pinch test bc does not want to press down into the sternum because abd is sore)
traumatic reticuloperitonitis, liver disease, hardware dz, etc. etc.
27
what are the 4 syndromes of vagal indigestion?
type 1- failure of eructation/free gas bloat
type 2- omasal transport failure
type 3- abomasal outflow failure
type 4- indigestion of late pregnancy
28
prognosis with vagal indigestion
poor-guarded
29
how does a cow present with vagal indigestion?
abdominal distension, papple shaped with L shaped rumen on rectal
30
what causes hairy heel wart?
Treponema denticola
31
Diagnosis of corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Gold standard/def. diag. is needle aspirate from LN and culture it
32
where do toe/sole abscesses start? What is the TX?
At the heel bulbs, tx by removing all underrun/detached sole
33
Hairy heel wart (more common in dairy)
digital dermatitis, most common cause of lameness in dairy cattle, tx with tetracycline
34
foot rot IN SMALL RUMINANTS aka interdigital phlegmon?
WHAT ABOUT COW FOOT ROT???
small ruminant--> Dichelobacter nodosus
cow foot rot--> Fusobacterium necrophorum
35
what is it called when we do a salvage procedure to drill a joint?
Facilitated ankylosis
36
WHat Tx of foot rot and foot scald is...
Aggressively trimming and debriding the areas and foot baths, can do abx in foot bath- CULLL ANY CARRIERS
37
Diagnosis of Johne's disease-
Fecal culture (takes months), PCR (takes about 1 week), clinical p are more likely to shed the bacteria in body fluids, test animals that are 2 years- 7 years old
38
What is the gold standard diagnosis test for finding BHV-1 aka infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV)
Qualitative PCR
39
What bacterial agents are commonly involved with resp. disease in cattle?
M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somi, M bovis, T. pyogenes
They are all Gram -
40
IF concurrent signs of otitis in 1 or more animals, what is most likely the agent? What if there is concurrent signs of septic arthritis in one or more animals?
H. somi., M. bovis
41
What can we feed to prevent ABPEE (aka Fog Fever) with lush pasture tetany?
monesin for many days
42
Abscess of nasal passages is usually from what agent?
trueperella pyogenes
43
Quick notes on mycoplasma haemolamae
CS- Signs of acute disease include inappetence, sudden weakness and sometimes fever, while chronic signs may present as lethargy, weight loss/wasting, or decreased fertility.
Transmission- transmission is via biting insect vectors. Iatrogenic transmission (reused needles or blood transfusions) is also possible.\
Diagnosis- PCR
Tx- oxytetracycline, will help with CS but will not eliminate the carrier state
44
What is the tx of necrotic laryngitis aka calf diptheria
Pen, tetracycline +/- temporary tracheostomy
causative agent is Fusobacterium necrophorum,
45
What is the most common endemic virus in the US?
Bovine Herpes Virus BHV-1, aka Bovine Infectious rhinotracheitis
46
what are the limits with testing for Johne's disease?
diagnosis is gold standard with fecal culture in calves in individuals more than 4 y/o
in small rum, it is fecal PCR though
47
Only what strain of BVDV can cause a PI calf?
NCP (non-cytopathic) strain
48
if NCP strain of BVDV calf is PI and the virus mutates or P becomes infected with the CP strain, what happens?
will get mucosal disease which is most common as BVDV genotype 2 and p can die from it, this may also occur if PI calf is given the BVDV vaccine
49
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
young calves, less than 5 days old, can be prevented with maternal vaccine at 6 and 3 weeks of gestation
50
What virus causes diarrhea all affect cattle at ages 5-15 days old?
rota, corona, and crypto
51
tx hair heel wart in (dairy) cattle with...
tetracycline foot bath
52
fluids for cattle __mL/kg daily requirements
50mL/kg
53
congenital defects occur at what point in gestation when infected with BVDV?
100-150 days of gestation (causes cerebellar hypoplasia)
54
PI with NCP strain becoming infected with CP strain=
mucosal disease and possible death
55
PI calf with NCP without any other strains infecting it=
lives years as PI
56
Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus in GOATS (CAEV) main route of infection is what? What are the four CS and what is the causative agent?
Colostrum is the main route
4 CS are
1. encephalic form- neuro signs and circling "wry neck"
2. pneumonia- interstitial with a chronic cough and increased RR
3. arthritis **most common**
4. Mastitis (hard milker, less milk production)
Causative agent is lentivirus
57
CAEV in GOATS is like___ of sheep
Ovine Progressive pneumonia (OPP)
58
OPP causes what four CS in sheep?
1. pneumonia
2. encephalitis
3. mastitis
4. arthritis
Also a lentivirus
59
.
,
60
What is the normal TPR vitals for camelids:
T 99-102
RR 10-30
HR 60-80
12 ribs, 2 toes and increased glu vs. other animals
61
core vax for camelids-
CDT (clostridium perfringens C and D with Tetanus
62
What are the 2 most common trichostronglyes in camelids?
H. contortus and Trchostringlyus colubriformis
63
What are the 2 large coccidia native to camelids (unique)?
Eimeria macusaninesis and Eimeria ivitanesis (tx with Poazuril)
64
Central ulcer in cow eye is likely what?
Pink eye (morazella bovis) and it is usually unilateral
65
SCC sites in cattle are...
Limbus, 3rd eyelid and palpebra
66
Wooden tongue
Actinobacillosis lingieresii
67
lumpy jaw is caused by...
Actinomyces bovis
68
Tx for lumpy jaw and wooden tongue is...
sodium iodide IV, oxytetracycline orally or IV and diagnosis is based on CS alone bc they are both n inhabitants of the oral cavity
69
Sulfur granules and abscesses with osteomyelitis means...
actinomycosis bovis aka lumpy jaw
70
What is primary bloat
frothy, fermented gas, needs a stomach tube and is usually seen with hypomotility, adhesions and will have pear shaped abdomen with colic signs
71
What is secondary bloat
free gas bloat, seen with grain overload and other stuff
72
FPT is defined as <_____ mg/dL
<1000mg/dL
73
blocked goat, what sx is gold standard with long-term success?
tube cystotomy, best for breeding and long-term success very $$$
74
for uroliths in small ruminants, what are the different preventative strat?
Maintenance 2:1 calcium to phosphorus ratio, decreased magnesium and increased forage vs. grain, castrate
75
What is the number one agent causing pneumonia in post weaning dairy cattle?
Pasteurella causing pneumonia
76
cornified cells are ____ and ____ and tell you she is in ___
superifical and anuclear; estrus
77
Listeria test
CSF tap- will see pleonuclear monocytosis with microabscesses on histo of the brain
78
Severe anemia small rum R/O
H. contortus, E. mac, Mycoplasma Haemonlane
79
Give pregnant ewes ___ in the last ___ weeks of gestation because that is where the most fetal growth occurs
grain; 6 weeks
80
estrous in goat is _____ days
estrous in sheep is ___ days
21 days; 17 days
81
sheep and goat gestation length is ___ days
150 days
82
paravertebral nerve block blocks nerves ___, ___ and ____
T13, L1 and L2
83
Proximal paravertebral nerve block landmarks are...
find the cranial edge of L1, L2, and L3
84
distal paravertebral nerve block landmarks..
Transverse process of L1, L2, and L4
85
Landmark of the cornual branch of the lacrimal nerve..
branch of trigeminal nerve (CN5) which is halfway between the lateral canthus and the base of the horn
86
Vegetative valvular endocarditis CS-
will hear murmur over any valve but usually the tricuspid valve in cattle
87
most common congenital defect in cattle (and cats)
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
88
What is the most common ectoparasite on cattle and is usually on the distal limbs and perineum-
choriopties
89
Why should we not feed dry cattle the lactating cow diet?
increased PTH so increased calcium so concurrent hypomagnesium and hypocalcemia
90
What is the most common issues in castrated of male goats?
urolithiasis (bladder stones)
91
90-90-90 rule in HL
90% are in HL
90% are in the foot
90% are in the lateral claw
so hind foot lateral claw
92
where do sole ulcers commonly develop?
lateral claws, and both hind feet at the sole-bulb junction
93
what is the most impt time for colostrum absorption?
4-6 hrs
94
serum conc of IgG peaks at ___ hours of age.
Cannot test for FPT before 24 hrs or after 5-7 days
36 hours
95
absorption of colostrum decreases after __ hours of age
12 hours
96
Listeria can affect CN ___ and ____ and leads to...
CN 7 and 8 and leads to abortions
97
____ disease are obligate anaerobic gram + normal inhabitant of the gut and environment
clostridia
98
Contagious vs. environmental mastitis--
contagious- prevent with post dip, strep ag., staph aureus., M. bovis (cull)
environmental- prevent with pre dipping teats, coliforms (E. coli, Klebisella), strep species
99
"Heifer mastitis"
if caused by Trueperella pyogenes then it is also called summer masititis, common with dry period, coag - staph, kill the quarter, also cull if nocardia +
Zoonotic, bad, cull
100
increased forage means more ____; increased starch means____
Increased acetic acid= buttermilk fat; Increased propionate acid= increase lactose levels/milk production
101
How many days in cattle breeding season?
65 days
102
List the percentage with intervals of each breeding cycle?
1st interval- > 65%
2nd interval- about 25%
3rd interval- +/- 10%
103
The first two intervals of the breeding season/cycle should equate to about ___% pregnancies or more
about 90%
104
10% of colostrum is needed within the ___-___ hours after birth
2-6 hours
105
there is a 9.5x more chance of calves with FPT to be from ____
heifer
106
what does it mean if we hear a ping between 10-13 rib on the L side?
LDA
107
What does it mean if we hear a ping on the right side between the 10th and 13th rib?
RDA
108
What if we hear a ping in the R or L paralumbar fossa?
on left side=LDA
on right side= cecum
109
What if we hear a ping OUTSIDE of the R or L 10-13th ribs?
Abomasal volvulus
110
Where do we hear lung sounds in cattle (the infamous triangle)?
Point of the elbow to the T13 at the transverse process, caudal to the triceps
111
Auriculopalpebral block
half way between base of EAR (not horn like with the cornual block) and lateral canthus of eye, 15 mL
112
Cornual block
half way between base of horn and lateral canthus of eye, 15 mL
113
Landmarks for neck injections in food animals:
Landmarks: cranial border of scapula, nuchal ligament, cervical spine
114
Peterson block-
○ Curved spinal needle used
○ Blocks optic nerve
○ Junction of supraorbital process/zygomatic arch --> advance needle ventromedially
Go back to the bony part of the eye (foramen orbitorotundum) --> inject 20-30 mllidocaine
115
how do we know paravertebral nerve block worked?
Dec pain sensation
Blocked area feels warmer to the touch (vasodilation)
Scoliosis (unilateral m relaxation)
116
Therio drugs- Progestagens
Megestrol acetate → estrus suppression in dogs
Altrenogest: P4 supplementation, block estrus behavior
117
Therio drugs GnRH analogs--
Deslorelin/Sucramate: ovulation induction
118
Therio Prostaglandins (Lutalyse, Estrumate, Misoprostol, Prostamate)-
Effects CL function → pregnancy termination (when CL is sole source of P4)
Short cycling: shortens ovulation intervals → terminates CL early
Smooth m contraction: expel uterine fluids w endometritis
Pyometra tx - opens cervix after lysing CL, contractions, neutrophils
119
embryo collection is usually done on day ____ after ovulation
day 8
120
urogenital exam palpation on bull-
● Urethralis m, prostate, seminal vesicles, ampullae, inguinal rings
● Scrotum, sheath, penis
● >24mo should be 34cm scrotal circumference!
121
Tritrichomonas foetus-
Found in genital tracts, most cows free of infection by 3 months but re-infection can occur
Causes infertility/embryonic death
122
TB test
aka Intradermal Tuberculin test aka Caudal Fold Tuberculin test
Bovine Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) 0.1mL injected in caudal fold → read 72 hours later
If positive, animal is a “Reactor” -> call state vet to do CCT
123
TB test doing a comparative cervical tb test-->
Do within 10 days of CFT injection
Bovine PPD at one site and avian PPD bilaterally on the neck. Check 72 hours later
Negative → no further action
Suspect → either euthanize and necropsy or quarantine for 60 days
Reactor → euthanize and necropsy
124
3 P's in therio-->
● Presentation-anterior longitudinal vs posterior longitudinal vs transverse
● Position-dorsosacral vs dorsopubic or dorso right ilial/dorso left ilial
● Posture-with head and forelimbs extended vs bilateral carpal flexion etc.
125
Define a "true breech"?
posterior longitudinal, dorsosacral, with bilateral hip flexion
126
Signs of pregnancy
● Fetal membrane slip
● Amniotic vesicle
● Fetus
● placentomes
127
Fetal sizes-
● 60 d = mouse
● 90 d = rat
● 120 d = small cat
● 150 d = large cat
● 180 d = beagle dog
128
Placentomes size-
● 90 d: dime
● 120 d: quarter
● 150 d: half dollar
● 180 d: silver dollar
129
Horse gestation is ___ days and need ___ million sperm to breed
340 days; 500 million sperm
130
1-2-3 for parturition
● 1 hr: foal standing
● 2 hr: foal nursing
● 3 hr: fetal membrane passage
131
3 barriers of the mare repro tract:
Vulva- vulvovaginal sphincter- cervix
132
mare fixation of preg is __ days so smush twin before then
16 days
133
Canine gestation dates:
65 from LH
63 from OV
57 from cytological diestrus
134
2-2-2 rule for therio in dogs:
● P4 of 2.0 ng/mL= LH surge
● 2 days later = ovulation
● 2 days after that = fertile period (anything >10=fertile period)
135
what cells do we see with anestrus?
Parabasal and intermediate
136
What cells do we see with proestrus?
Mostly intermediate
Some cornified
RBCs
137
What cells do we see with estrus?
All cornified
138
What cells do we see with diestrus?
Parabasal
intermediate
and LOTS OF WBC's
139
brucellosis vaccine is given at ages ___-__ months of age
4-12 months
DO NOT vaccinate males bc it can cause orchitis
140
● 4 predisposing factors for preputial prolapses:
○ Redundant preputial tissue
○ Large preputial orifice
○ Polled bulls lack preputial retractor muscle
° Bos indicus influence
141
Liver flukes are caused by _______ or _____ and can cause Clostridium novi infection
Fasciola Hepatica or Fascioloides magna
142
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA)
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Incubation period of 2-6 mo
Can live in environment for up to 8 mo
Diagnosis-Culture = DEFINITIVE
CULLLLLL
143
PI cattle are infected at what time in gestation?
NCP strain 45-125 days of gestation
144
BVDV has an incubation period of ___-__ days
4-7 days
145
Necrotic Laryngitis/calf diphtheria
Depression, low appetite, open mouth breathing, salivation, coughing
Causes by Fusobacterium necrophorum (anaerobic gram -), does not penetrate intact mucosa
Prognosis good if caught early
TX abx and banamine
146
Two most common sites to block in goats:
urethral process or distal sigmoid flexure
147
risk pastures for stone formation in small rum are___ and ____
silicate and oxalate
148
Diagnosis of bladder rupture:
Creatinine ratio of 2:1 abdominal fluid to serum is diagnostic
149
what foot conditions are caused by bacteria?
Heel erosions and interdigital lesions
150
where does sole ulcers usually occur?
Both hind lateral claws at sole-bulb junction
151
White line disease
Commonly at heel-sole junction of abaxial border of lateral hind claws
Axial surface is between the claws
152
hairy heel wart
digital dermatitis;
Caused by Trepinema denticola spirochete
Tx with tetracycline
site- plantar surface of hind feet
153
foot rot
Fusobacterium necrophorum or bacteroides melaninogenicus in cattle
Dichelobacter nodosus in goats
Tx- oxytetracycline, ceftiofur, florfenicol, or PPG
154
Interdigital dermatitis
dry out her feet
155
what sx for septic arthritis and what provides the faster recovery time and decreased retention time?
digit amputation or digit salvage; digit amputation has the faster recovery time and decreased retention time
156
what type of placenta do cows have?
Epitheliochorial placenta
157
tx FPT
Colostrum
Plasma or whole blood
Antibiotics
Fluids
158
about __% of cows with BLV develop lymphosarcoma
5%
159
Predilection sites for lymphosarcoma:
HAULS
Heart-right auricle, abomasum, uterus, lymph nodes, spine-extradural space
160
Listeria monocytogenes
asymmetric infection of brain stem as bacteria ascends the trigeminal nerve
Dx: typical neurological clinical signs--> Bacterial culture or immunofluorescence assay
Sample of lumbosacral CSF = increased protein concentration and mild pleocytosis composed of large mononuclear cells
Listeria affects CN 7 and 8
161
Polioencephalomalacia
High sulfur intake or altered thiamine status; CS are mainly cortical blindness, incoordination, head pressing, bruxism, dorsomedial strabismus will be seen
TX- Symptomatic and thiamine administration at 10mg/kg QID
Dexamethasone may help reduce cerebral edema
162
Caudal epidural notes to know:
1st movable joint/1st and 2nd coccygeal vertebrae
18 gauge x 1.5 inch needle
163
**Know Pings and locations
Left side: LDA,
Right side: cecum, spiral colon, RDA, abomasal volvulus
164
Know these LN to be palpated:
Lymph nodes: supramammary, prefemoral, prescapular, submandibular
165
Pros and cons with urine dipstick:
Ketones not accurate →B-hydroxybutyrate accurately
Timing
Blood or bacterial contamination contamination
Protein
166
BVDV quick notes/timeline
45-125= persistently infected (NCP)
70-145: cerebellar hypoplasia, arthrogryposis, microphthalmia, brachygnathia minor
When NCP strain mixes with CP you get mucosal disease-SAME GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE
167
Polio quick notes
2 hallmark signs: dorsomedial strabismus, central cortical blindness/stargazing
Cause: lack of thiamine caused by disruption of rumen microflora resulting in a metabolic acidosis or toxin (salt/sodium, lead, sulfur), amprolium or coccidiostat
How to diagnose: treat with thiamine and signs resolve then it was polio
CSF tap: NSF
168
Listeria quick notes
Hallmark signs: circling and cranial nerve deficits (CN7 and CN8=head tilt, drooped ear/lip, tongue hanging out)
Treat: penicillin +/- dex (causes immunosuppression however it will also decrease inflammation in the brain)
Diagnose: CFS tap-mononuclear pleocytosis and protein
169
___ is the subclinical and the clinical form is ____
BLV; Lymphoma
170
Auriculopalpebral to block
motor
171
● BSE --> 3 components: **know these
Scrotal circumference: 34 cm *
Motility: 30%
Morphology: 70%
172
LH surge=
2 ng/ml, ovulation 2 days later, fertile period is 2 days after
173
know fluid calculations
/
174
cattle fluid calc
50mL/kg/day for adults and 60-70mL/kg/day for neonates
175
What do prostaglandins do?
lyse the CL and cause myometrial contractions and can be used to "short cycle" or terminate a pregnancy
176
What are GnRH like deslorin used for? And same with.HCG
induces ovulation, about 36 hours after given
177
what does altrenogest do
aka regumate
it is a synthetic progesterone used to maintain pregnancy
178
what is the most accurate predictor of a whelping date in canines?
57 days after cytologic diestrus begins
179
in mares, the CL maintains the pregnancy until day ____ of gestation and then the ____ takes of at day ____
32 days of gestation; the placenta takes over at day 120 of gestation
180
what are the 3 zones of the rumen?
Gas cap, fiber mass, and liquid zone
181
Equine follicles ovulate at ___-___ prior to ovulation
24-48 hours
182
whelping in dogs is ___ days from the LH surge
65 days
183
diestrus vaginal cytologies have a lot of this type of cell-->
WBC's
184
What kind of breeders are mares? What is the length of estrus? What about diestrus?
Seasonally polyestrus, long day breeders; length of estrus in mares is 4-7 days and occurs when progesterone is low. Diestrus in mares is about 14-15 days
185
canine estrus lasts ____ days and proestrus is ___ days
both 9 days
186
anestrus in dogs lasts how long???
4-7 months (dogs only cycle once a year)
187
what does the hormone levels look like when a horse is in estrus?
Low progesterone, high estrogen and LH
188
what causes heat in mares?
Low progesterone levels
189
what triggers ovulation in mares?
LH surge
190
when does the embryo reach the mare's uterus?
5-6 days after ovulation
191
when can you see fetal heartbeat in mares on U/S??
about 25 days
192
when can you sex a fetus by U/S in horses???
62 days
193
Stage 1 labor in horses
length of Stage 1 parturition in horses
30 minutes to 4 hours; ends with rupture of chorioallantosis and allantoic fluid escape
194
stage 2 labor in horses
20-30 mins, ends with foal deliver
195
stage 3 labor-
3 hours, placental membranes passed
196
___ is a huge risk if the placenta is not passed in 3 hours after birth
laminitis
197
first degree perineal laceration-
mucosa, submucosa, and skin to the dorsal aspect of the vestibule
198
second degree perineal laceration-
through the muscle
199
Third degree perineal laceration-
complete disruption of the roof of the vestibule, floor of rectum, and perineal body
200
number one cause of reduced fertility in mares is ...
endometritis (culture it)
201
what is the breeding dose of sperm in dogs?
150 million sperm
202
what is the breeding dose of sperm in cows?
15-30 million only
203
what is hereditary and should be culled (uterine or vaginal prolapse)??
vaginal prolapse- CULLL
204
Umbilical surgery
- anatomy?
- incision?
Vein - cranially to liver
Artery - caudally to bladder
Urachus - caudally to bladder
Elliptical incision - enter umbilical sac at 3 or 9 o'clock
205
.
.
206
What are the main causes of alkalosis?
- tx?
Displaced abomasum or intestinal obstruction
0.9% NaCl
207
How do you calculate bicarb requirements?
Wt x ECF (0.5) x base deficit
- base deficit: normal (25) - plasma bicarb
208
How do you anesthetize the foot?
Bier block (regional IV perfusion)
- dorsal common digital vein
- 20cc of 2% lidocaine
209
https://quizlet.com/518855469/food-animal-final-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=7fded487-3fc6-4eb9-8e7c-fd5622d5248e
study this
studyyy thisss
210
What is the gold standard for diagnosing hepatic lipidosis?
Liver Biopsy
211
Is foot rot in cattle contagious? What about in small ruminants?
yes and yess
212
earliest suggestion of preg in cows
membrane slip
213
what drug lyses the CL??
Prostaglandins
214
With what issues is mycoplasma associated in small ruminants?
Weakness, Respiratory disease, mastitis, arthritis.
215
What is the treatment for mycoplasma in small ruminants?
Tetracycline. Erythromycin. Florfenicol.
216
Endometrium edema will regress when?
1-2 days before ovulation
217
equine follicles ovulate around size ____ mm
45mm
218
How long does fresh semen last in the female? Refrigerated? Frozen?
Fresh- up to 1 week
Refrigerated- 2-4 days
Frozen- 12-24 hours
219
___ can cause pyometra in dogs
progestogens
220
mycoplasma hameolae in camelids, what do you use for eliminating CS (but will not clear the carrier state)
Oxytetracycline
221
How do you diagnose mycoplasma hameolae
PCR, blood smear
222
BVDV causes ____
leukopenia
223
what parasite causes the most economic loss?
Ostertagia ostertgia
224
Large L shaped rumen with decreased feces is likely what conditionS?
Failure of omasal transport or pyloric stenosis
225
what are the IH for fasciola hepatica
snails
226
incubation period for Johnes is...
6 months to 5 years and affects older cows more
227
yellowish cortical tissues post-mortem in cow is likely what disease???
polio
228
IBR can cause what two other things besides resp. dz
small focal necrosis of the liver and abortions
229
BQA needle and size
18 G and 3/4 inch
230
what is HCG
It is a hormone that induces LH surge to cause ovulation in 1-2 days
231
what do we normally culture from abscesses in large animals?
Trueperella
232
what would the diestrus progesterone levels look like?
Progesterone: > 20 ng/ml
233
normal foal/calf presentation with all P's:
Normal: anterior longitudinal, dorsosacral with bilateral forelimb and neck extension
234
How do you differentiate forelimbs vs hindlimbs during dystocia?
Forelimbs - fetlock & carpus flex in same direction
Hindlimbs - fetlock & hock flex in opposite directions
235
what is an eye hook or head snare used for in dystocia
not used to pull the calf, used to straighten the head if deviated to the side
236
What is the dose for a caudal epidural?
- site?
1 ml/200 lbs
Sacral-coccygeal joint or Cx1-Cx2 space
237
What is the treatment for a preputial prolapse?
- main concern?
P tube, soak (betadine, salt, sugar), debride, toDay (cephapirin sodium)
- circumcision after healing
Concern = stricture
238
Horses - when should you inseminate when using frozen semen?
6 hrs after ovulation
- give sucromate (deslorelin) and they should ovulate 24-48 hrs after injection
239
How do you calculate fluid requirements?
Deficit + maintenance + ongoing losses
- deficit: Wt x % loss
- maintenance: 50 ml/kg/day
- losses: 0.25 x deficit
240
How do you calculate bicarb requirements?
Wt x ECF (0.5) x base deficit
- base deficit: normal (25) - plasma bicarb
241
What are the most common goat uroliths?
Struvite - from too much grain
= sensitive to dissolution
Ca carbonate - from too much legumes
242
What commonly used drug is only labelled for BRD?
Enroflox
243
What is the post partum vagina discharge and is normal for immediate after birth to 2 weeks after birth and needs to be a thick, mucopurulent consistency, pink color. It should not look like frank blood, be very greenish-black or be thin. Thin watery discharge is very abnormal because it means the proteoglycans broke down the polysaccharides and proteins and made it thin and watery
Lochia
244
umbilical sx talk on Zach's calf
The surgery was a horseshoe shaped incision between the abscess (mass) and prepuce we made an elliptical incision at the base of the mass
The horseshoe mass is to reflect back the penis and prepuce so you will have more dead space in a bull than a heifer, stab incision 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock,
The umbilical a. and urachus come from caudal aspect and cranial vein is the cranial aspect, then incise around the umbilicus and trace back umbilical a., ligate and transect, transect apex of bladder and umbilical vein, umbilicus removed and incisions closed. Cannot use belly band on bulls with patent urachus because it interferes with their prepuce. Can do warm compress if the calf and dam are nice and okay with that
On PPG, Nuflor, Meloxicam
245
Cortical blindness vs blind
with cortical blindness there is NORMALLLL PLR but NO menace
246
how old does CL have to be to use prostaglandins?
5-7 days old AT LEAST
247
polled gene lacks what
retractor prepuce muscle (genetically linked)
248
how to check to see if the calf is alive (reflexes)
cornual
suckle
withdrawal
and anal tone
249
ALL instruments will be on exam
for therio and food animal, allll of themmm
250
rope for casting a cow will be on exam
pick between reefing and flying W methods
251
Remember everything about sole ulcers
Sole ulcers are usually on lateral claws of both HL at the sole-bulb junction
it is aseptic necrosis with granulation tissue production
most commonly caused by overgrown toes
252
Know everything about corkscrew claw
Lateral claw of HL affected, or medial claws of FL affected
hoof wall will roll under the solar surface and cause sole ulcers
entire claw will be rotated on its long axis
can be hereditary
Tx trimming and repeated footwork 2-3x/year
253
CRIA know
WHY CAN YOU USE AMICAKIN
bc not slaughtering them for consumption
We also used Kpen and pantoprazole
254
Umbilical surgeries
Preop abx and NSAID, off feed 8-24 hours or about 4 hours if calf
Anesth:
Xylazine/ketamine
Lumbar sacral epidural with Xylazine and Lidocaine and then local lidocaine alone for the ring block
Inhalant
enter abdomen at 3 and 9 o'clock, horseshoe incision around the penis if male
closure layers: interrupted suture for body wall (cruciate or mattress), SubQ simple cont, then Skin is Ford interlocking
255
C sections- you are presented with __ goat and do C section, clip where? What do you sterilize with?
Clip 12x12 region (goat) left paralumbar fossa to ventral midline
Prep with iodine scrub and ROH line block 5mL diluted 2% Lidocaine
15cm incision in the left paralumbar fossa through skin, abdominal musculature, and peritoneum
the uterus was closed in a continuous Utrecht pattern. The abdomen was flushed with sterile saline, and the abdominal wall and skin was closed in three layers
256
Know how to do umbilical sx
Where do you make incision, what layers do we enter in what order. What are the things you see?
Landmarks, surgery technique, etc.
257
Prohibited drugs = no allowable ELDU
Chloramphenicol
Clenbuterol
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Fluoroquinolone (human importance)
Glycopeptides
Medicated feeds
Nitroimidazoles: metronidazole
Nitrofurans: nitrofurazone (carcinogenic)
258
Restricted drugs = some ELDU allowed
Phenylbutazone
Sulfonamides
DMSO
Gentian violet
Cephalosporins (3rd gen can only be used extralabel for indication)
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Colloidal silver
Dipyron
259
Nuflor is the TOC for septic joint why??
because it penetrates bone and joints well
260
Utrecht pattern C section goat notes-->
It is a modified Cushing pattern and it is a continuous pattern where it infolds and each individual suture is placed diagonally vs. parallel to the incision
261
newborn cria should be standing within __ hours and nursing within __ hours
standing within 0.5-1 hours and nursing within 2-4 hours
262
cria under 2 months needs __-__% of its BW in milk on a daily basis
10-15%
263
At what age do we do surgical cosmetic dehorning? Where for we do our local block?
4-6 months old; local block cornual branch of lacrimal nerve (branch of trigeminal CN 5) and landmark is halfway between the lateral canthus and base of the horn
264
the most humane methods of dehorning are...
local block + Barnes dehorner + electrocautery and NSAIDs after
265
hemostasis of the cosmetic dehorning needs to be to which artery?
Extraction of vessels (cornual artery) electocautery which provides analgesia and hemostasis
horns are removed aseptically and skin is closed
266
what did we end up tx Dodge the Listeria goat with
PPG 44,000 IU/kg (3mL) SQ q24
Dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg IM q24
Thiamine 10mg/kg (0.5mL) SQ q6
LA200 20mg/kg SQ every other day
267
Stomachs of alpacas
3 compartments, C1, C2, C3
C1 has 4-6 contractions per min and all 3 have glandular mucosa
the largest are C1 and C2
268
a "cria" is usually always a singleton T/F
True
269
What do we do about a positive Mycoplasma haemolamae infection in alpacas?
Bacterial pathogen of blood cells. Some animals carry it without issues. Only tx if patient
Is severely anemic. Give blood transfusion and tetracycline
270
overeating disease aka clostridium ___
D
271
keep does and ewe with ram or buck for how long for breeding management?
two estrous cycles
272
what makes up the HOT complex?
Haemonchus controtus, Ostertagia spp., Trichostrongylus species
273
what is the difference between proximal paravert. block and distal paravert. block?
Proximal paravert. block is used for blocking nerves immediately as the come off intervert. foramen
Distal paravertebral block works on nerves as they come over the distal ends of the transverse process
they should flinch when you are close to the nerve
274
angle the needle __ degrees when doing a caudal epidural?
45 degree angle
275
4 lesion stages of SCC
plaque, keratoma, papilloma, carcinoma
276
when do calves become functional ruminants?
6-8 weeks old because the esophageal groove closes
277
___ happens with early lactation but ___ happens with mid-late lactation. Pre-req. of each is hypomotility
LDA; RDA
278
O thinking goat is constipated likely means they actually have what???
urinary blocked goat
posturing to urine, screaming, some might dribble or not urinate at all, might lift a back leg, unwell ADR, anorexic, may have distended abdomen etc.
279
how do you confirm blocked goat?
U/S, will have a huge bladder, may see fluid in abd if ruptured (would also have abdominocentesis and will see 2:1 creatinine urine to blood serum)
Then do labwork to check kidneys and see if kidneys look good, if they do not then sx is not a good option bc needs to be euth. Can also check kidneys on U/S to see if they look healthy or not (if they have hydronephrosis or not).
280
blood work for urinary blocked goat-
azotemia, hyperphosphatemia and hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia
HYPOCHLOREMIA AND HYPONATREMIA
Alkalotic
281
do what solution with tube cystotomy?
Ammonia chloride, avoid walpoole's solution. Do this for two weeks and Q1 check to make sure dribbling urine constantly. Want urine pH down to 6-6.5 (acid)
282
what is the procedure of tube cystotomy-
*Perimedian skin incision made in caudal abdomen adjacent to the prepuce , place a rubber tube in the bladder and exiting the tube through the belly wall adjacent to the prepuce
*Once the swelling in the urethra has resolved, any uroliths that were not removed at surgery often pass in the urine either through the urethra or the tube. Once the animal is healed, the tube can be removed.
283
Why do PU not work well long term for goats?
Strictures and will re-block in the future
284
more common in goats to rupture blocked bladder if you do a cysto, T/F
can you just place a red rubber/urinary catheter?
Trueeee;
It is hard to pass a catheter since they have sigmoid flexure and stones could be in the urethral so block the catheter
285
Layers of abdominal sx-
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transverses abdominus
peritoneum
286
You are called out to necropsy a newly arrived stocker calf that died acutely overnight. This calf arrived in a load with 30 other calves from a local sale barn. You notice that the remaining calves are very wild, and it is apparent that several of them have traumatized themselves by hitting the coral fences. At necropsy the dead calf has several areas in the gluteal muscles of the back leg that show gas pockets, crepitus, and appeared dark and dark rancid serosanguinous fluid is also present. Based on the necropsy findings, what is your diagnosis?
Blackleg aka Clostridium chaeovei
287
clostridium novyi in rams can be due to...
them ramming their heads together/fighting
288
You were called out to examine a herd of beef cows because several of them are showing neurological signs. They all have calved within the last month and are grazing lush, fescue pasture that was heavily fertilized. Several cows are showing muscle twitching and a stiff gait while others exhibit muscle spasms, in coordination, and recumbency with touch knee. The standing cows are aggressive when approached with the truck. Your most likely rule out would be:
Ergot poisoning
289
You were called out to examine a group of stocker calves with a respiratory disease outbreak. The calves were purchased from several sell barns about five weeks ago. Response to treatment has been poor and death losses are high. There are many chronic calves that will die or be euthanized at a later date. Many of the calves show evidence of swollen joints, with the hock and carpus being most commonly affected. Which of the following ideologies is most likely?
Mycoplasma bovis
290
You are presented with a 6 year old thoroughbred stallion for signs of colic. On presentation he is very agitated, sweating, and has severe scrotal swelling and is looking at his abdomen. What is your top differential?
Inguinal hernia
291
which of the following diagnostic samples is most useful for diagnosing both campylobacteriosis and trichomoniasis in beef bulls?
Preputial scraping and culture/PCR
292
6. Infection of a pregnant cow with bovine viral diarrhea virus may result in the formation of a persistently infected animal when the damn it fetus are exposed to the virus during a specific period of gestation period exposure which of the following days could potentially result in formation of a PI calf?
persistently infected from days 25-150 gestation exposure
293
Which of the following organisms is a contagious form of mastitis, which is relatively easy to treat during lactation?
Staph. aureus
294
which statement concerning as ascaris suum infection of swine is correct?
it make be up to 30cm in length
295
A beef cow is presented with dehydration, depression, and dark tarry stools. Her mucous membranes are extremely pale and she has an elevated heart rate. You pull some blood and find she has a PCV of 14. You're most likely diagnosis is:
abomasal ulcer
296
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of Tuberculosis in cattle. What is the first step the farmer should do to be considered an accredited tuberculosis free cattle herd?
Have an accredited veterinarian perform 2 negative complete herd intradermal tuberculin tests 10-14 months apart
297
which of the following organisms causes severe mastitis that is non-responsive to approved intramammary or parenteral antibiotic therapy?
Strep agalactia
298
Digital amputation pros and cons
pros- complete removal of infected tissue and faster recovery
cons- ugly and will only live for one year, heavier animals have more guarded prognosis, front lateral claw affected can survive for years if dairy but hind lateral breeding bull will have a hard time
299
Septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint tx options...
digit amp or digit salvage aka facilitated ankylosis
300
Digit salvage aka facilitated ankylosis pros and cons-
pros- chronic effective drainage established, complete curette of articular cartilage and remove of all infected bone and not as ugly, can live more than one year
cons- delayed removal of the infected tissue, slower recovery, more $$$
301
how to do the abaxial technique for the digit salvage aka facilitated ankylosis--
Line made halfway between the dorsal hoof wall and heel
Line 1/3rd the distance between coronary band and sole
((like a cross across the claw laterally))
302
where do you give subQ injections to a cria/camelid
in front of the scapula, behind elbow in axillary region
(and IM injections are like horses with cervical region or semimembranosus/tenendosis)
303
Alpaca gestation and they are___ ovulatory
343; and they are induced ovulators
304
Nuflor aka ____ and what are its approved uses-->
Florfenicol
approved for tx of BRD & interdigital phlegmon in cattle aka foot rot
305
horse gestation is around ___ days
340 days
306
What is the causative agent of Blackleg?
C. chauvoei
307
What is the causative agent of malignant edema?
C. septicum
308
What is the causative agent of Redwater?
C. haemolyticum
309
Clostridium perfringens has 3 types. What disease corelates with each type?
type *A* = clostridial *A*bomasitis
type *C* = hemorrhagi*C* enteritis
type D = overeating dz
310
A 2yr alpaca presents for a 3 day history of weakness and not wanting to stand. What is your differential list?
heat stroke,
neuro prob -> P. tenuis,
severe anemia -> HOT complex, E. mac, M. haemolamae
311
How does Listeria monocytogenes cause disease?
ingestion of agent crosses mucosal surfaces, travels up CN into CNS causing micro-abscesses & focal encephalitits
312
A 2yr buck presents for drooling, circling to the left, and dehydration. What is your differential list?
listeriosis,
otitis
salt toxicity,
polio
meningeal worms
CAE
313
How can you rule out polio from listeriosis?
C/S
listeria = unilateral facial paralysis, febrile
polio = bilaterally symetric, central blindness w/ intact PLRs
314
what does thiamine do?
decreases cerebral edema ( can also do dexmethasone to help w this)
315
At what time point are fetal membranes considered retained for cows vs mares?
12 hours in cow; 3 hours in mares
316
What are the 4 predispositions to a preputial injury?
pendulousness of the sheath (redundant tissue),
large preputial orifice,
lack of retractor prepuce muscles (absent in polled breeds),
length of prepuce
317
What is the etiologic agent of foot SCALLDD in Small ruminants (hint: same as cattle foot ROT)!!!
Fusobacterium necrophorum or weakly virulent D. nodosus
318
What drugs can be used to tx foot rot in cattle?
Oxytet 200mg,
ceftiofur,
florfenicol,
PPG
319
On transrectal ultrasound, a mare has a pre-ovulatory size follicle. What drug should you give & why?
GnRH or HcG to induce ovulation
320
What is the order of muscle layers that need to be incised to enter the abodmen?
external abdominal oblique,
internal abdominal oblique,
transversus abdominus,
peritoneum
321
Where should you incise the uterus when performing a C-section?
between caruncles to avoid bleeding starting at the tip of calf's toes
322
Information about the c section incision and such:
*the incision in the uterus should be made along the greater curvature, starting between the claws of the fetus (to avoid cutting the fetus)
*The uterus should be sutured with a continuous inverting pattern (standardly a Cushing pattern is used- we used Uretch pattern)
323
why do we close uterus with two layers?
Uterine contractions can loosen suture line so do two for better re-enforcement
324
layers for c section-
- uterus- Utrecht
-perineal- simpl. cont. vicryl
-2nd and 3rd muscular layers- simpl. cont. vicryl
subq- simpl. cont. vicryl
skin- Ford interlocking Braunamid
The only non-aborbable suture is the skin Braunamid
325
foot baths for foot rot/scald in small ruminants-
Zinc sulfate, formalin, copper sulfate
326
Soremouth aka contagious ecthyma aka ORF
causative agent is parapoxvirus
self limiting, lesions spont. regress in 3-4 weeks, will have a painful mouth and may have mastitis secondary to teat lesions and lameness due to feet lesions.
327
Diagnosis of soremouth aka contagious ecthyma AKA ORF
CS and presence of the lesions, paired serum can be diagnostic, Definitive diagnosis is PCR
328
what is the diagnostic test of choice for soremouth?AKA ORF
PCR
329
Tx of soremouth AKA ORF
lives in enviornment for up to years, esp. in scabs. Tx is none effective but supportive care and should go away on its own in 3-4 weeks
330
Should you vax an uninfected herd or flock against soremouth AKA ORF:
NOPE
331
orf in humans
from soremouth aka contagious ecthyma;
332
orf in humans-
ZOONOTIC, causative agent is parapoxvirus, sores around the mouth/nose/feet/udder, high morbidity and low mortality, self-limiting.
333
Lymphoma predilection sites-
HAULS
Heart- specifically right auricle and atria
Abomasum
Uterus
LN
EXTRA-dural space of the spinal cord!!!
andddd retrobulbar
334
Lymphoma age distribution-
older cows more affected
335
Bovine lymphoma is caused by what?
Bovine enzootic leukosis caused by Bovine Leukemia virus
BLV 98% are clinically NORMAL their entire life
336
Hairy Heel Wart (Digital Dermatitis) contagious? What does it look like?
yes, treponella denticola, it is contagious and it is a spirochete; proliferative- looks like wart
Well demarcated, wart-looking, may have a necrotic center and is VERYYYY painfulll
337
where does foot rot invade in cattle?
ii. Involves soft tissue--> NOT HOOF WALL OR SOLE
338
is trimming corkscrew claws curative?
nope, never curative and needs foot trims 2-3 times a year
339
foot rot in goats does not go past what anatomical region?
foot rot is caused by ____ ___ which is the same as foot ROT in cattle and CS are....
the interdigital space, very contagious like foot rot is;
Fusobacterium necrophorum and CS are lameness, foul odor and purulent discharge
340
Tritrichomonas foetus test = good for ___ days in state and ___ days out of state
90 days; 60 days
341
diameter of ___ cm is too large of a bladder on US of sheep and goats and indicates a urinary blockage
10cm
342
what is the true stomach of alpacas
Compartment 3 (C3)
343
circumcision/reefing method for penile injury
for prolapsed prepuce of fibrous end to prepuce, heals in about 2 days, pudendal n block and sedation, p tube needed. Sexual rest 60 days and perform BSE after
