American Revolution P1 Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
colonies founded or ruled by royal charter
A
VA, NY, NH, MA, NJ, NC, SC, Georgia
2
Q
colonies owned by a family or individual
A
PN, DE, ML
3
Q
colonies governed under charters
A
RH, CT
4
Q
albany conference
A
- albany plan of union
- benjamin franklin
- discussed plans to defeat the french-seeds of union
- proposed that colonies unite to forma. federal government
5
Q
albany plan of union federal government structrue
A
- president general: to be appointed and supported by the crown
- grand council: chosen by reps; makes laws; raises taxes; defends the colonies
- representatives from each colonies
6
Q
pro of albany plan of union
A
stronger line of defense
7
Q
con of albany plan of union
A
colonies lose power
8
Q
unity in the colonies
A
- despite what many people expected, after the f&I war, the new british policies angered colonists
- despite differences, they began to unite
9
Q
clashes with native americans
A
- wnglish colonists traveled west to claim native land
- in 1762, british sent a lord to make peace
- natives rebelled, chose pontiac (ottawa chief) and fought on the french side
10
Q
pontiac’s war
A
- pontiac attacked british troops at fort detroit
11
Q
treaty of paris 1763 impact on natives
A
- indians could no longer hope for french aid
- british controlled the frontier
12
Q
proclamation of 1763
A
- convinced british officials to stop settlement beyond western frontier
- proc of 1763 drew an imaginary line across the appalachians
- colonists were forbidden to settle west of line
- those who lived there before were forced to move
13
Q
problems of proclamation of 1763
A
- enforcement: british sent 10,000 troops
- angered the colonists
> they were forced to pay for british troops
> many had already claimed land in the west
> many settlers even ignored the proclamation
14
Q
what pushed the colonists to the edge?
A
- the enlightenment: new meaning of light, questioning authority
- influx of immigrants from other parts of europe
- liberalism
- imposing taxes
15
Q
tea act
A
- passed 1773
- eliminates taxes on british east india company in england
- colonists still paid taxes on british tea
- companies can sell tea for lower in american than smuggled dutch tea
> however most colonies will buy british tea through fear of getting arrested/fined
> tea act would thus lead to a monopoly
16
Q
problem explodes (TL)
A
1770: boston massacre
1773: boston tea party
1774: intolerable acts
- first continental congress
- lexington and concord
17
Q
boston massacre
A
- killing of 5 colonists by british regulars
- results of tensions in the american colonies against british
- tensions began when royal troops arrived in MA, 1768
- troops arrived to enforce the heavy tax burdens imposed by the townshend acts
18
Q
boston tea party
A
- occurred december 16, 1773
- patriot group sons of liberty protested the monopoly on american tea importation granted by parliament
19
Q
intolerable acts
A
- colonies were pressed with greater taxes without representation in britain
- taxes were to pay for the f&i war
- lead to tensions growing in colonies and feelings of anger/resentment
- tensions grew into active retaliation to the British acts aimed at bringing the colonies back into submission of the king
20
Q
writs of assistance
A
- general search warrant issued by superior provincial courts to assist the british government in enforcing trade/navigation laws
- allows customs officials to enter any ship or building that they suspected for any reason might hold smuggled goods
21
Q
british sought greater control over the NA empire via
A
- imperialism
- mercantilism
- navigation acts
- french and indian war: british vector > british debt from war > british thought colonies should pay for part of the war
22
Q
new taxes
A
- f&I left Britain in deep debt
- george greenville claimed that colonists had gained so much from the war they should share the tax burden
23
Q
sugar act 1764
A
- tax on sugar and molasses imported from foreign countries (hurt trade)
24
Q
stamp act 1765
A
- first direct tax imposed by britain on its american colonies
- taxes all printed matierlas
25
quartering act 1765
- required colonies to house british soldiers in barracks provided by the colonies
26
currency act 1766
- parliament assuming control of colonial currency system
- "hard currency" system based off the pound sterling
27
townshend act 1766
- indirect taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea
- eventually exempted all exempt for tea
28
colonial reactions to "the acts!"
- sons of liberty: intimidation
- stamp act congress:
- boycotts continue 1769
29
stamp act congress
appealing to the king
> first time in 150 years the colonies came together for common interest
> declaration of rights and grievances - only own reps can tax
30
boycotts of 1769
> colonial imports were 1/6 of what they had been in 1768
> boycotts hurt workers and merchants in britain (1/3 of british exports went to america)
31
summary
- colonies protested and suffered a trade deficit with Great Britain in the first place
- argued that the shortage of hard capital would exacerbate the situation
- stamp act lead colonists to fear & resent the wealthy and powerful
- stamp distributors all from elite: seen as privileged servants of London
32
british response (to colonial reactions)
- british government repealed stamp act
- passed declaratory act/gave parliament the right to pass all laws including taxes
RESULT: parliament looked weak because of repealing and the effectiveness of the declaratory act was lessened
33
parliament was divided
- g greenville noted that a the colonist were too diivided to establish coordinated defense & feared colonial independence
- colonial tax plans: colonies could not agree
- britain still faced financial struggles, tried to tax wheat and england and got bread riots
34
britain decided to
punish the colonies with coercive acts
- close boston port to cripple economy and put pressure to pay for tea
- prevent town meetings
- require colonists in MA to have british soldiers sleep & eat in their homes
coercive acts became central issues between britain and colonies --> intolerable acts
35
boston massacre - details
- troops arrived to enforce the heavy tax burdens
- christopher seider killed first (11 years old)
- 4,000 soldiers for 15,000 colonists
- tragical scene or bloody massacre - debate?
36
lexington and concord
april 18th, 1775: hundreds of british troops marched boston -> concord to seize arms
- shots heard young the world - start of the revolutionary war
- paul reverse and other riders sounded the alarm - intercept the redcoat column
- a confrontation at lexington began fight
- british retreated - intense fire *admirable because british had one of the most powerful armies here
- colonies proved they stood a chance against britain
37
paul revere
- never shouted "the british are coming"
- operation was discreet
- colonial americans still considered themselves britsih
38
common sense
- thomas paine
- 26 page pamphlet
- used plain, simple language to express concerns over british control
objective: encouraged colonies to seek independence
39
olive branch petition
- july 5th, 1775
- final attempt to avoid war
- petition affirmed american loyalty to great Britain nd entreated the king to prevent conflict
- #rejected!
40
second contiental congress
- july 1776, 48 delegates met
- committee of five were responsible for drafting the document for independence
- not represented: AA< women, working class, loyalists, and native americans
- declaration of Independence was thus born!
41
parts of declaratoin
1. preamble
2. declaration of natural rights
3. list of grievances (complaints)
4. resolution of independence but he us
42
hobbes
- war is everyone against everyone
- the only way to escape civil war and to maintain a state of peace is to institute an impartial and absolute power that is the final authority on all political issues
43
locke
- all are equal, no one can/should harm another life, liberty, health, etc
- limited government: natural rights mean that government has obligations to the citizens and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances
44
montesqieu
- there is no crueler tyranny than one done by a government hiding behind claims of law/justice
- the best form of government was where the legislative, executive, and judicial powers were separate and kept each other in check to prevent any branch from becoming too powerful
45
rousseau
- man born free, chained everywhere else
- a social contract between the government and its people: government should express the will of its people and allow for the people to possess individual freedoms
- the laws made are by the citizens' will, so people follow their own will and in doing so are abiding the law
46
voltaire
- defend everyones right o speech, even if they disagree
47
thomas paine
- writer of the common sense pamphlet
48
george washington
- first american president
- commander of continental army
- president of the constitutional convention
49
abigail adams
- wife and closest advisor of John adams
- first to serve as 2nd lady, 2nd to serve as 1st lady
- over 1,100 letters about government: women rights w/ john adams
50
john andre
- major in the british army
- head of its intelligence operations
- assigned the task of negotiating benedict arnold's secret offer to surrender the fort at west point
- executed as a spy
51
benedict arnold
- american born military officer who served
- rose with distinction for the continental army -> major general before defecting
- made secret overtures to British HQ
- informed british of a proposed american invasion of canada
- the hated the conteintnal congress and grew resentment towards other officers
52
treaty of paris 1763 - topic overview
- signed by us and British representatives to end the war of the american revolution
- agreement recognized us independence and granted us significant western territory
53
town hall meeting - topic overview
- for local and regional forcers to hear community views on public issues
- colonial towns called meetings to discuss what to do about the divisions between england and colonies
54
"common sense" vs "plain truth" - topic review
- thomas paine was a patriot who wrote common sense
- james chalmers was a loyalist who wrote plain truth
55
enlightenment & revolution - topic review
- enlightenment ideals of rationalism, intellectualism, and religious freedom pervaded the american colonial religious landscape
- these values were instrumental in the american revolution and the creation of a nation w/o established religion
56
committee of correspondence - topic review
- longstanding institutions that became a key communication
- promoted manufacturing in the 13 colonies and advised colonists to boycott britain's imported goods
- informed voters of common threats their mother country offered
- established systems of communication, educated townspeople, rallied support to american independence
