MIDTERM

Question 1

native american established society

Answer 1

• advanced and organized
• kinship ties
• religious
• farmers

Question 2

why did europeans explore (to asia)

Answer 2

• 1300s, europe importing vast quantities from asia
• when the mongol empire collapsed, flow of goods declined
• europeans searched for a new route to asia
  (spain, portugal, england, france)

Question 3

portugal early exploration

Answer 3

• best prepared
• prince henry the navigator opened first school to teach navigation and map making

Question 4

conquistadors

Answer 4

spanish explorers
- god, spread christianity
- gold, wealth, spices, etc
- glory, to gain fame

Question 5

new spain

Answer 5

• south america, mexico, florida, the southwest us

Question 6

new netherlands

Answer 6

• seen as wedge between north and south English colonies
• 1664 english take over

Question 7

christopher columbus goals

Answer 7

1st exploration
- find a new route to asia
- spread christianity

2nd exploration
- gold
- slaves

Question 8

columbus voyage

Answer 8

• first landed in bahamas, thought he reached the indies so he called the natives “indians”
• found cuba and thought it was the coast of china

Question 9

between christopher columbus and the english colonization of america

Answer 9

• england did not try to colonize for 80 years after christopher columbus
• government is broke!
• john cabot found no gold (what)

Question 10

christopher columbus - total profile

Answer 10

• 4 trips across atlantic
• his journey was a catalyst to centuries of exploration and exploitation

Question 11

columbian exchange

Answer 11

• blending of old world and new world plants, animals, and diseases
• natives introduced ueorpeans to crops, europeans introduced tech & livestock

Question 12

columbian exchange negative effects

Answer 12

• europeans brought bacteria and viruses
• natives had never encountered these diseases before and had no immunity
• north america introduced different bacteria to europeans but it didn’t cause catastrophic collapse of population

Question 13

salutary neglect

Answer 13

• england’s policy of little interference in the colonies
• colonies given “relative autonomy” or freedom to rule themeslves

Question 14

why did salutary neglect happen

Answer 14

• inability to enforce laws: no effective enforcement agencies
• distance and transport: 3000 miles to travel
• complex logistics: required difficult coordination of people, facilities, and supplies
• politically too risky: dissastified and discontented colonists would ally with france

Question 15

colonial governments in 1700s

Answer 15

• 2 house legislative bodies
• upper house and lower hours
  (somewhat representative)

although most colonies had a form of legislative body, they all had governors appointed by the crown

Question 16

navigation act economic PROs

Answer 16

• guaranteed consumer to buy crops
• guaranteed to be able to buy manufactured goods
• gave protection to merchant ships

Question 17

navigation act economic NEGs

Answer 17

• increased prices to buy imported goods
• increased cost of business of merchants
• limited competition for trade
• limited growth of the economy
• one-crop virginians -> indebted because of importing goods

Question 18

sedition

Answer 18

any action, spoken or written, that encourages people to disobey their government and incite a rebellion against authority or lawl

Question 19

libel

Answer 19

a written form of defamation; false statement that can hurt one’s reputation

Question 20

libel then and now

Answer 20

• today, libel means tha published written words are both false and intended to cause harm
• at the time, libel charge simply meant that zinger published content that was publicly critical of the governer, which was against the laws

Question 21

john zenger

Answer 21

• 1734-1735
• publishing information about royal governer
• zenger was trying to make ends meet as a printer

> prosecution: attorney general bradley
defense: andrew hamilton

Question 22

zenger trial sides

Answer 22

• trial objective: zinger wrote libel about the ny governer (appointed by king, therefore insulting king of england)
• hamilton’s defense argued right to trial and defend actions, and that zenger wrote is the truth. he advocated to freedom of the press/speech
• bradley, the prosecutor claimed it would cause more lies and stories and less support to government

Question 23

zenger trial results

Answer 23

• not guilty
  1) truth of a printed statement is a complete defense in a libel case
  2) jury may decide on the truth of the statement
• zenger’s case did not immediately change the law, but it was the first step on the path to support for freedom of expression (1st admenment)

Question 24

john winthrop

Answer 24

• founder/gov of massachusetts bay colony
• puritain (part of great migration)
• city upon a hill
• the great experiment: upholds promise of god, model for christian charity, unity of the world
• exceptionalism

Question 25

enlightenment

Answer 25

- challenge authority of church with rationalism - believed natural laws applied to social, political, and economic relationships john locke: born with blank slate - minds shaped by society & natural rights

Question 26

before the great awakening

Answer 26

most colonies had two established religions: - congregationalism: largest religion in New England (puritans and other dissidents who broke away from the church of england) - anglicanism: largest religion in New York and the southern colonies (same as church of england)

Question 27

the great awakening

Answer 27

revival of religious feelings - many americans embraced european religious movement - centered around farmers, workers, and slaves

Question 28

the great awakening leaders

Answer 28

johnathon edwards: "born again" george whitefield: challenged authority

Question 29

old lights vs new lights

Answer 29

traditionalists vs reformers new lights: presbyterianism, methodism, baptism old lights: congregationalists, anglicans

Question 30

effects of great awakening

Answer 30

- churches grew as a result of the GA - challenged authority and hierarchy of established churches - anyone can be converted and born again gave way to... 1) national unity 2) attitude that went against deferential english political and religious thinking 3) individualism

Question 31

george whitefield's popularity

Answer 31

1. charitable - orphan houses 2. excellent and convincing orator 3. representative of god - save souls, save world, individual power, inclusion, rebellion against other religious leaders

Question 32

eetriangular trade

Answer 32

- europeans were looking for a labor force to work in america - europeans produce manufactured goods, traded for african slaves - slaves taken to america, sold for money to buy raw materials (middle passage, 10-15% died) - raw materials taken to europe to make manufactured goods

Question 33

status of africans during 17th century

Answer 33

- some were permanently slaves - some testified against white people in court - one county: black slaves who were baptized successfully sued for their freedom - some tolerance of interracial marrages

Question 34

indentured servants

Answer 34

free after service term, allowed to own property and marry after a term of service

Question 35

black slaves vs white servants

Answer 35

- colonists began to distinguish between their status - va was the first colony to declare it was not a crime to kill an unruly slave in the course of punishments

Question 36

factors that led to enslaved africans

Answer 36

until mid 1660s, white indentured servants met labor needs - however English birth rates had fell and few workers were competing - great fire of 1666 burned London and there was a need for labor to rebuild the city - chesapeake region planters turned to enslaved africans to replenish labor force

Question 37

indentured servants burdens

Answer 37

1) slaves didnt need their own land 2) slaves didnt become free 3) slaves were "better investments" 4) slave codes controlled labor

Question 38

bacon's rebellion

Answer 38

1676, friction between farmers, former indentured servants, and coastal planters in VA exploded - nathaniel bacon(wealthy landowner) lead the rebellion - burned the capital at Jamestown, plundered plantations, offered freedom to indentured servants - bacon felt the govt failed to protect colonies from natives

Question 39

result of bacon's rebellion

Answer 39

- bacon died during revolt of disease - uprising collapsed - fear of servant unrest encouraged planters to **replace white indentured servants with black slaves** - number of slaves tripled from 4.5k to 12k in just 20 years.

Question 40

mercantilism ideas

Answer 40

1) there is a set amount of wealth in the world, and the goal of every country is to control as much as possible 2) countries should have colonies where they harvest raw materials and sell products 3) export more than import!!!

Question 41

mercantilism: mother country

Answer 41

good for mother country: - increased trading opportunities - exports made them wealthy - motivated european imperialism bad for mother country - overly dependent on colonies - continuous management of colony - tense competition in europe

Question 42

mercantilism: colony

Answer 42

good for colony: - traders and merchants have a definite buyer - supply of silver/gold form spain - advantage - colonies economy can boom due to exports bad for colony - trade restrictions, stifles competition & capitalism - cannot trade to country of choice - less opportunity for jobs and social mobility - vulnerable - resentment over restrictions

Question 43

trade and navigation acts

Answer 43

1) good shipped on british and colonial ships 2) foreign goods shipped via british ports 3) limits on colonial manufacturing 4) enumerated commodities: only shipped to gb

Question 44

first colony

Answer 44

- first colonies located on eastern coast: JAMESTOWN! 1607 - sponsored by virginia company of london (group of investors wanting to profit from expansion of other europeans nations, seek a northwest passage, and convert native americans to the anglican religion)

Question 45

second settlers - pilgrims

Answer 45

settled 13 years after Jamestown in 1620 - "pilgrim fathers" left england searching for religious freedom - mayflower, 100 people - on board, 41 men signed the "mayflower compact" - settled in Plymouth, now massachusetts

Question 46

early colonial interaction with natives

Answer 46

- pilgrims discovered natives - seized them, put them into slavery, or killed them via the plague

Question 47

dutch settlers

Answer 47

- 1624 - settled along the hudson river and called it **NEW AMSTERDAM** - eventually dutch driven away by english settlers and renamed it to new york

Question 48

colonial religion

Answer 48

- early american colonists were very religious - there were no churches established yet, so people went to houses to pray - immigrants brought religion - by the end of 18th century, catholicism & judaism developed in america

Question 49

colonial government & law

Answer 49

- colonies had governors chosen by english king - many had assemblies similar to parliament in england - passed laws and collected taxes - those who paid taxes and owned land could vote - women couldn't vote, married women couldn't own land - people needed to be of a religion to vote british govt. passed laws for colonies

Question 50

social hierarchy in cities

Answer 50

- wealthy merchants controlled trade via imported clothes, mansions, and carriages - artisan skilled workers were 50% of the population - 30% of population worked as harbor/servants - 10-20% enslaved africans

Question 51

new england

Answer 51

massachusetts, connecticut, new hampshire, rhode island

Question 52

new england climate

Answer 52

bitterly cold winters and mild summers

Question 53

new england geography

Answer 53

- flat land, close to the coastline. hilly and mountainous farther inland - soil was generally rocky, making farming difficult

Question 54

new england religion

Answer 54

puritans: mainly in MA - reformers seeking to "purify" christianity - strict rules and was intolerant of other religions - life in new england was dominated by church – there would be consequence for failure to attend - singers and celebrating holidays were prohibited quakers/presbyterians - more religious freedom in RI

Question 55

new england economy

Answer 55

dependent on oceans and rivers - fishing was most important - grew wealthy through triangular trade

Question 56

middle colonies

Answer 56

mid-atlantic region of america new york, pennsylvania, new Jersey, delaware

Question 57

middle colonies climate

Answer 57

warm summer and cold winters

Question 58

middle colonies geography

Answer 58

ideal for agriculture. coastal plains along the coastlines - good for shipping, rolling hills in the middle, and mountains farther inland

Question 59

middle colonies religion

Answer 59

religion varied: no single religion seemed to dominate the region. religious tolerance attracted immigrants from a wide range of foreign countries - many quakers in PA & NJ - catholics, jews, lutherans, and presbyterians had significant numbers in middle colonies

Question 60

southern colonies

Answer 60

maryland, virginia, north and south carolina, georgia

Question 61

southern colonies climate

Answer 61

hot summers and wild winters - advanced diseased

Question 62

southern colonies georgaphy

Answer 62

- costal plans in east to piedmont farther inland - westernmost regions were mountainous - perf for farming

Question 63

southern colonies religion

Answer 63

- mostly anglican (baptist or presbyterian) - original settlers from the maryland colony were catholic; safe haven for catholics - religion was not center of community, people live on plantations that were often distant and spread out

Question 64

southern colonies economy

Answer 64

- largely based on agriculture - cash crops (tobacco) grown on large plantations where slave and indentured servants works - charleston, sc: center of american slave trade

Question 65

how did britain seek control over the north american empire

Answer 65

- imperalism - mercantlilism - navigation acts

Question 66

how did british pay for the f&i war

Answer 66

- war left britain deeply in debt - george greenville thought colonists had gained so much from the war that they should tax the colonists

Question 67

sugar act (1764)

Answer 67

tax on sugar and molasses **imported from foreign colonies** (hurts trade)

Question 68

stamp act (1765)

Answer 68

- first direct tax imposed by britain on american colonies - taxed all printed materials including news papers, pamphlets, legal documents, dice, and playing cards

Question 69

quartering act (1765)

Answer 69

required the colonies to house british soldiers in barracks provided but he colonies

Question 70

currency act (1766)

Answer 70

- parliament assuming control of colonial currency system - hard currency system based on the pound sterling

Question 71

townshend act (1767)

Answer 71

- indirect taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea - eventually exempted all taxes except tea

Question 72

colonial reactions to the act

Answer 72

1. sons of liberty - intimidation 2. **stamp act congress - appealing to king (first time in 150 years colonies came together for common interest) (declaration of rights and grievances - only own reps can tax)** 3. boycotts continue - hurt merchants and workers in britain (1/3 of british exports went to america)

Question 73

colonial reaction overview

Answer 73

- shortage of hard capital would further exacerbate situation - stamp act lead **colonists to fear and resent the wealthy** - all stamp distributors were elite, seen as privileged servants of london - colonists wanted to raise their own taxes (they did raise 10k soldiers yearly for 3 years)

Question 74

british response to colonial reactions

Answer 74

- repealed stamp act - passed declamatory act, gave parliament the right to pass laws, increase taxes in colonies - parliament looked weak when stamp act repealed, so dec. act was weak

Question 75

bread riots

Answer 75

- british tried taxing wheat on england

Question 76

tea act

Answer 76

- eliminates taxes on british east india company in england - however, colonists still pay taxes on british tea - the company sells tea lower in america than dutch tea, but could lead to monopoly - most colonies buy british tea anyway because smuggled tea is risky

Question 77

tea tax STATS

Answer 77

- gb started taxing tea mid 1600s - tea tax accounted for 10% of britain's income - tea culturally & politically significant, consumption increased 200 fold and 15 million ponds were imported

Question 78

boston tea party

Answer 78

- patriot group **sons of liberty** protested monopoly - seized 342 chests of tea in a midnight raid and threw them into the harbor

Question 79

coercive acts

Answer 79

**- closed boston port** to cripple economies and put pressure to pay for tea that was destroyed - **prevented town meetings** - require colonists in MA to have **british soldiers sleep and eat in their homes** - central issue between B & colonies: intolerable acts

Question 80

writs of assistance

Answer 80

- another restriction on the colonists pose tea act - general search warrant issue by superior provincial court to assist british govt in enforcing trade and navigation laws

Question 81

problem explodes

Answer 81

- 1770: boston massacre - 1773: boston tea party - 1774: intolerable acts > first continental congress > lexington and concord

Question 82

boston massacre

Answer 82

killing of five colonists by british regulars - result of tensions in american colonies against british - tensions since royal troops first appeared in ma 1768 - **troops arrived to enforce heavy tax burden from the townshend acts** - 4k soliders: 15k colonists

Question 83

lexington & concord

Answer 83

- shots heard round the world - paul revere and other riders sounded the alarm - confrontation at lexington began fight, british retreated - colonists proved they stood a chance

Question 84

paul revere

Answer 84

- never shouted legendary phrase "british are coming" - operation was meant o be discreet since british troops were hiding out in ma countryside - colonial americans still considered them british then

Question 85

common sense

Answer 85

- author: thomas paine - 26 page pamphlet - **plain, simple language** to express concerns over british control - encouraged the colonies to seek independence

Question 86

possible causes of fi war

Answer 86

**- controlling resources** - controlling trade - inability to coexist - social darwinism

Question 87

seven year war actors & locations

Answer 87

- austria, france, great britain, prussia, sweden - battles fought in europea, india, na

Question 88

french and indian war name origin

Answer 88

american theatre

Question 89

french and indian war

Answer 89

- britain vs france - tensions were building towards conflict since late 1600 - fought over colonial domination in **na, caribbean, and indian** - fought over control of **ohio river valley**

Question 90

france and england

Answer 90

- several conflicts in homeland - spilled over into north america - france had greater success of winning indian support, spain joined its side

Question 91

f&i war alliances

Answer 91

france, spain, alogonquins, hurons VS great britain, iroquois

Question 92

britain in f&i war

Answer 92

- england urged the colonists to become aligned with the iroquois (they controlled western ny) - homeland lacked interest in war - colonies raised troops in america to support british > borrowed money from colonies to pay for war in europe and in north america > reimbursed the colonies for raising troops

Question 93

significance of peace conference treaty 1763

Answer 93

- **ended the f&i war** - strengthened colonies - removal of european rival to north and south - opened mississippi valley for westward expansion

Question 94

treaty of paris (1763)

Answer 94

- ended the war british: canada from france and all land east of mississippi and florida from spain france: keep west indian sugar islands spain: gave up louisiana & florida & gained land west of mississippi

Question 95

colonies founded or ruled by royal charter

Answer 95

virginia, new york, new hampshire, massachusetts, new jersey, north carolina, south carolina, and georgia

Question 96

colonies owned by a family or individual

Answer 96

pennsylvania, delaware, and maryland

Question 97

colonies governed under charters

Answer 97

rhode island and connecticut

Question 98

colonies system of government

Answer 98

1. president-general: to be appointed and supported by the crown 2. grand council, to be chosen by the reps of the people (make laws, raise taxes, defend colonies) 3. representatives from each colonies

Question 99

albany conference

Answer 99

- albany plan of union - benjamin franklin - proposed that the colonies unite to form a federal government - discuss plans to defeat the french (seeds of union)

Question 100

pro and cons of albany plan of union

Answer 100

pro: stronger line of defense con: colonies lose power

Question 101

unity in the colonies

Answer 101

- despite what many people expected, after the f&I war new british policies angered the colonists - despite differences, colonies united!!

Question 102

clashes with native americans (ohio valley)

Answer 102

- with the french gone, english colonists traveled west to claim land - much of ohio valley was inhabited by native and lead to clashes between natives vs colonists - 1762, british sent lord Jeffrey to the frontier to keep peace - instead, he raised prices of goods being traded to natives and allowed settlers to build things on native land - native americans found a leader (pontiac, an ottawa chief) who fought on the side of th efrench

Question 103

pontiac's war

Answer 103

- pontiac attacked british troops at fort detroit - the war did not act long, in october 1763 the french informed pontiac they signed the treaty of paris - this meant that French no longer had control in NA. the natives could not get French aid and by december the british controlled the frontier

Question 104

proclamation of 1763

Answer 104

- pontiac's war convinced british officials they should stop settlement beyond the western frontier - the proclamation of 1763 drew an imaginary line along the crest of the appalachian mountains - colonists were forbidden to settle west of the line and those who already lived there were forced to remove themselves

Question 105

problems with proclamation 1763

Answer 105

- enforcement: 10k troops - angered the colonists as they were forced to pay for british troops sent to enforce, and already had claimed land in the west - many colonists ignored the proclamation and moved west anyway

Question 106

what pushes the colonists to the edge?

Answer 106

- the enlightenment - influx of immigrants from other parts of europe - liberalism - imposing taxes

Question 107

writing the declaration of independence

Answer 107

- explains why the 13 colonies wanted independence from gb - reps from 13 colonies selected thomas jefferson to write the declaration

Question 108

olive branch petition

Answer 108

- final attempt to avoid war between colonies and gb - petition affirmed american loyalty to gb and entreated the king to prevent further conflict - petition was rejected

Question 109

second continental congress

Answer 109

- 48 delegates met in philideplhia - committee of five = responsible for drafting the document for independence - aa, women, working class, loyalists, and native americans not represented

Question 110

parts of declaration

Answer 110

1. preamble 2. declaration of natural rights 3. list of grievances 4. resolution of independence

Question 111

preamble

Answer 111

- legally and philosophically justify the revolution - explanation for the already existing separation occuring

Question 112

declaration of natural rights

Answer 112

- how a govt. should be run - greatly influenced by english philosopher john locke - if govt. does not allow citizens to enjoy certain rights and freedoms, they have a right to replace the govt.

Question 113

list of grievanes

Answer 113

- condemns the behavior of king george - listing tyrannical actions that forced his american subjects to rebel

Question 114

resolution of independence

Answer 114

- final paragraph in which the delegates declare independence

Question 115

colonies attempt to address greivances

Answer 115

- stamp act congress - committee of correspondence - first continental congress (response to coervcice acts) - second continental congress - olive branch petition

Question 116

committee of correspondence

Answer 116

- nearly every colony had created one by 1774 - exchange of communication, ideas, information, etc between colonies - helped mobilize patriotic disobedience to crown - pivoted colonial unity and ability - built foundations for a continental congress

Question 117

the plain truth

Answer 117

- colonies will lose gb protection - taken over by another foreign power - gb provides economic safety net, constant consumer taken away - laws are needed for liberty - colonies are not qualified to govern themselves, not unified therefore not strong enough - colonies cant defeat gb - colonies won't flourish w/o gb

Question 118

abigail adams

Answer 118

- remember the ladies - patriots/fathers should be fighting for equal rights of women too - women rights not protected means that the women may begin a revolution similar to the patriots

Question 119

british strat - revolutionary war

Answer 119

- convince americans their cause is hopeless - build up forces and capture NYC, split colonies in half - peace conference with delegates from continental congress (pardoned if surrender, REJECTED)

Question 120

washington strategy

Answer 120

- avoid large scale confrontation - guerrilla warfare tactics - keep morale high

Question 121

colonial advantage - rev war

Answer 121

- support from france, spain, netherlands - no single capitol to be taken down - avoid big confrontation - large area of land hard to control - fought on their own soil - large support for the war (1/3 of the population)

Question 122

british advantages - rev war

Answer 122

- large # of troops - stronger and more skilled army - controlled the seas - enticed 1000s of slaves to side with lord dunmore proclamation - hired 30k german mercenaries - central govt. to make desiions - 20k:5k ratio

Question 123

battle of bunker hill (1775)

Answer 123

- first major battle of rev war - technically lost, but promotes support for cause b/c british didn't further pursue into south Boston - if they did, it could've been detrimental to colonial forces

Question 124

battle of bunker hill setting

Answer 124

where: charlestown, boston when: june 1775

Question 125

1776 battles

Answer 125

- washington abandoned ny, fled throughout nj - enlistments expired at the end of 1776 - congress. low on money - washington had 2.4k men - the crisis by thomas paine --> battle of Trenton...

Question 126

battle of trenton (1776)

Answer 126

- one hour battle - element of surprise against the hessians - captured nearly nine hundred hessians & supplies - proved that the americans were willing to take all means for their independence - hessians army was crushed - invigorated americans

Question 127

battle of trenton setting

Answer 127

when: december 26, 1776 where: trenton, new jersey who: gw/continental army across the delaware river to trenton

Question 128

john andre

Answer 128

- british army officer hanged as a spy by the continental army for assisting in the attempted surrender

Question 129

nathan hale

Answer 129

- 21 years old, hung for being a patriot spy - "i only regret that i have but one life to lose for my country"

Question 130

baylor massacre setting

Answer 130

when: september 7, 1778 where: river vale, new jersey

Question 131

baylor massacre

Answer 131

- british major general Charles gray sent troops into a housing place for soldiers - killed at least 69 colonial soldiers & captured significant officers - lead to the death of many in the continental army - let the british have free passage through bergen county and allowed them to move freely north and south as they pleased

Question 132

winter at valley forge (1777-1778)

Answer 132

- washington's men faced illness, desertion, and enlistments ran out - 2.5k/10k died - baron von steuben came to train the army. drilled amateur troops and instructed them in use of bayonet

Question 133

winter at valley forge setting

Answer 133

when: winter 1777-17778 where: located at valley forge in southeastern pennsylvania - close to british so that washington could keep tabs on them

Question 134

winter of morristown

Answer 134

- washington marches with continental army and sets up hq - surronding hills allowed washington to keep an eye on rbitsih - gave washington time to reorganize, train, and instill discipline - promised cash adn land bonuses in effort to recruit troops

Question 135

winter of morristown setting

Answer 135

where: morristown, nj when: january 6th, 1777

Question 136

battle of princeton (1777)

Answer 136

- win for americans - drove the british out of **southern new jersey** - got more people to join the rebellion (8k in the following months)

Question 137

battle of saratoga setting

Answer 137

when: fall of 1777 where: saratoga, ny

Question 138

battle of saratoga (1777)

Answer 138

- lead to british surrender - turning point in revolution (**convinced french to side with the americans**) - france provided america with money and needed supplies - lafayette served w/o pay

Question 139

southern strategy (1778-1781)

Answer 139

british: capture south, sweep north us: tire british under cornwallis and slowly retreat - by now, britain concentrated in NYC after battle of monmouth due to fear of france blockade - stalemate in the north - continental army spent most of the winter in morristown - britsih captured major cities like charlestown and savannah - defeated the british at kings mountain in nc and owpens in sc

Question 140

battle of yorktown setting

Answer 140

when: october 16, 1781 where: yorktown, virginia who: british forces commanded by general cornwallis

Question 141

battle of yorktown

Answer 141

- cornwallis came to virginia and took control of british troops - french fleet won a naval victory against british - when washington arrived, cornwallis knew it was over and decided to surrender

Question 142

significance of battle of yorktown

Answer 142

- cornwallis surrender gave citory to americans - battle of yorktown marked end of the war - led to end of revolutionary way - peace negotiations between continetnal congress and british govt. --> treaty of paris 1783

Question 143

treaty of Paris 1783

Answer 143

- america recognized as free - boundraries go to mississippi river - debts to be paid to britain - loyalists get property back - both british and americans can use mississippi river

Question 144

rev war TL

Answer 144

1. treaty of Paris 1763 2. stamp act & other series of taxes enacted 3. battle of lexington & concord (b) 4. battle of bunker hill (b) 5. declaration of independence - july 4, 1776 6. battle of long island - nyc captured (b) 7. "the american crisis" 8. crossing of delaware river 9. battle of trenton (c) 10. battle of princeton (c) 11. battle of saratoga (c) 12. battle of yorktown (c) 13. treaty of paris 1783

Question 145

who won battle of lexington & concord

Answer 145

britain

Question 146

who won battle of bunker hill

Answer 146

britain

Question 147

who won battle of long island

Answer 147

britain

Question 148

who won battle of trenton

Answer 148

colonies

Question 149

who won battle of princeton

Answer 149

colonies

Question 150

who won battle of saratoga

Answer 150

colonies

Question 151

who won battle of yorktown

Answer 151

colonies

Question 152

results of revolutionary war

Answer 152

- the previously unallowed appalachian mountains were now open for settlement - us now could trade freely with other countries of the world - us independent, can create and manage own government

Question 153

new national government

Answer 153

- citizens of new country did not want the national government to be so large and powerful that it became like the english parliament with a ruling king

Question 154

rev war changes society

Answer 154

- higher class has smaller influence - anglican class overthrown: victory for freedom of religion - northern states begin to get rid of slavery

Question 155

articles of confederation

Answer 155

first set of rules defining the authority of the federal gov in us - confederation: loose union of the states under authority of congress - confederation congress: delegates sent from each state once a year - no executive or judicial branches

Question 156

state powers under aoc

Answer 156

- taxation - create a state court system - enforce laws passed by congress - all powers not delegated to national govt.

Question 157

national powers under aoc

Answer 157

- declare war and wage war - make treaties - settle disputes between states - petitioner request money - direct operations of land and naval forces

Question 158

weakness of aoc

Answer 158

- national gov cannot impose or collect taxes - no national currency - no national court system - no executive branch (weak central govt) - no power to regulate trade amongthe states - 1 vote per state 9/13 or 2/3 majority needed to pass laws - unanimous consent needed to amend aoc

Question 159

aoc congress

Answer 159

- could not enforce laws - dependent on willingness of states to carry out measures, many states refused to coop. - no control over foriegn commerce - no national draft - states can tax one another, gov. cannot regulate interestate trade

Question 160

limits of aoc -> failutres

Answer 160

- unable to pay off debt from war (lower credit, unable to borrow money) - discord among states taxing each other (economic depression) - government was powerless (suppressing shay's rebellion)

Question 161

causes for reform aoc

Answer 161

1. westward expansion 2. diplomatic relations with gb and spain 3. violent confrontations with indians 4. aoc weakness 5. empty us treasury

Question 162

western policies

Answer 162

1787 - northwest ordinance - land was surveyed and sold to individuals for a profit - a way to avoid fraud

Question 163

northwest ordinance

Answer 163

- congress chose a governor, a secretary and 3 judges for the whole territory - congress set rules for how to become a state - **poulation of 60k** to enter cont. congress - territories had **freedom of religion, property, and trial** **- NO SLAVERY!**

Question 164

foriegn and domestic trouble

Answer 164

- british tried to block us trade and refused to signa treaty of commerce - french demanded to be repaid for loans - north african pirates disrupted us trade - states disputed over trade and state boundraries

Question 165

us economic crisis

Answer 165

- us has a recession: economic slowdown - people could not pay for mortgages - people calle dofr govt to issue paper money - 1785, 7 states issue paper money but currency is weakened

Question 166

shay's rebellion

Answer 166

1786 - MA decided to raise property taxes - late august, farmers rebelled - due to new laws, they became desperate. to save farms, they closed civil courts - daninel shays organized groups of armed farmers to march to local debtors courts and stop them - sought to prevent foreclosures: bank takeover of a private property - defeated by MA milita

Question 167

shays rebellion impact

Answer 167

- raised fears about stability of the new nation - violence, property, security of life

Question 168

annapolis meeting

Answer 168

- 1786, MD - meeting was called to discuss and fix issues of interstate commerce - **12 men from 5 states showed up** - not enough states were represented to even come to an agreement (9/13 people)

Question 169

states represented

Answer 169

all except rhode island, they were worried they would be too small and wouldn't be represented

Question 170

james madison

Answer 170

father of constituion - attended every meeting, took notes, our best record of what went on - gw elected unanimously

Question 171

charles pickney

Answer 171

- sc - 43 of his ideas are included in the final draft - bicameral legislature, commander in chief, state of the union, terms like: house, senate, president - **representation based on the size of states**

Question 172

virgina plan

Answer 172

- proposed by big states - bicameral (2 houses) - # of congressmen **based on population** (elected by people, elected by 1st house)

Question 173

new jersey plan

Answer 173

- supported by smaller states - unicameral, 1 house with the same number of representatives/votes

Question 174

the great compromise

Answer 174

- combination of both plans - bicameral congress (2 houses) > house of rep off populations > senate - everyone gets 2 reps

Question 175

president (executive)

Answer 175

- veto laws - appoints judges - in charge of military

Question 176

senators & representatives (legislative)

Answer 176

- pass laws over president's veto - approve president's appt. and remove judges - controls budgets

Question 177

supreme court (judicial)

Answer 177

- can declare laws unconstitutional - can declare acts by president unconstitutional

Question 178

slavery became a major issue..

Answer 178

- in the south, slaves were 1/3 of the population - south wanted them to count in their pop so they would have more rep - north did not want slaves to count b/c the south would overpower them in congress

Question 179

3/5 compromise

Answer 179

count 3/5 of the total number of slaves as population 5 black people = 3 white people - slaves still could not work - they wouldn't discuss slavery again until 20 years later

Question 180

legislative branch

Answer 180

1. congress > senate > HoR

Question 181

executive branch

Answer 181

1. president 2. vp 3. cabinet

Question 182

judiciary brnach

Answer 182

1. supreme court 2. other federal courts

Question 183

legislative check on executive

Answer 183

- congress controls the budget - pass laws over the president veto and can impeach the presl

Question 184

legislative check on judical

Answer 184

- senate confirms the president nominations -senate can impeach judges

Question 185

executive check on legislative

Answer 185

president can veto congressional legislation

Question 186

executive check on judicial

Answer 186

president nominates judges

Question 187

judicial check on executive

Answer 187

court can declare president unconstitutional

Question 188

judicial check on legislative

Answer 188

court can declare laws unconstitutional

Question 189

federalists papers

Answer 189

- alexander hamilton, john jay, james madison - alexander joins forces with James madison and john jay to write a series of essays defending the US constitution - the plan was to write a total of 25 essays the work divided evenly among the three men - they wrote 85 essays; john jay got sick after writing five; james madison wrote 29; hamilton wrote the other 51

Question 190

principles of constituion

Answer 190

1. limited government 2. republicanism 3. popular sovereignty 4. separation of powers 5. federalism 6. checks and balances 7. individual rights

Question 191

supremacy clause

Answer 191

- fed constitution and fed law takes precedence over state laws - states cannot interfere with federal government exercise of constitutional power

Question 192

the elastic clause

Answer 192

- necessary & proper - allowing congress to make laws not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Question 193

republic

Answer 193

a constitution of charter of rights protects certain inalienable rights that cannot be taken away from the government, even if it has been elected by a majority of votes

Question 194

democracy

Answer 194

in a "pure democracy", the majority is not restrained in this way and can impose its will on the minority

Question 195

negatives of democracy

Answer 195

- any minorities have no protection against the unlimited power of the majority

Question 196

positives of republics

Answer 196

- has a written constitution of basic rights that protect the minority - all citizens get equal say in decisions

Question 197

popular sovereignty

Answer 197

govt created by consent of people

Question 198

federalism

Answer 198

power divided between federal and state govt

Question 199

separation of powers

Answer 199

- legislative branch - executive branch - judicial branch

Question 200

check and balance

Answer 200

- branches can control one another - veto - impeach

Question 201

federalist stance

Answer 201

- national gov - hamilton - loose interpretations of constitution - strong national gov run by smartest, richest people - banking, manufacturing, and trade - urban northeast

Question 202

anti federalist stance

Answer 202

democratic-republicans - state gov - jefferson - strict interpretation of constitution - ordinary people and state should have most power - farming most important - rural south and west

Question 203

washington's presidency

Answer 203

- first president of the us - appoints cabinet users > hamilton secretary of treasury > jefferson secretary of state > henry knox appointed secretary of war

Question 204

judiciary act 1789

Answer 204

- early congress - establishes a supreme court > 1 chief justice > 5 associate justices - empowered to rule on constitutionality - john jay, first chief of justice

Question 205

hamilton

Answer 205

federalist, not concerned with state issues

Question 206

hamilton's appointment

Answer 206

1. congress assumes (takes on) states debt > opposed by madison > settled with exchange for putting the capital in dc 2. protective tariff and 8% excise tax on whiskey 3. national bank - gave birth to strict vs loose constructions philosphies

Question 207

hamilton's national bank

Answer 207

a) a place to deposit us money and have the money to print banknotes b) create a more stable currency evolved to federal reserve

Question 208

federal reserve

Answer 208

manipulate interests to fight inflation

Question 209

enumerated power

Answer 209

the national government only has the powers specifically mentioned in the constitution

Question 210

implied power

Answer 210

the national government has powers not written in the constitution but are necessary to run the country

Question 211

foreign affairs - french rev.

Answer 211

- should we help revolutionaries or stay out of it - supported french in establishing a republic but were horrified by mob hysteria and mass executions

Question 212

proclamation of neutrality (1793)

Answer 212

- washington sides with federalists - jefferson resigns

Question 213

foreign affairs - jay treaty (1794)

Answer 213

- british outposts on western frontier - impressment of us seamen into british naval service - John jay goes to britain to negotaite the treaty, britain agrees to leave posts but the ship issue is unresolved

Question 214

foreign affairs - pickney treaty (1795)

Answer 214

- spain opens new orleans port to trade - spain opens mississippi river - concedes northern florida territory to us (they were worried the us was getting too close to britain so they made a treaty to to open ports and relinquish land)

Question 215

domestic concerns - battle of fallen timbers (1794)

Answer 215

- last major conflict of nw territory between us and natives - us troops had victory over confederation of indian warriors - treaty of greenville-procured ohio - opened up much of ohio to white settlers

Question 216

domestic concerns - whiskey rebellion (1794)

Answer 216

- wash sends 15k militiamen to squash rebellion

Question 217

washington's final address

Answer 217

- don't get involved in European affairs - don't make "permanent alliances" in foreign affairs - don't form political parties - don't fall into sectionalism

Question 218

john adams

Answer 218

second president - thomas jefferson was his vp

Question 219

xyz affair

Answer 219

- french gov regarded jay treaty as violation of french-american alliance - adams sent men to france to wrk out the problems, but xyz tried to force a loan of 10m and a bribe of 250k - americans refused, so france seized american ships so they couldn't trade with england

Question 220

xyz affair led to

Answer 220

- anti french sentiment - congress created a naval department and authorized ships to seize french vessels - us and france never went to war but the situation damaged adam's standing in the federalist party

Question 221

quasi war

Answer 221

- result of xyz affair - jefferson wanted to avoid war, published information - backfired, public opinion now favored war against france (felt humiliated) - undeclared war between us and france

Question 222

alien & sedition acts

Answer 222

- president adams criticized for xyz affair by democratic republican newspapers - he blamed the papesr and new immigrants for his problems - one act increased waiting period for us citizens from 5-14 years - other acts gave the president the power to arrest 'disloyal aliens' or order them out - fourth act outlawed sedition - saying anything harmful or false about govt. became illegal

Question 223

response 2 the alien & sedition acts

Answer 223

- **virginia and kentucky** claimed the right to declare null andvoid acts

Question 224

1800s election

Answer 224

john adams = president - thomas pickney = vice president VS thomas jefferson = president

Question 225

midnight judges

Answer 225

- final days of john adams presidency he appointed 58 people to fill positions - they were part of his own partym - appointed chief justice, justice of peace, and federal judges

Question 226

marbury vs madison

Answer 226

- adams and the midnights judges - federal justice appointments (commissions) - marbury sues using the supreme court to get his commission

Question 227

judicial review

Answer 227

the power to decide whether laws passed by congress are constitutional and get rid of laws that are not

Question 228

decision (judicial review)

Answer 228

- judiciary act of 1789: made no provision for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving to congress - marbury won the case and was to be appointed justice of peace but never got his appointed position

Question 229

significance of marbury

Answer 229

supreme court ruled - congress cannot pass laws that are contrary to the constitution - role of judicial system to interpret what the constitution permits - thus judiciary cat of 1789 was the first act of congress to be partially invalidated by the supreme court

Question 230

amendment 1

Answer 230

freedom of speech, religion, petition, assembly

Question 231

amendment 2

Answer 231

freedom to bear arms (if you are an adult and licensed)

Question 232

amendment 3

Answer 232

right to not have to quarter soldiers

Question 233

amendment 4

Answer 233

no unreasonable search or seizure

Question 234

amendment 5

Answer 234

right to due proccess of law

Question 235

amendment 6

Answer 235

right to speedy and public trial

Question 236

amendment 7

Answer 236

right to trial by jury

Question 237

amendment 8

Answer 237

right against excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment

Question 238

amendment 9

Answer 238

you have rights not listed in constitution

Question 239

amendment 10

Answer 239

other rights are left to the states of the people