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Clinical Parasitology > Amoeba Part 1 > Flashcards

Amoeba Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

nn

Medically important Parasites

There are 6 Phylum

A

Phylum Sarcomastigohpora
Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Microsporidia
Phylum Aschelminthes (Class nematodes)
Phylum Platylhelminthes (Flatworms)

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2
Q

Under the Phylum Sarcomastigophora

There are 2 Subphylum

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Ameba)
Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)

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3
Q

What phylum is this?

It has a suborder of Haemosprina
Parasites that are not equipped with de

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

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4
Q

What phylum is this?

Are intracellular parasites
Now classified as fungi
They are *spore

Has unique feature of Polar tube

A

Phylum Microsporidia

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5
Q

They are single-celled, eukaryotic organisms

meaning you can expect to find a nucleus and organells in their cytoplas

A

Protozoans (Kingdom Protista)

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6
Q

Characteristics of Protozoans

Own words

A
  • Unicellular organisms
  • vary in shape, size, locomotion
  • reproduce either asexually (by binary fission) or sexually (sporogony or gametogony)
  • do not possess a cell wall
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7
Q

The cytoplasms of protozoans have 2 regions.

What are those?

A

Endoplasm
Ectoplasm

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8
Q

Outer region also called gel

for protection; more clear and more hyaline than endoplasm

A

Ectoplasm

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9
Q

It is also known as Ameba

protozoans that possess pseudopod or pseudopodia for locomotion

A

Sarcodina

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9
Q

Inner region also called sol region

primary function is nutriyion and metabolic processes

A

Endoplasm

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10
Q

Also called false feet

3which are foot-like processes which would funcyion for locomotion

A

Pseudopodia

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11
Q

Sarcodina (Ameba)
inhabit the large intestine except what?

A

E. gingivalis

since it is found in the mouth/or the oral cavity

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Entamoeba possess what chromatin?

which is located on the edge of the nucleus

A

Peripheral chromatin

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14
Q

The nucleus in the group entamoeba is what?

has spaces or holes

A

Vesicular

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15
Q

All are commensals except what?

Commensals means they are non-pathogenic

A

E. histolytica

it is the only pathogenic member of Amoeba

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16
Q

There are 2 stages of development of Protozoans

A

Trophozoites
Cyst

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17
Q

Type of Stages of development of Protozoans

in most cases, it is the IS (infective stage). Wherein the ingestion of the parasite will lead to an infection

* Resistant stage
* Non-motile
* found in either formed or watery stool

A

Cyst

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18
Q

Type of Stages of development of Protozoans

Vegetative stage of Amoeba and other Protozoans

* Feeding stage
* Can be recovered in stool
* recovered in watery or di

A

Trophozoites

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19
Q

What parasite is this?

The only pathogenic member of Amoeba

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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20
Q

Mode of transmission

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Ingestion of Inefective Cyst

In this parasite, mature form, the infective cyst is described to be qua

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21
Q

Habitat

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Large Intestine

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22
Q

Final Host

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Man

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23
Q

own words

Life Cycle

Entamoeba histolytica

A
  1. Ingestion of cyst
  2. Excystationin the small intestine (cyst to torph)
  3. Become a Metacyst
  4. Turns into a Amoebulae/Metacystic Trophozoite
  5. Production of Trophozoite in colon (thru asexual repro)
  6. There will be Encystationin large intestine (troph to cyst)
  7. Produced cyst is called precyst
  8. Released to stool
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24
It is the most common site of extra-intestinal amoebiasis/infections
Liver
25
Cyst Morphology | *Entamoeba histolytica*
Cyst would have up tp 4 nuclei (There is dark structure which is the karyosome composed of **RNA** and is centrally located | + Peripheral chromatic is on the edge of the nucleus
26
Cyst Morphology | *Entamoeba histolytica*
There is also Chromatoidal body or chromidial bar/body | Sausage-like structures that contains crystalline RNA ## Footnote Function as energy source Appear as **cigar-shaped/sausage-shaped** There is also the presence of **glycogen vacuoles**
27
Trophozoite Morphology | *Entamoeba histolytica*
In direct mount, it is **progressive** and **unidirectional.** Has only 1 nucleus | Take note of the presence of **pseudopodia** ## Footnote Trophozoite releases pseudopodia one at a time Centrally located karyosome Surrounded by fine and smooth peripheral chromatin Has the appearance of the cytoplasm **(clean-looking)** May contain *ingested RBC*
28
Disease Manifestation | *Entamoeba histolytica* ## Footnote Asymptomatic Carrier State
Majority (90%) of cases areasymptomatic
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Disease Manifestation | *Entamoeba histolytica* ## Footnote Intestinal Disease
Approx. 10% of infected patients would have symptoms | less than 1% would have extra-inestinal diseases ## Footnote In intestinal disease, the incubation period is aroun 1-4 weeks
30
Signs and Symptoms of Intestinal Disease | *Entamoeba histolytica*
* Diarrhea * Amebic Dysentery (Bloody Diarrhea). The presence of blood in stool would indicate that the parasite is invasive because it’s destorying the lining of the intestine. * Abdominal Pain * Flatulence * Weight loss * Chronic Fatigue * Foul smell of stool * Blood and mucus in stool sample
31
Disease Manifestation II | *Entamoeba histolytica* ## Footnote Intestinal Disease
* Release of Enzymes to lyse mucosal lining * Formation of Flask Shaped Ulcers ## Footnote In a biopsy, because of the invasive property of the parasite, the parasite is capable of producing **Flask shaped ulcer** - something *quite unique with Entamoeba Histolytica*
32
Disease Manifestation: Clinical forms of intestinal Amebiasis | *Entamoeba histolytica*
* **Dysentery** * **Fulminating Colitis**, a severe form of diarrhea.This can be deadly because it may lead to perforation or destruction of the colon * **Amebic Appendicitis** * **Ameboma** - granulomas; an inflammatory response usually seen in chronic inflammation; may be mistaken as cancer (carcinoma)
33
Disease Manifestation | *Entamoeba histolytica* ## Footnote Extra-intestinal Disease
* Around less than 1 percent (<1%) of infected patients have extra-intestinal disease * **Ectopic form of amebiasis**- It means that it usually occurs in the Liver that can lead to Amebic Liver Abscess * Signs of Ectopic: Fever, Right Upper Quadrant Pain, Tender Liver, Hepatomegaly * **Cutaneous Amebiasis (Amebiasis cutis)**- A complication of dysentery wherein there will be a painful ulceration near the anus/peri-anal area ## Footnote The parasite can affect the liver, leading to amoebic liver abscess. It can also affect the brain and lungs, which also leads to abscess
34
Pathology | *Entamoeba histolytica*
* Has the ability to lyse tissues * Attributed to its virulence factors: Lectin, Amebapores, Presence of Cysteine Proteinases
35
Pathology: Virulence Factors which is responsible for the attachmen of the parasite | *Entamoeba histolytica*
Lectin (Gal/GalNAc Lectin)
36
Pathology: Virulence Factors which promotes formation of holes | *Entamoeba histolytica*
Amebapores
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Pathology: Virulence Factors This are presence of ltic enzymed that will lead to tissue destruction. The reason for parasite to spread
Presence of Cysteine Proteinases
38
# What diagnosis is this? * different from bacterial dysentery * there is mucus and blood in stool * no granulocytosis (no high level of WBC) * no high fever
Amebiasis Differential Diagnosis
38
# Drainage of a liver abscess Aspirated fluid from the liver looks like what? | where trophozoite can be seen
Anchovy Sauce
39
Laboratory Diagnosis for amebiasis | *Entamoeba histolytica*
Stool
40
Ova and Parasite Examination | *Entamoeba histolytica* ## Footnote There are 3 Examination
1. Direct Fecal Smear (DFS) 2. Concentration Technique 3. Permanent Stained Smear (Iron Hematoxylin or Trichrome Stain)
41
# General rule: If you find cysts ortrophozoites in DFS and Conc. Techniques, is it conlusive or not?
No, it is not yet conclusive. ## Footnote You have to do the third step in Ova and Parasite Examination-Permanent Stained smear
42
Used for confirmation of the presence of intestinal protozoan. This step is required for confirming intestinal protozoan | What ova andparasite examination?
Permanent Stained smear
43
* It is where we are detecting Antigens * Immunoassays are done as well | *Entamoeba histolytica* ## Footnote Note that specimen should be freshly passed stool
Serology (ELISA), IHA
44
This is where flas-shaped ulcers can be seen | *Entamoeba histolytica*
Rectal Biopsy
45
This is used especially in cases of amebic liver abscess | *Entamoeba histolytica*
Examination of Liver Aspirates
46
Epidemiology | *Entamoeba histolytica*
* Worldwide distribution * Practicing homosexuals (MSM) * Those with poor access to clean water
47
Recent identification of a E. histolytica look-alike:
* E. dispar * E. moshkovskii - formally known as Laredo strain * Entamoeba bangladesh
48
What would be the manner of reporting if we see any cysts or cyst stages of entamoeba?
Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
49
Treatment | *Entamoeba histolytica*
* Metronidazole * Diloxanide Furoate (esp. forasymptomatic carriers * Iodoquinol
50
Prevention | *Entamoeba histolytica*
* Proper disposal of waste * Proper sanitation * Access to safe water & food * Development of an effective vaccine | Currently don't have effective vaccine against amebiasis
51
Other Commensal amebae ## Footnote * Generally do not cause disease * Non-pathogenic Ameba that you may encounter in the stool * The Common reason why this is present in stool is due to drinking fecally contaminated water * Have same or similar life cycle as E. histolytica
1. E. coli 2. E. hartmanni 3. E. polecki 4. E. chattoni 5. E. nana 6. Iodamoeba butschlii 7. E. gingivalis
52
It is very common commensal
E. coli
53
E. coli Cyst | in terms or Nuclei
* will have up to 8 nuclei
54
E. coli cyst | In terms of Karyosome
karyosome would be eccentric (not centrally located
55
E. coli Cyst | In terms of Peripheral chromatin
Appear as "Coarse or rough'
56
E. coli cyst | In terms of Chromatoidal bars
described as needlle-like, splintered, broomstickor witch broom
57
E. coli trophozoite is bigger or smaller than E. histolytica?
bigger than E.histolytica
58
E. coli trophozoite | In terms of movement and psedopodia
Movement: Sluggish; non-progressive Pseudopodia: 'blunt" | moving but it stays in the same place
59
E. coli trophozoite | in terms of Pseudopodia
Described as "blunt"
60
E. coli trophozoite | in terms of the nucleus, karyosome, and peripheral chromatin
**1** nucleus, with **eccentric karyosome**and **rough/course** peripheral chromatin
61
E. coli trophozoite | In terms of cytoplasm
Dirty-looking appearance | would have ingested material like bacteria and fungi.
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Also known as "small race of E. histolytica" | because it is similar to E. histolytica but this parasite is smaller ## Footnote Commensal
*Entamoeba hartmanni*
63
E. hartmanni | In terms of movement
sluggish; non-progressive
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* The ameba of pigs and monkeys * most common parasite in Papua new Guinea * Quite difficult to identify; may resemble other entamoeba species ## Footnote * The presence of chromatoidal bar is the most important feature of Entamoeba polecki * Presence of **angular/pointed chromatoidal bar** * Presence of only o**ne nucleus (cyst/troph)** and the karyosome is found in the center.
*Entamoeba polecki*
65
E. polecki trophozoite | in terms of nucleus, movement, karyosome, peripheral chromatin
Nucleus: 1 Movement: progressive Karyosome: at the center PC: Evenly distributed
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# What parasite? Morphologically similar to E. polecki | Seen in apes and monkeys
Entamoeba Chattoni
67
# What parasite? Smallest intestinal amebae (as small as RBC) | Commensal and is oval in shape
Endolimax nana
68

Clinical Parasitology (9 decks)

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