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Clinical Parasitology > Trematodes > Flashcards

Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Flatworms belong to what phylum?

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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2
Q

Flatworms are flattened in what manner?
A. Anteriorly
B. Dorsally
C. Dorsoventrally
D. Anteroposteriorly

A

C.

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3
Q

Parasites under Class Trematoda I
are called ________.

A

Flukes

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4
Q

Adult flukes will generally appear _______ in appearance.

Note: Schistosomes are an
exception as they are described to be elongated and cylindrical.

A

Leaf-like

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5
Q

Nonschistosomal flukes: ______
Schistosomes:_____

A. Monoecious; Diecious
B. Hermaphrodite; Monoecious
C. Diecious; Monoecious
D. Monoecious; Monoecious

A

A

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6
Q

Usual diagnostic stage of flukes

A

Egg

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7
Q

What is referred to as the “egg cap”?

A

Operculum

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8
Q

All of the eggs of flukes are operculated, except for what parasite species?

A

Schistosoma spp.

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9
Q

What is the function of the operculum?
A. Mechanical and Chemical
Protection
B. Aids the diffusion of nutrients
C. Escape passageway for the first larval stage
D. All of the above

A

C

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10
Q

Posterior region of fluke eggs where there is occasionally a presence of a thickening or a knob.

Note: This lies opposite to the operculum.

A

Abopercular end

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11
Q

A fluke egg is _______ if there is a presence of miracidia inside when it is laid. Otherwise, it is _______.

A. miracidiated; amiracidiated
B. mature; immature
C. unembryonated; embryonated
D. primary; secondary

A

B

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12
Q

Which of the following flukes lay ) & mature eggs?
I. Schistosoma spp.
II. Paragonimus westermani
IlI. Fasciola lanceolata
IV. Eurytrema pancreaticum
V. Fasciola hepatica
VI. Opisthorchis spp.
VII. Clonorchis spp.
VIII. Heterophyes heterophyes

A. All except I
B. All except VI and VIl
C. All except I|
D. All except Il and V

A

D

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13
Q

The following needs fish as their second intermediate host, except for:

A. Opisthorchis felineus
B. Clonorchis sinensis
C. Heterophyes heterophyes
D. Eurytrema pancreaticum

A

D

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14
Q

All of the following describes a miracidium, except for:

A. first larval stage
B. has a tail
C. motile
D. ciliated
E. free-swimming

A

B

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15
Q

What is always the first intermediate host of trematodes (flukes)?

A

Snail

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16
Q

The following are molluscan stages (happens inside a mollusk; snail), except for:
A. Redial stage
B. Miracidial stage
C. Cercarial stage
D. Sporocyst stage

A

B

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17
Q

What larval stage is terminated from the molluscan host?

A

Cercaria

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18
Q

All of the following describes a cercaria, except for:

A. last larval stage
B. has a tail
C. motile
D. ciliated
E. free-swimming

A

D

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19
Q

In what host are metacercariae expected to form?

A

Second Intermediate Host

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20
Q

Infective stage of non-schistosomal flukes to humans

A

Metacercaria

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21
Q

The following can be a second intermediate host of non-schistosomal flukes, except for:

A. Aquatic plant
B. Crab
C. Ants
D. Grasshopper
E. Fish
F. Snail
G. All of them can be second intermediate host

A

G

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22
Q

Arrange the following stages of non-schistosomal flukes in chronological order after escaping from the egg:
I. Miracidium
Il. Sporocyst
IlI. Redia
IV. Cercaria
V. Metacercaria

A. 1, 11, III, IV, V
B. 1, III, II, IV, V
C. V, IV, II, Il, |
D. 1, II, IV

A

A

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23
Q

Arrange the following stages of schistosomal flukes in chronological order after escaping from the egg:
I. Miracidium
II. Sporocyst
IlI. Redia
IV. Cercaria
V. Metacercaria

A. 1, 11, III, IV, V
B. I, III, 11, IV, V
C. V, IV, II, III, I
D. 1, 11, IV

A

D

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24
Q

In humans, where do metacercariae excyst after ingestion to become juvenile flukes?

A

Small Intestine

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25
Q

The following describes Schistosoma spp. eggs, except for:
A. Non-operculated
B. Mature when laid
C. Gives rise to miracidium
D. Dioecious

A

D.

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26
Q

Which of the following statements’ regarding Schistosoma spp. is false?

A. Schistosomes have multiple generations of sporocyst stages
B. Schistosomes typically do not have redial stages
C. Schistosomes do not have metacercarial stages
D. Schistosomes reinfect snails making them their second intermediate host

A

D

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27
Q

The cercaria of Schistosoma spp. is characterized by its _______ which lies posteriorly.

A

Forked tail

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28
Q

Mode of transmission of Schistosoma spp.

A

SKin penetration

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29
Q

What allows the cercaria of Schistosoma spp. to penetrate skin?

A. Forked tail
B. Histolytic enzyme
C. Miniscule size
D. All are correct

A

B

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30
Q

True or False?

The forked tail of Schistosoma spp. cercaria is left outside the skin once it penetrates the skin.

A

True

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31
Q

The stage after the cercaria has lost its tail during penetration of skin.

A

Schistosomule

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32
Q

Key Definitions
A group of parasites that in adult form are primarily non-segmented, flattened, and leaf shaped.

A

Trematodes

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33
Q

Key Definitions
Another name for the trematodes

A

Digenea

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34
Q

Key Definitions
Parasites that reproduce via separate sexes

A

Dioecious

35
Q

Key Definitions
General term for human infection with flukes

A

Distomiasis

36
Q

True or False?
The presence and location of spines can distinguish the Schistosoma spp.

A

True

37
Q

Which of the following is characteristically described to have a lateral recurved hook?

A

Schistosoma japonicum

38
Q

Which of the following is characteristically described to have a lateral spine?

A

Schistosoma mansoni

39
Q

Which of the following is characteristically described to have a terminal spine?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

40
Q

Which of the following is characteristically described as
Hen’s eggs?

A
41
Q

Which of the following is characteristically described as old-fashioned electric light bulbs?

A
42
Q

Which of the following is characteristically described to have a “shoulder”? (Scientific name)

A

Clonorchis sinensis

43
Q

True or False?
The multiple larval stages of flukes is commonly demonstrated in human samples.

A

False

44
Q

How many suckers do typical flukes usually have?

A

2

45
Q

Organ specialized for attachment & to host of some flukes and is used in feeding.

A

Oral sucker

46
Q

Organ for attachment to a host found on the lower or abdominal surface of some flukes

A

Ventral sucker

47
Q

Larger in the majority of the flukes t
A. Oral sucker
B. Ventral sucker

A

B.

48
Q

Unlike most flukes, ______has larger oral sucker relative to its ventral sucker, while ______has a subequal size for both its suckers.

A. Clonorchis sinensis; Paragonimus westermani
B. Paragonimus westermani;
Clonorchis sinensis
C. Clonorchis sinensis; Opisthorchis viverrini
D. Opisthorchis viverrini; Clonorchis sinensis

A

A

49
Q

Aside from Clonorchis sinensis, which parasite has a larger oral sucker compared to their ventral sucker?

A

Eurytrema pancreaticum

50
Q

In Heterophyes heterophyes, in addition to the ventral sucker and the oral sucker, what sucker is present?

Note: This is situated near the ventral sucker.
A

Gonotyl sucker

51
Q

Long tube-like structure following the pharynx of a typical adult fluke.

Note: This can be classified as simple (unbranched) or branched.

A

Intestinal ceca

52
Q

Branching structures found on the t periphery of an adult fluke that is important for egg nourishment.

A

Vitellaria

53
Q

True or False?
Testes of non-schistosomal flukes usually come in tandem (a pair) and lie either on top of each other, obliquely, or side-by-side.

A

True

54
Q

Usually come in tandem (pairs)
A. Testes
B. Ovary
C. Uterus

A

A

55
Q

Usually oval
A. Testes
B. Ovary
C. Uterus

A

B

56
Q

Coiled structure
A. Testes
B. Ovary
C. Uterus

A

C

57
Q

When observing adult flukes, organs such as the ovary, intestinal ceca, and testes would appear as ______.

A

Branching

58
Q

Spines found around the oral sucker of certain parasites such as the Echinostoma spp.

A

Collarette of spines (circlet of spines)

59
Q

Mode of transmission of non-schistosomal flukes (organ-dwelling flukes)

A

Ingestion (of contaminated 2nd IH)

60
Q

Habitat of Schistosoma spp. (Blood-dwelling flukes) in humans

A

Blood vessels

61
Q

Specimen of Choice for Paragonimus westermani

A

Sputum

62
Q

Stage of flukes that causes pathogenesis as they migrate.

A

Juvenile stage

63
Q

True or False?
The eggs of Fasciolopsis buski and Fasciola hepatica are the biggest among the flukes, but they are easily distinguishable with one another.

A

False

64
Q

True or False?
Diet is irrelevant when diagnosing a fluke infection because fluke species share intermediate hosts.

A

False

65
Q

The following is the difference between Fasciolopsis buski and Fasciola hepatica adults:

A. Fasciola hepatica adult has a distinct cephalic cone (shoulder)
B. Fasciolopsis buski adult has a simple intestinal ceca, while Fasciola hepatica has a branching intestinal ceca
C. Both of them are correct
D. None of the choices are correct

A

C

66
Q

Second Intermediate Host of Fasciola spp. and Fasciolopsis spp.

A

Water plants

67
Q

Definitive hosts of Fasciola spp. except for
A. Humans
B. Cattle
C. Sheep
D. Snails

A

D

68
Q

Pharyngeal suffocation caused by the ingestion of liver infected with live adult liver flukes. These flukes are trapped in the pharynx.

A

Halzoun

69
Q

True or False?
Halzoun is a likely condition when a patient sample is seen with Fasciola spp. eggs but the patient does not display jaundice. This is inferred to be a false fascioliasis.

A

True

70
Q

Reservoir hosts of Fasciolopsis buski, except for:
A. Rabbits
B. Dinosaurs
C. Pigs
D. Dogs

A

B

71
Q

Second Intermediate Hosts for Fasciolopsis buski, except for:
A. Crab
B. Water Chestnut
C. Lotus
D. Water caltrop

A

A

72
Q

Second Intermediate Hosts for Fasciola spp., except for:
A. Lymnaea philippinensis/ Lymnaea rubiginosa
B. Ipomea obscura (Morning glory/ kangkong)
C. Nasturtium officinale
(Watercress)
D. All of them are correct

A

A

73
Q

Natural Host of Fasciola hepatica

A

Sheep

74
Q

For Fasciola hepatica, humans serve as what type of host?

A

Accidental Hosy

75
Q

Limited to Far East
A. Fasciolopsis buski
B. Fasciola hepatica
C. Fasciola gigantica
D. Both B and C

A

A

76
Q

Worldwide distribution
A. Fasciolopsis buski
B. Fasciola hepatica
C. Fasciola gigantica
D. Both B and C

A

D

77
Q

More Common in the Philippines
A. Fasciolopsis buski
B. Fasciola hepatica
C. Fasciola gigantica
D. Both B and C

A

C.

78
Q

Treatment for Fasciolopsis buski infection

A

Praziquantel

79
Q

Treatment for Fasciola hepatica infection

A

Disclorophenol (bithionol)

80
Q

First Intermediate Host of Fasciola spp.

A

Lymaeid snail

81
Q

Common name of Fasciola gigantica

A

Tropical liver fluke

82
Q

Difference between Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica adults:

A. Fasciola gigantica is longer has more developed shoulders and a shorter cephalic cone
B. Fasciola hepatica is shorter has more developed shoulders and a longer cephalic cone
C. Fasciola gigantica is shorter has more developed shoulders and a longer cephalic cone
D. Fasciola hepatica is longer has more developed shoulders and a shorter cephalic cone

A

B

83
Q

Common name of Clonorchis sinensis

A

Chinese Liver Fluke

Clinical Parasitology (9 decks)

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