AMS Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

What is chemiosmosis in the ETC

Answer 1

The chemiosmotic theory explains the functioning of electron transport chains. According to this theory, the tranfer of electrons down an electron transport system through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions releases energy. This energy allows certain carriers in the chain to transport hydrogen ions (H+ or protons) across a membrane.

Answer 2

``` Pyruvate → → → → → Pyruvate carboxylase Oxaloacetate → → → → → PEP carboxykinase PEP ``` PEP → → Fructose 1,6, bisphosphate (reverse glycolysis) → → → → → Fructose 1,6, bisphosphatase Fructose 6 phosphate Fructose 6 phosphate → → Glucose 6 phosphate Glucose 6 phosphate → → → → → Glucose 6 phosphatase Glucose

Answer 3

Systemic defenses The elimination of foreign agents that made it through external barriers Cellular component- Phagocytes in acquired immunity - T cells Soluble (humoral) Component Antibodies complemnt proteins antimicrobial proteins

Answer 4

3 germ layers; Ectoderm, Mesoderm & Endoderm (outer/dorsal, middle, inner) The dorsal germinal layer becomes the ectoblast/-derm. The middle germinal layer (3rd germinal layer) becomes the mesoblast/-derm. The ventral germinal layer receives the name endoblast/-derm.

Answer 5

The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a structure that forms from the ectodermal cells at the distal end of each limb bud and acts as a major signaling center to ensure proper development of a limb FGFs are secreted by the AER

Answer 6

Antigen presenting cells These are cells that express the MHC II These can present antigens to T cells Langerhans cells in skin Dendritic cells macrophages B cells

Answer 7

Aquired or adaptive immunity can be active or passive Active is exposure to deisease or vaccine and build antibodies accordingly passive is gettting antibosie sfom another sourec ie breast milk placenta etc.

Answer 8

secreted by the node; initiates secretion of nodal from the primitive node that becomes concentrated on the left side; aids in limb growth, bone formation

Answer 9

Activated cells produce their effects via the release of cytokines, complement and other systems: cytokines

Answer 10

The embryo Originate from Morula inner cells from trophoblast

Answer 11

These are T cells make up less than 10% of t cells heterodimer of gamma and delta chains

Answer 12

Effector portion

Answer 13

tumor of the sacral area contains every type of tissue derived from all 3 germ layers: gut from endoderm, neural tissue from ectoderm, and bones or teeth from mesoderm This tumor may be derived from the fact that gastrulation went on too long

Answer 14

Mostly Innate (both) C1q part of the C1 complex can assist the adaptive immune response by binding to antigen antibody complexes on the surface of bacterial cells. In most cases, this would be after the adaptive response has been initiated. The classical pathway of complement system can also be involved in innate immunity if the complement proteins recognize and bind to the bacterial cell.

Answer 15

Neurulation is a process in which the neural plate bends up and later fuses to form the hollow tube that will eventually differentiate into the brain and the spinal cord of the central nervous system.

Answer 16

Wide-set, bulging eyes and vision problems caused by shallow eye sockets Mutation of FGFR2 beak nose, dental, jaw, hearing, cleft, eye issues Normal intelligence

Answer 17

Process of entering the tissue attracted to endothelial cells via selectins and bind via integrins (this is a prcess of entering the tissue and is known as diapedesis)

Answer 18

Type 3 = Results from the formation of antigens-antibody complexes that settle on tissue and organs in an attempt to remove these complexes underlying tissue is also damaged Serum sickness and rheumatoid arthritis are type 3 reactions

Answer 19

At start of 4 weeks gestation, there in only one continuous body cavity. There is partial separation of the body cavity by a layer of mesoderm cells called the septum transversum It will help to form the diaphragm (considered a major central tendon) It is derived from the visceral mesoderm surrounding the heart. It is the folding of the head region that carries the septum transversum into the thoracic cavity. creates the pericardioperitoneal cavities. Forms the connective tissue of the liver as hepatic cells grow

Answer 20

Kappa and lamda

Answer 21

Mutation in FDFR3 Short limbed dwarf

Answer 22

Programmed celll death is interruppted leaves too many fingers

Answer 23

Disruption of AER -Dactyl defects

Answer 24

Affects the shape of head and face, abnormalities in hands and feet Mutations Type 1 = FGFR1 or 2 Type 2 and 3 FGFR2 Most have normal intelligence and life span

Answer 25

Anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) expresses the head forming genes thus inducing the cranial region. Goosecoid—a transcription factor which is the main head induction gene; encodes for the formation of the head Bmp (BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN)—further express dorsal and ventral regions by interacting with signals at the node - -bmp is secreted as a growth factor in all regions and cells * *if inhibited, mesoderm layer becomes “dorsalized” forming the axial skeleton and notochord. * * if not inhibited (active), the mesoderm becomes “ventralized” to from the urogenital system, the limbs and ventral wall body Chordin—growth factor secreted by goosecoid Noggin, follistatin, and nodal—growth factors secreted by the node and are proteins that inhibit BMP Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)—secreted by the node; initiates secretion of nodal from the primitive node that becomes concentrated on the left side; aids in limb growth, bone formation Nodal—secreted by the primitive node; its concentration on the left side of the embryo helps to establish left-sidedness by enhancing transcription factor, PItX2 PITX2—main transcription factor that induces left-sidedness Hox genes—play many roles in development; identity of the pharyngeal arches, limb location on the body TBX Genes- transcription factors that specify limb direction and formation WNT--genes that inhibited certain BMP to aid in heart development NKX2.5—the main transcription factor that encodes for heart development

Answer 26

growth factors secreted by the node and are proteins that inhibit BMP

Answer 27

Triggered by mannan-binding lectin, a normal serum constituent, that binds some encapsulated bacteria Aka: Triggered by Lectin binding to pathogen surface Cells: Factor D, Factor B, Prepardin, C3

Answer 28

Hypoblast- important for early signaling to establish the cranial-caudal axis. Are eventually displaced About 1 or 2 days after implantation, the embryo/embryoblast begin to differentiate into 2 layers The dorsal layer, the epiblast, and a ventral layer, the hypoblast

Answer 29

It comes from C5 When C5 is cleaved by C5 convertase (C4b2a3b) it becomes C5a and C5b C5a is a chemo attractatn for macrophages and neutrophils C5a binding to these cells prime sthe cells for mediating their host defense functions

Answer 30

Lymphocytes = spherical, single nucleus, mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibody production (20-40%) Monocytes = U shaped nucleus, develop into macrophages in tissue and phagcitize pathogens or debris

Answer 31

Glycerol molecule two fatty acid non polar tails and a phosphate polar head hydrophobic tails hydrophilic heads plasma membrane

Answer 32

Physical barriers skin,cilia Chemical barriers lysozymes in teras/saliva, mucin in mucous Mechanical barriers Cough, sneeze, flushing of urinary tract microbial barriers common flora, (gut, vagina, skin etc)

Answer 33

It comes from C3 When C3 is cleaved by C3 convertase (C4b2a) it becomes C3a and C3b C3a is a potent chemo attractant C3a attracts Mast cells to sites of complement activation. Binding of C3a to mast cells and basophils induces degranulation and release of histamine.

Answer 34

less than 10%

Answer 35

naïve B cells become activated and can switch from | expressing IgM and IgD on their surface to expressing IgG, IgE or IgA

Answer 36

Last for 6 hours in circulation account for 95% of circulating graulocytes and leukocytes work through phagocytosis, can release granules causing damage to host first cells to arrive at site of inflammation (one way journey from bone marrow) attracted to endothelial cells via selectins and bind via integrins (this is a prcess of entering the tissue and is known as diapedesis) Increased count = infection

Answer 37

The node is a shallow circular depression at the cranial end of the primitive streak. It contains transcriptional signals the node contains the main head-inducing gene, goosecoid (a transcription factor)

Answer 38

Antigen presenting cells (APC) follicular dendritic cells present antigen to B cells do not display MHC II

Answer 39

CD4 T cells recognize MHC II complex (helper cells) CD8 T cells regognize MHC I complex CD8 cells cannot recognize just an antigen, their TCR2 will not bind to antigen Cells that are expressing MHC II can present antigens to T helper cells (APC's) They can bind to peptides associated with MHC I molecules and kill the cells all cells express MHC I MHC II protein can only be found on specialized antigen presenting immune cells

Answer 40

Sugars that cannot be hydrolysed into simpler sugars Classified by number of carbon atoms: trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses Classified by either aldehyde or ketone group: aldoses, ketoses When the aldehyde or ketone group is reduced to an alcohol à polyols (polyhydric alcohols/sugar alcohols) Xylitol, sorbitol

Answer 41

T cells are the population of cells responsible for most forms of graft rejection * The T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) recognizes the complex of a small peptide located in the antigen-binding groove of an MHC molecule * MHC molecules (also called human leukocyte antigens [HLA] in humans) are subdivided into class I molecules (found on all nucleated cells) and class II molecules, which are found on specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and selected activated endothelial or epithelial cells • IL2 will be used to activate TH cells in an autocrine fashion and TC cells in a paracrine fashion • Activated TC cells will kill using perforin and granzyme B

Answer 42

NADH dehydrogenase Cytochrome BC1 Cytochrome oxidase ATP synthase ``` Ubiquinone (Q) Cytocrome C (C) ```

Answer 43

It is a reduction reaction Adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fat to make it solid Requires a catalyst (occurs spontaneously at high temps)

Answer 44

Basophils are basophils in the blood but mast cells in the tissue they account for 0.2% of circulating leukocytes They are involved in hypersensitivity type 1 reactions they have immune and inflammatory response functions They release histamine and other inflammatory mediators They are activated by binding specific antigens to IgE molecules Allergens = Antigens that trigger IgE formation / basophil activation

Answer 45

Condensation products of two monosaccharide units 2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis Used for sugar transport or energy storage -Effective storage reservoir à enzymes that break monosaccharides cant break these bonds Linked together to form starch Lactose, maltose, isomaltose, sucrose, trehalose

Answer 46

Sructural component of plant and dinoflagellate cell walls o Straight, long, unbranched chain o Has B-glucose monomers (starch has a-glucose monomers) § Aka each successive glucose unit is rotated 180 degrees relative to the last repeat unit o Forms hydrogen bonds with adjacent chains

Answer 47

``` Saturated Fat Fatty acid carbons bound to as much hydrogen as possible Lack double bonds between carbon atoms Solid at room temperature Higher melting point Most animal fats are saturated Example: Butter ```

Answer 48

Basophils are basophils in the blood but mast cells in the tissue they account for 0.2% of circulating leukocytes They are involved in hypersensitivity type 1 reactions they have immune and inflammatory response functions They release histamine and other inflammatory mediators They are activated by binding specific antigens to IgE molecules Allergens = Antigens that trigger IgE formation / basophil activation

Answer 49

Establishment of the cranial-caudal axis requires molecular signals from two regions. 1. Anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) induces the cranial region from hypoblast cells at the cranial end of the embryonic disc, expresses head forming genes. 2. These signals are reinforced by the main head-inducing gene goosecoid (transcription factor), which signals from a region at the cranial end of the primitive streak called the node. About 1 or 2 days after implantation, the embryo/embryoblast begin to differentiate into 2 layers The dorsal layer, the epiblast, and a ventral layer, the hypoblast

Answer 50

In the thymus, T cells are selected for maturation based on their ability to bind self‐MHC molecules. Allo‐MHC molecules most likely resemble "altered‐self" molecules (ie, self‐MHC molecules containing a foreign peptide). Allo‐MHC molecules, like self‐MHC molecules, can contain a wide variety of different peptides and so a large repertoire of T cells can respond

Answer 51

IgD is present on the surface of B cells and plays a role in the induction of antibody production After immunization or infection, naive B cells become activated and can switch from expressing IgM and IgD on their surface to expressing IgG, IgE or IgA

Answer 52

Activates by lipopoly saccharides found on the surface of invading pathogens The alternative pathway is always active at a very low level (due to spontaneous hydrolysis in C3) Hydrolysed C3 is called C3H2O (C3b) C3H2O (C3b) binds with Factor B Factor D cleaves Factor B into Ba & Bb Bb portion remains with C3H2O (C3b) (Ba portion leaves) C3H2OBb (C3bBb) is the alternative pathway intiation convertase C3bBb = C3 convertase (alternative pathway)

Answer 53

Type 1 = IgE antibodies that sensitize an individual to an allergen and provoke a quick inflammatory response upon subsequent exposure. Allergies and hay fever are both type 1

Answer 54

IgA are found in tears, milk and the gut IgE are found on mast cells and in the tissue

Answer 55

``` Alpha Gamma Delta Epsilon Mu ```

Answer 56

Classical Alternative Lectin

Answer 57

Four fused carbon rings Cholesterol and sex hormones Bile acids, vitamin D many stereoisomers due to asymmetry Cholesterol is a significant part of many tissues in all tissue except nervous tissue Plasma membrane major part

Answer 58

all contain a C,H & O ``` Monosaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose ```

Answer 59

defect arises when the cranial end of the neural tube fails to close Flat head brain may be exposed Brain tissue forms abnormally and then degenerates due to exposure to amniotic fluid and lack of blood supply = lethal

Answer 60

Dorsal layer

Answer 61

They become Monocytes in the blood Do not have memory Part of Innate immune system last 8 hours in circulation Their functions include: phagocytosis, anti tumor, immune system regulation, inflammation, repair, APC to T helper cells

Answer 62

Mermaid syndrome if gastrulation stops too soon Babies die from diabetic mothers

Answer 63

Ventral layer

Answer 64

the placenta and umbilical cord Originate from Morula outer cells from trophoblast

Answer 65

Mulberry it is a stage attained at 3 days with 8-16 cells

Answer 66

Gastroschisis is a birth defect of the abdominal wall. The baby's intestines are found outside of the baby's body, exiting through a hole beside the belly button. (to the right) 90% in infants from younger mothers 18-22 years old The incidence is increasing

Answer 67

main transcription factor that induces left-sidedness

Answer 68

Epiblast cells- form all of the embryonic tissues and cells. About 1 or 2 days after implantation, the embryo/embryoblast begin to differentiate into 2 layers The dorsal layer, the epiblast, and a ventral layer, the hypoblast

Answer 69

TCR 1 | TCR 2

Answer 70

secreted by the primitive node; its concentration on the left side of the embryo helps to establish left-sidedness by enhancing transcription factor, PItX2

Answer 71

``` Saturated Fat Fatty acid carbons bound to as much hydrogen as possible Lack double bonds between carbon atoms Solid at room temperature Higher melting point Most animal fats are saturated Example: Butter ``` Non-Saturated Fat: Fewer hydrogen bounds bounds to carbons 1 or more double bonds (kinks in the tails) Liquid at room temperature Low melting point Most plant fats are unsaturated or polyunsaturated Example: Oils

Answer 72

Gastrulation is the process of making the three germ layers from the epiblast as cell migration continues

Answer 73

a transcription factor which is the main head induction gene; encodes for the formation of the head

Answer 74

3 - 8 weeks

Answer 75

At week 5 increases to week 5, then decreases after that til birth

Answer 76

The alternative pathway is activated when the proteins for the alternative pathway encounter LPS on the surface of an invading pathogen. This is part of the innate response as there are no antibodies needed for the initiation of this response. There is always a low level of activation of the alternative pathway. Some C3(H2O) is always around but it is when the C3b binds to the invading cell and encounters activators found on the invading pathogen that it activates. The alternative pathway will continue down the path to generating C3a, C5a, C5b, and the membrane attack complex.

Answer 77

Innate = fast and general nonspecific occurs within hours also includes physical and chemical barriers of body Adaptive = Slow and specific Becomes active if innate system cannot deal with issue only works from memory works against specific pathogens or cells

Answer 78

Neurulation in vertebrates results in the formation of the neural tube, which gives rise to both the spinal cord and the brain. Neural crest cells are also created during neurulation. Neural crest cells migrate away from the neural tube and give rise to a variety of cell types, including pigment cells and neurons. Neurulation begins with the formation of a neural plate, a thickening of the ectoderm caused when cuboidal epithelial cells become columnar. Changes in cell shape and cell adhesion cause the edges of the plate fold and rise, meeting in the midline to form a tube. The cells at the tips of the neural folds come to lie between the neural tube and the overlying epidermis. These cells become the neural crest cells. Both epidermis and neural plate are capable of giving rise to neural crest cells.

Answer 79

Web foot/hands insufficient programmed cell death leaves no interdigit spaces

Answer 80

Apical ectodermal ridge

Answer 81

Bind to mast cells and bosphils which participate in the immune response plays a role in allergic resopnse purpose is to stop parasites

Answer 82

WBC's (spherical, nucleated)

Answer 83

``` Cell surface Antigen Antibody C1r + C1s = C1q C1q + C4 = *(*C4a*)* & C4b / C1q + C2 = C2a & *(*C2b*)* C4b + C2a = C4b2a C4b2a (C3 convertase) C3 + C4b2a = *(*C3a*)* & C3b C3b + C4b2a = C4b2a3b C4b2a3b (C5 convertase) C4b2a3b + C5 = *(*C5a*)* & C5b C5b + C6, C7, C8, C9 = C5b6789 MAC C5b6789 MAC ```

Answer 84

Physical barriers skin,cilia Chemical barriers lysozymes in teras/saliva, mucin in mucous Mechanical barriers Cough, sneeze, flushing of urinary tract microbial barriers common flora, (gut, vagina, skin etc) --------------------------------------------- Systemic defenses The elimination of foreign agents that made it through external barriers Cellular component- Phagocytes in acquired immunity - T cells Soluble (humoral) Component Antibodies complemnt proteins antimicrobial proteins

Answer 85

Acitvated by antigen antibody complexes on surface of invading cell Only IgM or IgG will activate classical pathway One IgM or 2 IgG are required for activation An antibody must be bound to the antigen in order to activate the classical pathway The pathway is activated when C1 binds to the Fc portion of the antibody C1(C1q) is made up of C1r and C1s

Answer 86

AER has stopped working properly leaves shortened fingers

Answer 87

2-5% of circulating leukocytes if you have too many circulating you end up with allergic diseases Response to parasitic worms work via degranulation and toxin release, release certain proteins, cytokines and chemokines the cause inflammation Activation is stimulated by interleukins attracted to endothelial cells via selectins and bind via integrins (this is a prcess of entering the tissue and is known as diapedesis)

Answer 88

The foramen ovale is the opening in the septum At birth, pressure rises in the left atrium due to increased blood flow from the lungs, while pressure on the right decreases with clamping of the umbilical cord and decreased blood flow from the placenta. These changes in pressure close the foramen ovale.

Answer 89

These recognize the same antigen more rapidly in a faster and higher antibody response

Answer 90

APC's from donorpresents antigen along with foreign MHC peptides on the cells surface MHC molecules (two types) MHC I found on nuclealted cells MHC II found on dendritic, macrophages, b cells, endthelial and epithelial cells CD8 T cell activation directly causes donor cell lysis An immune synapse forms with a naive CD4 T cell which is activated to produce Interleukin 2 Cytokines: interleukin 2 activates Helper T cells (autocrine) Cytotoxic T cells (paracrine) Activated Cytotoxic T cells destroy other donor cells using perforin and granzyme

Answer 91

condensation products of more than 10 monosaccharide units Starches and dextrins § May be linear or branched polymers o Serve storage and structural functions o Energy storage (stored as disaccharides) § Plants: starch § Animals: glycogen o Structural support § Plants: cellulose § Arthropods/fungi: chitin

Answer 92

midface is underdeveloped as well as retruded; a subset have cleft palate Mutation in = FGFR2 Hand always includes fusion of the middle 3 digits; thumb and 5th finger are sometimes involved Feeding, hearing, dental issues Heart, GI, GU,airway, nasal, tracheal issues Normal to lower intelligence

Answer 93

Antigen presenting cells (APC) Present antigens to T helper cells

Answer 94

the main transcription factor that encodes for heart development

Answer 95

Transamination The process of removing an amine group from one amino acid and adding it to a metabolic intermediate to create another amino acid Deamination The process of removing an amine group and breaking down amino acids

Answer 96

Antibodies are glycoproteins found on B cell membranes or secreted by plasma cells

Answer 97

growth factor secreted by goosecoid

Answer 98

Lobster claw excessive programmed cell death

Answer 99

expresses the head forming genes thus inducing the cranial region.

Answer 100

Plasma cells or antibody forming cells which secrete antibodies

Answer 101

An insoluble polysaccharide o Two types of starch § Amylose- 20% § Amylopectin- 80% o Plant starch: when found in the form of amylopectin- more complicated starch (branched) o Has a-glucose monomers § Aka all the repeat units are oriented in the same direction o Starch and cellulose have same glucose-based repeat unit

Answer 102

Antigen presenting cells (APC) dendritic cells of the skin take up microbial antigens to become fully functioning APC Cells

Answer 103

NADH gives up 2 electrons to NADH dehydrogenase the 2 electorns move to ubiquinone while giving up 2 H+ ions through the membrane the 2 electrons move to the cytochrome BC1 where more H+ moves out of the membrane 1 electron at a time moves through the cytochrome C to the Cytochrome oxidase Once htere are 4 electrons in the cytochrome oxidase, 2 waters are formed and 4 H+ are moved out of the membrane H2O is the terminal elctron acceptor the H+ outsode the membrane cause an ion gradient theat causes H+ to move throught the ATP synthase which forms ATP from ADP-Pi (oxidative phosphorylation) ****FADH2 can also give 2 electorns directly to the ubiquinone and start from there.

Answer 104

Type 2 = involves the binding of IgG and IgM antibodies to antigens on cell surfaces. This induces a cascade of events that leads to cell death Hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of newborns are type 2 reactions Type 2 has 2 antibodies IgG & IgM & usually involves 2 people (mother / newborn)

Answer 105

The fact that crest cells participate in heart septation and that they make all of the bones of the face and some of the skull explains why many children with craniofacial defects (e.g., cleft lip or palate, etc.) also have cardiac defects Make all the bones of face

Answer 106

disulfide bonds

Answer 107

Differences between IgM and IgG • While IgM antibodies are usually found in a human body after it has been exposed to a disease • IgG is the long term response of the body to the disease

Answer 108

Antigen presenting cells (APC) These recognize a specific antigen they have a membrane associated antibody (immunoglobulin molecules) prior to binding, they have IgM and IgD on the surface After Binding it is activated, it then proliferates and differentiates There are effector cells and memory B cells

Answer 109

1. At birth, the umbilical cord is clamped, stopping blood flow from the placenta. 2. In response, the ductus venosus closes and later becomes fibrotic, forming the ligamentum venosum in the liver. 3. Pressure rises in the left atrium compared to the right due to increased blood flow from the lungs and decreased blood flow to the right side from the placenta. 4. The pressure change closes the flap over the foramen ovale. Later, this flap will become fibrotic and permanently seal the opening. 5. Bradykinin is secreted by the lungs and causes the ductus arteriosus to close. The ductus becomes fibrotic to form the ligamentum arteriosum. Interesting note: During the first months after birth, babies may turn blue when they cry. This is because of pressure changes in the atria that open the foramen ovale and create a right (venous blood) to left (arterial blood) shunt. It requires some months for the atrial septa to fuse permanently.

Answer 110

A glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails | stores energy

Answer 111

C5b combines with C6, C7, C8 Forms C5b678 The "8" portion of the complex begins to disrupt the cell membrane C9 then binds to C8 (more C9's then bind) C9's forms a pore in the cell membrane (leads to Lysis)

Answer 112

GAMED ``` IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD ```

Answer 113

All are inslouble in water High proportion of (hydrocarbon) nonpolar C-H bonds causing molecules to be hydrophobic

Answer 114

strands of amniotic membrane can wrap around limbs or digits and cause amputations

Answer 115

8 - 38 weeks

Answer 116

o Structurally similar to amylopectin but much more branched o Granules occur in cytosol of cells o Liver and muscle cells store glycogen in humans o Once needed, glycogen is broken down into glucose by glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 117

arises when neural tube closure fails in the spinal cord region Results in a loss of function depending on the level of the lesion Not lethal, do not affect intelligence. They can be repaired Folic acid prevents 70% of these defects

Answer 118

Type 1 = IgE antibodies that sensitize an individual to an allergen and provoke a quick inflammatory response upon subsequent exposure. Type 2 = involves the binding of IgG and IgM antibodies to antigens on cell surfaces. This induces a cascade of events that leads to cell death Type 3 = Results from the formation of antigens-antibody complexes that settle on tissue and organs in an attempt to remove these complexes underlying tissue is also damaged Type 4 = Regulated by T cells and are delayed reactions to antigens associated with cells

Answer 119

The primitive streak is a shallow groove at the caudal end of the embryo. the primitive streak demonstrate that the head (cranial) and tail (caudal) ends of the embryo have been established.

Answer 120

protrusion of the urinary bladder through a defect in the abdominal wall The most important criterion for improving long-term prognosis is success of the initial closure Common with spina bifida

Answer 121

Innate = fast and general nonspecific occurs within hours also includes physical and chemical barriers of body activated by chemical properties of the antigen

Answer 122

Syncytiotrophoblast (trophoblast) Secretes HCG the trophoblast (that form the placenta) actually differentiates into 2 cell types; the synciotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

Answer 123

Adaptive = Slow and specific Becomes active if innate system cannot deal with issue only works from memory works against specific pathogens or cells Adaptive immunity refers to complex antigen specific immune response The antigen must be recognized first create a memory for later responses

AMS Exam 2 Flashcards

(153 cards)