Anaphy finals Lecrure 11 Digestive system Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
- Where food travels inside the body
- Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine (colon)
A
DIGESTIVE TRACT: TRACT / ALIMENTARY ORGANS
2
Q
- Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver
- Aid in the process of digestion
A
ACCESSORY ORGANS
3
Q
- 2-6 hours of partially digested
- Final digestion is about 5-6 hours absorption of nutrients
- Around 12-24 hours undigested material to pass through the entire digestive tract
A
ACCESSORY ORGANS
4
Q
also called baby teeth or milk teeth.
A
Deciduous teeth
5
Q
o Begins to erupt around 6 months; the first to appear are the lower central incisors.
A
Deciduous teeth
6
Q
All permanent teeth except third molars have erupted by the end of adolescence.
A
true
7
Q
o Wisdomteethemergebetweentheages of 17 and 25.
A
true
8
Q
o Although there are 32 permanent teeth in a full set, the wisdom teeth often fail to erupt
A
true
9
Q
both have these sets of teeth
A
omnivorous animals
10
Q
does not have any molars
A
carnivorous animals
11
Q
does not have any canines
A
herbivorous animals
12
Q
meant for cutting
A
incisors
13
Q
meant for tearing, piercing, or
puncturing food; helps in holding food in our
mouth
A
Canine
14
Q
meant for grinding and crushing
A
molars
15
Q
3 regions of teeth
A
crown, neck and root
16
Q
exposed portion of tooth; covered in enamel (ceramic like protein; hardest substances made of mineralized calcium)
A
crown
17
Q
connects root and crown
A
neck
18
Q
embedded portion of toothbrushes
A
root
19
Q
embedded portion of tooth
A
root
20
Q
Salivary Glands
A
PAROTID GLAND, SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND and SUBLINGUAL GLAND
21
Q
- Near cheek and ear
- Contain only serous acini
- Secretion: alpha-amylase (helps in breaking
down starches)
A
parotid gland
22
Q
- Produces majority of saliva
- Contains both serous acini and mucous tubules
- Serous demilunes
- Secretion: lysozyme (has a minor role in the
immune response)
A
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
23
Q
- Smallest
- Contains both serous acini and mucous tubules
- Secretion: Mucous; also adds to both amylase
and lysozyme (more viscous)
A
sublingual gland
24
Q
Food Ingestion and Breakdown
A
Mechanical digestion
-Chemical digestion
25
amylase, mucin, buffers and anti-bacterial chemicals
saliva
26
enzyme digests starch
Amylase
27
slippery protein (mucus),
protects soft lining of digestive system,
lubricates food for easier swallowing
mucin
28
neutralizes acid to prevent
tooth decay
buffers
29
neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay
Buffers
30
kill bacteria
that enter mouth with food
Anti-bacterial chemicals
31
The back of the throat.
Approximately 15cm long
Pharynx
32
parts of the
pharynx where air and food passes through
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
33
Swallowing (and not choking)
Epiglottis and peristalsis
34
o flap of cartilage
o closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
o food travels down esophagus
Epiglottis
35
o involuntary muscle contractions to move food along
o happens from the esophagus all the way down
Peristalsis
36
- 25cm long
- Pushes food to stomach (peristalsis)
esophagus
37
- Series of involuntary wave-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract
peristalsis
38
- C-Shaped; left abdominal cavity
- Varies from 15cm to 25 cm in length; holds up to
4 liters of food
- Mechanically and chemically breaks down food
- Food is temporarily stored here up to 2-4 hours
- Pushes food through pyloric sphincter to small
intestine
- Has layers of muscle that line the inside.
stomach
39
Regions of stomach
➢ Cardia (near heart)
➢ Fundus
➢ Body
➢ Pyloric Antrium
➢ Pylorus
40
is a simple columnar epithelium composed entirely of mucous cells.
Mucosa of the stomach
41
But the stomach is made out of protein.
true
42
Mucous secreted by stomach cells protects stomach lining it stops the stomach from digesting itself.
true
43
millions lining mucosa
gastric pits
44
secretes gastric juice
gastric glands
45
pepsinogen (converted into pepsin
for food digestion)
chief cells
46
pepsinogen (converted into pepsin
for food digestion)
Parietal cells
47
- Secreted by the stomach
- Acidic (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl)
Gastric juices
48
an enzyme that breaks down large
proteins into amino acids
pepsin
49
Food is further broken down into a thin liquid
called
chyme
50
- Major Digestive Organ
- Extends from Pyloric Sphincter to Large Intestine
- 2-4 meters in length (longest in alimentary canal)
- Located retroperitoneally
- Lined with villi, increase surface area for
absorption.
- Small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2
(approximately size of tennis court)
small intestine
51
Structure of small intestine (3 Sections)
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
52
most digestion
duodenum
53
absorption of nutrients & water
jejunum
54
absorption of nutrients & water
ileum
55
- 1st section of small intestines
- acid food from stomach
- mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver,
and gall bladder
duodenum
56
- Absorption through villi & microvilli
- finger-like projections
- increase surface area for absorption
Absorption by Small Intestines
57
- 1.5 meters long
- Solid materials pass through the large intestine.
- These are undigestible solids (fibers)
- Water is absorbed
- Vitamins K and B are reabsorbed with the water.
- Rectum – solid wastes exit the body.
large intestine
58
Function:
o re-absorb water
o use approximately 9 liters of water every
day in digestive juices
o > 90% of water reabsorbed
large intestine
59
not enough waterway absorbed
diarrhea
60
too much water absorbed
constipation
61
Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) o producevitaminsKandBvitamins o generategases
▪ by product of bacterial metabolism
▪ methane, hydrogen sulfide
true
62
vestigial organ
appendix
63
- Last section of colon (large intestines)
- eliminate feces (undigested materials)
o extracellularwaste
▪ mainly cellulose from plants
▪ roughage or fiber
o masses of bacteria
rectum
64
- Pouch structure located near the liver which concentrates and stores bile
gall bladder
65
a long tube that carries BILE. The top half of the common bile duct is associated with the liver, while the bottom half of the common bile duct is associated with the pancreas, through which it passes on its way to the intestine.
bile duct
66
emulsifies lipids (physically breaks apart FATS)
- Bile is a bitter, greenish yellow alkaline fluid, stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.
bile
67
- organ which secretes both digestive enzymes (exocrine) and hormones (endocrine)
- Pancreatic juice digests all major nutrient types
- Nearly all digestion occurs in the small intestine
& all digestion is completed in the SI.
pancreas
68
o producesbile
o bile stored in gallbladder until needed
o breaksupfats
o actlikedetergentstobreakupfats
o bile contains colors from old red blood
cells collected in liver (iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown)
liver
69
food is placed into the mouth
ingestion
70
peristaltic movement
Propulsion
71
mouth and stomach
Mechanical Breakdown
72
breaking down into simpler
components
digestion
73
absorption of nutrients, amino
acids, and glucose
absorption
74
absorption of nutrients, amino
acids, and glucose
Excretion (Defecation)
75
o When teeth remain embedded in the
jawbone
o Can exert pressure and cause a good
deal of pain
o Wisdom teeth are the most commonly
impacted
Impacted Teeth
76
o Any condition that rushes food residue
through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficient time to absorb the water
o Prolonged diarrhea may result in dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which can be fatal if severe
Watery stools, or Diarrhea
77
o Too much water is absorbed; the stool
becomes hard and difficult to pass.
o Mayresultfromlackoffiberinthediet,
poor bowel habits
Constipation
78
o Causedbylocalirritationofthestomach,
such as occurs with bacterial food
poisoning
o Activates the emetic center in the brain
(medulla).
Vomiting/Emesis
79
o Ifbileisstoredinthegallbladderfortoo
long or too much water is removed, the
cholesterol it contains may crystallized o Agonizing pain may occur when the
gallbladder contracts
gallstones
80
o Rare but extremely serious
inflammation of the pancreas; results from activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreatic duct.
pancreatitis
81
mucosa protrudes
through the colon walls, a condition
called diverticulosis.
Diverticulosis
82
diverticula become
inflamed, can be life threatening if ruptures occur.
Diverticulitis
83
o Caused by failure of cardio esophageal
sphincter to close tightly; gastric juice
backs up to esophagus
o Leads to esophagitis, even ulceration
o Because the diaphragm no longer
reinforces the relatively weak cardio esophageal sphincter, gastric juice flows into the unprotected esophagus.
heartburn
84
o Peritoneumisinfected
o Peritoneal membranes tend to stick together around the infection site.
o This provides time for macrophages in the lymphatic tissue to mount an attack
Peritonitis
85
o Typicallyaround,sharplydefinedcrater
1 to 4 cm in diameter in the mucosa of any part of the GI tract exposed to secretions of the stomach.
o May occur in the esophagus, but 98% occur in the pyloric part of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or the first part of the duodenum (duodenal ulcers).
peptic ulcer
86
o May appear at any age; develop most
frequently between ages 50 and 70.
o Recurring tendency – healing, then flaring up periodically – for the rest of a
person’s life if not treated.
o Duodenal ulcers – 3x more common
than gastric ulcers.
peptic ulcer
