Finals lecture 12 RESPIRATORY Flashcards
1
Q
Divisions of respiratory system
A
Upper and lower respiratory tract
2
Q
Major function is to supply the body with
oxygen and dispose carbon dioxide
A
Gas exchange
3
Q
Processes of Respiration
A
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal respiration
4
Q
movement of air into and out of
the lungs
A
Pulmonary ventilation
5
Q
gas exchange
A
External respiration
6
Q
Transport of respiratory gases
A
oxygen and carbon dioxide must
be transported to and from the
lungs and tissues of the body
7
Q
at the systemic capillaries, gas
exchanges must be made
between the blood and tissue
cells
A
internal respiration
8
Q
o Expelling carbon dioxide
o High pH – alkaline
o Low pH – acidic
o Lungs and kidneys help in controlling the
pH of the body
A
regulation of pH
9
Q
o Respiratory passages extending from the
nose to the terminal bronchioles
A
Conducting zones
10
Q
o Actual sites of gas exchange, composed
of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
ducts, and alveoli
A
Respiratory zones
11
Q
Divided into external nose and internal nasal
cavity
A
nose
12
Q
External nose
A
Superiorly, Laterally, Inferiorly
13
Q
lies posterior to the external
nose
▪ Air enters the cavity through the
external nares / nostrils (hairs)
▪ Divided in the midline by: nasal
septum
A
Nasal cavity
14
Q
- air filled spaces inside the bones that surround
the nose - Helps air get warm and moist
- Amplify the sound of your voice
A
Paranasal Sinuses
15
Q
- Serves as a common pathway for food and air
- Extends from the base of the skull to the level of
C6
A
pharynx
16
Q
3 regions of pharynx
A
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
17
Q
serves only as air
passageway (pharyngeal tonsils or
adenoid are located)
A
Nasopharynx
18
Q
both swallowed food and
inhaled air pass through it
A
Oropharynx
19
Q
common passageway
for food and air
A
Laryngopharynx
20
Q
- Extends 5cm from the level of the 4th to 6th
cervical vertebra - Superiorly attaches to the hyoid bone and open
to the laryngopharynx; inferiorly it is continuous
with the trachea
A
larynx
21
Q
o Arytenoids: anchor the vocal cords to the
larynx
o Cuneiform: found in the aryepiglottic
fold
o Corniculate: found at the apices of
arytenoid
A
Paired cartilages
22
Q
o Thyroid cartilage: shield shaped with
ridge like laryngeal prominence which
seen externally as the Adam’s apple
o Corticoid cartilage: signet ring shaped
cartilage below the thyroid cartilage
o Epiglottis: spoon shaped cartilage and
the only elastic cartilage among the
laryngeal cartilages
▪ Prevents food from entering the
laryngeal cavity
▪ “guardian of the airways”
A
Unpaired cartilages
23
Q
- Vibrate and produce sounds as air rushes
upward from the lungs - Superior to the true vocal cords are the
vestibular folds or false vocal cords
A
Vocal Cords
24
Q
- Also called as the wind pipe which is about 10-
12cm long and 2.5cm in diameter - Reinforced internally by 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
A
trachea
25
- right and left bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea at the level of the sternal angle
BRONCHI AND SUBDIVISIONS: BRONCHIAL TREE
26
air passages under 1 mm in
diameter and the tiniest of these are the
terminal bronchioles with 0.5cm in diamete
Bronchioles
27
Respiratory bronchioles
- Branch into alveolar sacs and alveoli, the
chambers where the bulk of gas exchange occurs
- Alveoli – minute expansions along the walls of
the alveolar sacs
- Alveolar wall has no cilia or smooth muscle
28
cells of the respiratory membrane
Type I pneumocytes, Type II pneumocystes, Alveolar macrophages
29
- Soft, spongy, elastic organs, each weighing 0.5kg
- Paired lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity
except for the mediastinum
- Each is suspended in its pleural cavity via its root,
and has a base, apex and medial and costal
surfaces
lungs
30
found in the medial surface of each lung
through which blood vessels of the pulmonary
and systemic circulation enter and leave the
lungs
hilus
31
Blood supply in Lungs
pulmonary arteries, veins, bronchial arteries
32
- A thin, double layered serosa
o Parietal pleura: lines the thoracic wall
and superior aspect of the diaphragm
o Visceral pleura: cover the external lung
surface, dipping into and lining its
fissures
- Produces pleural fluid
pleura
33
inflammation of the pleura and caused
by a decreased secretion of pleural fluid
pleurisy
34
mechanics of breathing
inspiration and expiration
35
air is flowing into the lungs (active
phase)
Inspiration
36
air is flowing out of the lungs (passive
phase)
Expiration
37
Gases travel from an area of higher pressure to
an area of lower pressure
Pressure Relationship in the Thoracic Cavity
38
pressure
within the alveoli of the lungs
Intrapulmonary pressure
39
pressure within the pleural cavity
Intrapleural pressure
40
A completely mechanical process that depends
on volume changes occurring in the thoracic
cavity
Pulmonary Ventilation: Inspiration and Expiration
41
- Refer to the amount of air that is flushed in and
out of the lungs that varies substantially on the
conditions of inspiration and expiration
respiratory volumes and capacities
42
used for the measurement of lung
volumes and capacities
spirometer
43
pulmonary volumes
Tidal volume TV (500mL), Inspiratory reserve volume IRV (3000mL), Expiratory reserve volume ERV (1100mL), Residual volume RV (1200mL)
44
volume of air inspired
or expired with each breath
Tidal volume TV (500mL)
45
amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the resting tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume IRV (3000mL)
46
amount of air that can be expired forcefully after expiration of the resting tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume ERV (1100mL)
47
volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after a maximum expiration
Residual volume RV (1200mL)
48
PULMONARY CAPACITIES
Functional residual capacity (2300mL), Inspiratory capacity (3500mL), Vital capacity (4600mL), Total lung capacity (5800mL)
49
gas exchange in the body
external and internal respiration
50
Pulmonary gas exchange
o Partial pressure gradients and gas
solubility: partial pressure of oxygen in
pulmonary blood is much lower than the
alveoli, resulting to rapid diffusion of
oxygen from the alveoli into the
pulmonary capillary bed
o Thickness of the respiratory membrane:
in healthy lungs, membrane is only 0.5 1
um thick
o Surface area: alveolar surface when
spread flat will cover around 140 square
meters
o Ventilation: perfusion coupling
External Respiration
51
capillary gas exchange in body tissues.
o Partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues
is always lower than that of the systemic
arterial blood
o Oxygen moves rapidly from the blood
into the tissues until equilibrium is
reached, and carbon dioxide moves
quickly along its partial pressure
gradient into the blood
Internal respiration
52
transport of respiratory gases by blood
oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
53
oxygen and
hemoglobin in combination and is the
major transport form of oxygen
oxyhemoglobin
54
bound to hemoglobin of rbc (20-30%)
Carbaminohemoglobin
55
largest
fraction of carbon dioxide (60-70%)
bicarbonate ion in plasma
56
Neural centers for control of respiratory rhythm are
in the medulla and pons. The medulla is the
respiratory rate "pacemaker." Reflex arcs initiated
by stretch receptors in the lungs also play a role in
respiration by notifying neural centers of excessive
over inflation
nervous control
57
Increased body temperature, exercise, speech,
singing, and non-respiratory air movements modify
both rate and depth of breathing.
physical factors
58
To a degree, breathing may be consciously
controlled if it does not interfere with homeostasis.
volition
59
Some emotional stimuli can modify breathing
Examples are fear, anger, and excitement
Emotional
Factors
60
Changes in carbon dioxide levels are the most
important stimuli affecting respiratory rhythm and
depth. Carbon dioxide acts directly on the medulla
via its effect on reducing the pH of blood and
brainstem tissue.
chemical factors
61
Vesicular breath sounds are soft and low
pitched with a rustling quality during
inspiration and are even softer during
expiration.
vesicular-normal
62
Fine crackles are brief. discontinuous,
popping lung sounds that are high-pitched.
Fine crackles are also similar to the sound of
wood burning in a fireplace. or hook and
loop fasteners being pulled apart or
cellophane being crumpled.
Crackles-Fine
(Rales)
63
Coarse crackles are discontinuous, brief,
popping lung sounds. Compared to fine
crackles they are louder, lower in pitch and
last longer. They have also been described
as a bubbling sound.
Crackles-Coarse
(Rales)
64
are adventitious lung sounds that
are continuous with a musical quality.
Wheezes can be high or low pitched. High
pitched wheezes may have an auscultation
sound similar to squeaking. Lower pitched
wheezes have a snoring or moaning quality
wheeze
65
Low pitched wheezes (rhonchi) are
continuous, both inspiratory and expiratory,
low pitched adventitious lung sounds that
are similar to wheezes. They often have a
snoring, gurgling or rattle-like quality.
Rhonchi-Low
Pitched Wheezes
66
sounds are hollow, tubular sounds
that are lower pitched. They can be
auscultated over the trachea whe
bronchial
67
rubs are discontinuous or
continuous, creaking or grating sounds. The
sound has been described as similar to
walking on fresh snow or a leather-on-
leather type of sound
pleural rubs
68
Inspiration to expiration periods are equal
these are normal sounds in the mid-chest
area or in the posterior chest between the
scapula.
Bronchovesicular
69
Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and forcing
air superiorly from lungs against glottis. Then,
glottis opens suddenly, and a blast of air rushes
upward. Coughs act to clear the lower
respiratory passageways.
cough
70
Similar to a cough, except that expelled air is
directed through nasal cavities instead of
through oral cavity. The uvula, a dangling tag of
tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes
depressed and closes oral cavity off from
pharynx, routing air through nasal cavities.
Sneezes clear upper respiratory passages.
sneeze
71
Inspiration followed by release of air in a
number of short expirations. Primarily an
emotionally induced mechanism.
crying
72
Essentially same as crying in terms of the air
movements produced. Also an emotionally
induced response.
laughing
73
Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of
diaphragm: initiated by irritation of diaphragm
or phrenic nerves, which serve diaphragm. The
sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds
of closed glottis.
hiccups
74
Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide
open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may
remain collapsed during normal quiet
breathing).
yawn
75
Absence of breathing
apnea
76
normal breathing
eupnea
77
Only able to breathe comfortable in upright
position (such as sitting in chair), unable to
breath laying down, attacks of severe
shortness of breath that wakes a person
from sleep.
orthopnea
78
Increased depth of breathing.
Paroxysmal
Nocturnal
Dyspnea
79
Increased rate (A) or depth (B), or
combination of both
hyperpnea
80
Decreased rate (A) or depth (B), or some
combination of both.
hyperventilation
81
increased frequency without blood gas
abnormality
hypo ventilation
82
Increased rate and depth of breathing over
a prolonged period of time. In response to
metabolic acidosis, the body's attempt to
blow off CO2, to buffer a fixed acid such as
ketones. Ketoacidosis is seen in diabetics.
tachypnea
83
Gradual increase in volume and frequency.
followed by a gradual decrease in volume
and frequency. with apnea periods of 10-30
seconds between cycle.
Kussmaul’s
Respiration
84
Described as a crescendo-decrescendo
pattern.
Cheyne-Strokes
Respirations
(CSR)
85
is an abnormality of the
human body's normal balance of acids and bases
that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the
normal range (7.35 to 7.45)
Acid base imbalance
86
Too much intake of CO2
Respiratory acidosis
87
Excess loss of CO2
Respiratory alkalosis
88
Excess hydrogen ion
Metabolic acidosis
89
Excess hydrogen ion loss
or excess alkaline intake
Metabolic alkalosis
90
respiratory disorders
Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Lung cancer
91
o a progressive, degenerative disease that
destroys alveolar walls.
o clusters of small air sacs merge to form
larger chambers, which drastically
decreases the surface area of the
respiratory membrane and thereby
reduces the volume of gases that can be
exchanged through the membrane.
Emphysema
92
o the mucosa of the lower respiratory
passages becomes severely inflamed
and produces excessive mucus.
o pooled mucus impairs ventilation and
gas exchange and dramatically increases
the risk of lung infections, including
pneumonias.
Chronic Bronchitis
93
o Associated with smoking and the most
prevalent type of malignancy
o Continuous irritation prompts the
production of more mucus, but smoking
slows the movements of cilia that clear
this mucus and depresses lung
macrophages
lung cancer
