finals lecture 10 (ppt) Flashcards
1
Q
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
A
Cardiovascular System
2
Q
pumps blood
A
heart
3
Q
allowbloodtocirculateto all parts of the body
A
blood vessels
4
Q
Located at the thorax and between the lungs
A
heart
5
Q
Pointed apex directed toward left hip
A
heart
6
Q
About the size of your fist
A
heart
7
Q
less than 1 pound
A
heart
8
Q
a double serous membrane
A
pericardium
9
Q
Nexttoheart
A
Visceralpericardium
10
Q
Outside layer;
fibrous tissue, anchors the heart to make sure that the heart stays in place. It also acts as a barrier.
A
parietal pericardium
11
Q
Serous fluid
A
fills the space between the layers of pericardium
12
Q
Coverings of the heart
A
Pericardium and serous fluid
13
Q
Location:Outsidelayer
o Description:
▪ This layer is the
parietal
pericardium
▪ Thin, serous(watery) membrane
that is continuous with the lining
of the pericardium
▪ Connective tissue layer (elastic
fibers and loose connective tissue; and specialized connective tissue adipose)
o Function:Coverstheheartandattaches to the pericardium
A
Epicardium
14
Q
Layers of Heart wall
A
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
15
Q
o Location:Middlelayer
o Description:
▪ Mostly thick layer of cardiac muscle
o Function: Contracts to pump blood into
the arteries
A
myocardium
16
Q
o Location:Innerlayer
o Description: ▪Endothelium (layer of epithelial tissue and smooth muscle)
▪ Thin layer of epithelial cells that is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels
o Function: Lines the interior chambers and valves
A
endocardium
17
Q
Four Chambers of heart
A
artia (right and left artium), Ventricles (right and left ventricle)
18
Q
Upper right chamber;
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the Superior(upper) vena cava and inferior (lower) vena cava and pumps into the right ventricle
A
Right atrium
19
Q
Upper left chamber; Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the left ventricle.
A
Left artium
20
Q
Lower right chamber;
Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs to be oxygenated.
A
Right ventricle
21
Q
Lower left chamber; Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta. The cell walls of the left ventricle are nearly three times as thick as those of the right ventricle owing to the force required to pump the blood into the arterial system.
A
Left ventricle
22
Q
2 types of septum
A
interatrial septum and Interventricular septum
23
Q
divides the left and right atrium
A
Interatrial septum
24
Q
divides the left and right ventricles
A
interventricular septum
25
Valves of the heart
Atrioventricular valves (Tricuspid valve and Bicuspid valve), Semilunar valves (Pulmonary semilunar valve and Aortic semilunar valve)
26
(right atrioventricular valve)
▪ Location: Between the right atrium and right ventricle
▪ Description: Has three cusps hence the name tricuspid
▪ Function: Closes when the right ventricle contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium
Atrioventricular valves
27
(left atrioventricular valve or mitral valve)
▪ Location: Between the left atrium and left ventricle
▪ Description: Has two cusps, hence the name bicuspid
▪ Function: Closes when the left ventricle contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium
Bicuspid valve
28
between ventricle and artery
o Pulmonary semilunar valve (right semilunar valve)
▪ Location: At the entrance to the pulmonary artery
▪ Description: Has three half- moon shaped cusps
▪ Function: Closes when the right ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
Semilunar valves
29
(left semilunar valve)
▪ Location: At the entrance to the aorta
▪ Description: Has three half shaped cusps
▪ Function: Closes when the left ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
30
Incompetent valve – backflow and repump
- Stenosis – stiff – heart workload increased
- May be replaced
- Lup Dub Heart Sound
Valves Pathology
31
ASSOCIATED GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART
Aorta, Pulmonary arteries, vena cava and pulmonary veins
32
Leaves left ventricle
Aorta
33
Leave right ventricle
Leave right ventricle
34
Enters right atrium
Vena Cava
35
enter left atrium
Pulmonary veins (four)
36
Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium
Coronary Circulation
37
The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
o Coronaryarteries
o Cardiac veins
o Blood empties into the right atrium via
the coronary sinus
Coronary Circulation
38
Rapid heartbeat
o Inadequateblood
o Angina pectoris
Cardiac Pathology
39
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
- Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
- Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way
- Does not have to pass the central nervous
system to pump
40
Special tissue sets the pace
Sinoatrial node, Atrioventricular node, Atrioventricular node, Bundle branches Purkinje fibers
41
(right atrium) “Pacemaker”; generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract
Sinoatrial node
42
(junction of right and left atria and ventricles) – electrical gatekeeper and introduces a delay between atrial and ventricular excitation, allowing for efficient ventricular filling.
Atrioventricular node
43
(Bundle of His) – transmits the electrical impulses generated at paced intervals by the atrioventricular node (AVN), to the right and left ventricles.
Atrioventricular bundle
44
(right and left) – carry the electrical signal to the bottom of the heart and cause the ventricles to beat.
Bundle branches
45
receive conductive signals originating at the atrioventricular node (AVN), and simultaneously activate the left and right ventricles by directly stimulating the ventricular myocardium
Purkinje fibers
46
Three formations
P wave, QRS complex and T wave
47
impulse across atria
P wave
48
spread of impulse down septum,
around ventricles in Purkinje fibers
QRS complex
49
end of electrical activity in ventricles
T wave
50
Pathology of a heart
Damage to AV node
Fibrillation
Tachycardia
bradycardia
51
release of ventricles from control – faster or slower heartbeat
Damage to AV node
52
Slower heartbeat can lead to ____
fibrillation
53
lack of blood flow to the heart
fibrillation
54
more than 100 beats/min
Tachycardia
55
less than 60 beats/min
Bradycardia
56
- Atria contract simultaneously
- Atria relax, then ventricles contract
- Systole = contraction
- Diastole = relaxation
CARDIAC CYCLE OF THE HEART
57
o Amount of blood pumped by each side
of the heart in one minute
o CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume
[SV])
▪ 5250 ml/min = 75 beats/min x
70 mls/beat
▪ Norm = 5000 ml/min
▪ Entire blood supply passes
through body once per minute.
▪ CO varies with demands of the
body.
Cardiac output (CO)
58
Volume of blood pumped by each
ventricle in one contraction
Stroke volume
59
- Stroke volume usually remains relatively constant
- Starling’s law of the heart – the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
- Changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac output
- To regulate heart rate is to regulate cardiac output.
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
60
– the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
Starling’s law of the heart
61
Sympathetic nervous system
o Crisis
o Lowblood pressure
- Hormones
o Epinephrine
o Thyroxine
- Exercise
- Decreased blood volume
Increased Heart Rate
62
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- High blood pressure or blood volume
- Decreased venous return
- In Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), the heart is
worn out and pumps weakly.
o Decline in pumping efficiency of heart
o Inadequatecirculation
o Progressive, also coronary
atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and history of multiple Myocardial Infarctions
Decreased Heart Rate
63
pulmonary congestion and suffocation
pulmonary congestion and suffocation
64
peripheral congestion and edema
Right side fails
65
works to provide a slow, steady, but stronger beat.
Digitalis drug
66
Taking blood to the tissues and back o Arteries
o Arterioles
o Capillaries
o Venules
o Veins
Vascular system
67
Three layers (tunics)
Tunic intima, media, externa
68
o Innermostlayer
o Endothelium
o Innerlining
Tunic intima
69
o Middle layer
o Smoothmuscle
o Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
o Responsibleforcontraction
tunic media
70
o Outer layer
o Mostly fibrous connective tissue
o Elastic fibers on the connective tissue
tunic externa
71
Walls of arteries are the thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart
Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
Difference between blood vessel types
72
- Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart
- Veins use the milking action of muscles to help
move blood
Movement of blood through vessels
73
consist of two types of vessels
CAPILLARY BEDS
74
directly connects an
arteriole to a venule
vascular shunt
75
exchange vessels
(single celled layer of blood vessels)
▪ Oxygen and nutrients cross to
cells
▪ Carbon dioxide and metabolic
waste products cross into blood
True capillaries
76
- Arterial pulse
- Blood pressure
- Respiratory Rate
- Body Temperature
- All indicate the efficiency of the system
Vital Signs
77
pressure wave of blood
- Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is
easily palpated
- Generated only by arteries
pulse
78
Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries
Blood pressure
79
pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
systolic
80
pressure when ventricles rela
Diastolic
81
- Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases
- Measuring arterial blood pressure
blood pressure
82
Effects of Factors of Blood Pressure
Neural and Renal, temperature, chemicals, and diet
83
▪ Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)
▪ Increase or decrease the blood pressure depending on the activity
neural factors
84
▪ Regulation by altering blood
volume
renal factors
85
hormonal control
Renin
86
▪ Heat has a vasodilation effect
▪ Cold has a vasoconstricting
effect
temperature
87
▪ Various substances can cause
increases or decreases
chemicals
88
Variations in Blood Pressure
normal, hypotension and hypertension
89
▪ 140-110 mm Hg systolic
▪ 80-75 mm Hg diastolic
normal
90
▪ Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
▪ Often associated with illness
Hypotension
91
▪ High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
▪ Can be dangerous if it is chronic
hypertension
92
two basic postnatal (after birth) routes for blood flow;
Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
93
▪ when blood returns to the heart
from the systemic route, it is pumped out of the right ventricle through the pulmonary circulation to the lungs.
▪ The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the air sacs (alveoli) within the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the air sacs to the left atrium
▪ From superior and inferior vena cava
pulmonary circulation
94
▪ carries oxygen and nutrients to
body tissues and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes and heat from the tissues.
▪ All systemic arteries come from aorta
systemic circulation
95
carries venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver.
Hepatic portal circulation
96
vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another
portal vein
97
receives blood from capillaries of gastrointestinal organs and the spleen and delivers it to the sinusoids of the liver.
hepatic portal vein
98
drains blood from the small intestine and portions of the large intestine, stomach, and pancreas
superior mesenteric vein
99
drains blood from the stomach, pancreas, and portions of the large intestine
splenic vein
100
which passes into the splenic vein, drains portions of the large intestine
Inferior mesenteric vein
101
which open directly
into the hepatic portal vein, drain the stomach.
Right and left gastric veins
102
which also opens into the hepatic
portal vein, drains the gallbladder.
cystic vein
103
the liver is receiving
nutrient rich but deoxygenated blood.
Hepatic portal vein
104
the liver also receiving
oxygenated blood, a branch of the celiac trunk.
Hepatic artery
105
the oxygenated blood mixes with the deoxygenated blood. Eventually, blood leaves the sinusoids of the liver through the hepatic
veins, which drain into the inferior vena cava.
Sinusoids
