ANAT LEC FINALS: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Question 1

What structures are involved in the conductive system of the respiratory tract?

Answer 1

Nasal cavity, bronchi, trachea.

Question 2

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory passage?

Answer 2

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Question 3

What is the purpose of the nasal cavity’s turbinates?

Answer 3

To increase surface area for warming and humidifying air.

Question 4

Which structures make up the four important cavities in the head?

Answer 4

Cranial cavity, oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavity.

Question 5

What anatomical feature separates the nasal cavity into left and right compartments?

Answer 5

Nasal septum.

Question 6

Which cartilage is represented by the ‘adam’s apple’ in the larynx?

Answer 6

Thyroid cartilage.

Question 7

What is the structural significance of the larynx in the respiratory system?

Answer 7

It contains the vocal cords and prevents food from entering the trachea.

Question 8

Which feature opens into the larynx and esophagus?

Answer 8

Laryngopharynx.

Question 9

What are the three apertures of the pharynx?

Answer 9

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

Question 10

What does the term ‘windpipe’ refer to in the respiratory system?

Answer 10

The trachea.

Question 11

What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 11

Arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform.

Question 12

What structures are termed the ‘pulmonary alveoli’?

Answer 12

Microscopic branches of bronchioles.

Question 13

Which part of the respiratory system is termed the ‘voice box’?

Answer 13

The larynx.

Question 14

What are the borders of the lung lobes in the right lung of a dog?

Answer 14

Apical, cardiac, intermediate, diaphragmatic.

Question 15

What are the two borders of the lungs?

Answer 15

Dorsal and ventral borders.

Question 16

What anatomical term describes the pointed portion of the lungs?

Answer 16

Apex.

Question 17

What is the difference in lobes between the left and right lungs?

Answer 17

The left lung has cranial and caudal lobes; the right has apical, cardiac, intermediate, and diaphragmatic lobes.

Question 18

What feature makes the ‘hilus’ significant in the lungs?

Answer 18

It is the indentation where structures such as vessels and bronchi enter.

Question 19

What are the two main types of domestic animal lungs?

Answer 19

Type 1 (with secondary lobules), Type 2 (without secondary lobules).

Question 20

What distinguishes a fetal lung from a normal lung?

Answer 20

A fetal lung is pale gray, smaller, sinks in water, and is firmer to touch.

Question 21

What are the three lines of reflection in the pleura?

Answer 21

Vertebral, sternal, diaphragmatic.

Question 22

Which mediastinal structures connect the heart with the body?

Answer 22

Aorta, vena cava, thoracic duct, esophagus, lymphatic nerves.

Question 23

What structure is termed the ‘principal muscle of inspiration’?

Answer 23

The diaphragm.

Question 24

What are the three openings in the diaphragm?

Answer 24

Aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, caval foramen.

Question 25

What are the divisions of the mediastinum?

Answer 25

Cranial, middle, caudal.

Question 26

What are the two layers of pleura lining the lungs?

Answer 26

Parietal pleura, visceral pleura.

Question 27

What differentiates a serous lining in the thoracic cavity from one in the abdomen?

Answer 27

The thoracic lining is pleura; the abdominal lining is peritoneum.

Question 28

What species have lungs with an intermediate lobe?

Answer 28

Ox and sheep.

Question 29

In the pig, which lung lobe is distinctly marked?

Answer 29

The diaphragmatic lobe.

Question 30

What is the comparative note on dog lungs?

Answer 30

The right lung is larger than the left.

Question 31

Which structures pass through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

Answer 31

Esophagus and vagus nerves.

Question 32

What does the caval foramen in the diaphragm transmit?

Answer 32

The caudal vena cava.

Question 33

What condition is caused by respiratory paralysis due to rabies infection?

Answer 33

Death of the individual.

Question 34

What is the potential space in the middle of the thorax visible on radiographs?

Answer 34

The mediastinum.

Question 35

What are the structures termed as 'openings' in the diaphragm?

Answer 35

Hiatuses (aortic, esophageal, caval).

Question 36

What is the main vascular function of the thoracic duct?

Answer 36

It drains lymph into the venous system.

Question 37

Which mediastinal structures house the thymus in young animals?

Answer 37

Cranial mediastinum.

Question 38

What is the term for the diaphragm's central tendinous structure?

Answer 38

Central tendon.

Question 39

What are the rib attachments of the diaphragm?

Answer 39

Ribs 8 to 12 (costal part).

Question 40

What marks the difference in pleura between animals with thoracic cavity abnormalities?

Answer 40

The parietal pleura reflects off the ribs onto the diaphragm.

Question 41

Segments of respiratory system

Answer 41

Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchioles, Lungs

Question 42

Systems/divisions of respiratory tract as to immune defenses

Answer 42

Conductive system, Transitional system, Gas-exchange system

Question 43

Immune defense of conductive system

Answer 43

Mucociliary clearance mechanism

Question 44

Immune defense of transitional system

Answer 44

Clara cells

Question 45

Immune defense of gas-exchange system

Answer 45

Intravascular pulmonary macrophages

Question 46

Trapping of particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages

Answer 46

Deposition

Question 47

Removal of trapped particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages

Answer 47

Clearance

Question 48

Difference between deposited and trapped particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages

Answer 48

Retention

Question 49

Dorsal, lateral, and ventral boundaries of nasal cavity

Answer 49

Dorsally: nasal bone, Laterally: premaxilla and maxilla, Ventrally: palatine bone

Question 50

Rostral and caudal boundaries of nasal cavity

Answer 50

Rostrally: anterior nares/nostril, Caudally: posterior nares or choanae

Question 51

Apertures of pharynx

Answer 51

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Question 52

Meatuses/air spaces in the nasal cavity

Answer 52

Superior nasal meatus, Middle nasal meatus, Inferior nasal meatus, Common nasal meatus

Question 53

Separates the nasal cavity into left and right

Answer 53

Nasal septum

Question 54

Common passageway for digestive and respiratory tracts

Answer 54

Pharynx

Question 55

Voicebox

Answer 55

Larynx

Question 56

Slit-like opening at the proximal aspect of larynx bounded on either side by vocal cords

Answer 56

Rima glottides

Question 57

Aspiration pneumonia

Answer 57

Accidental entry of food and water down to the respiratory passages

Question 58

Windpipe

Answer 58

Trachea

Question 59

Concentric layers of trachea

Answer 59

Fascia propria, Cartilaginous ring, Fibro-elastic layer, Muscular layer, Mucus membrane layer

Question 60

Cartilage type in tracheal rings

Answer 60

Hyaline cartilage

Question 61

Point of tracheal bifurcation

Answer 61

Carina

Question 62

Branches of bronchi

Answer 62

Primary bronchi, Secondary bronchi, Tertiary bronchi

Question 63

Biochemical principle; movement of molecules from area of greater to lesser concentration; describes exchange of gasses in alveoli

Answer 63

Diffusion

Question 64

Voice production; principal function of larynx

Answer 64

Phonation

Question 65

Sense of smell; principal function of chemoreceptive cells of nasal epithelium

Answer 65

Sense of smell; principal function of chemoreceptive cells of nasal epithelium

Question 66

Chemoreceptive cells of nasal epithelium send signals to the brain by way of?

Answer 66

Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)

Question 67

Pointed and wide portion of the lungs

Answer 67

Apex and Base

Question 68

Borders of lungs

Answer 68

Dorsal, Ventral

Question 69

Extra lobe of the right lung

Answer 69

Accessory lobe

Question 70

Lobes of the right lung

Answer 70

Tracheal lobe, Middle lobe, Accessory lobe, Caudal lobe

Question 71

Lobes of left lung

Answer 71

Cranial lobe, Caudal lobe

Question 72

Surfaces of the lung

Answer 72

Costal, Mediastinal, Interlobar, Diaphragmatic

Question 73

Broad, unpaired muscle forming a partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer 73

Diaphragm

Question 74

Parts of the diaphragm

Answer 74

Costal part, Sternal part, Lumbar part

Question 75

Hiatuses of the diaphragm

Answer 75

Hiatus aorticus, Hiatus esophageal, Caval foramen hiatus

Question 76

Structure passing through hiatus vena cava

Answer 76

Caudal vena cava

Question 77

Structures passing through hiatus aorticus

Answer 77

Aorta, Vena azygos, Cisterna chyli

Question 78

Structures passing through hiatus esophagi

Answer 78

Esophagus, Esophageal branch of gastric artery, Vagus nerve

Question 79

Regions/segments of mediastinum

Answer 79

Precardial, Cardial, Postcardial

Question 80

Serous lining of thorax (and abdomen)

Answer 80

Pleura

Question 81

Organ which regulates air volume in respiration

Answer 81

Larynx

Question 82

Organ which prevents aspiration of foreign bodies

Answer 82

Larynx

Question 83

Paired laryngeal cartilages

Answer 83

Arytenoid, Corniculates, Cuneiform

Question 84

Unpaired laryngeal cartilages

Answer 84

Cricoid, Thyroid, Epiglottic Cartilage (Epiglottis)

Question 85

Entrance of pharyngeal aperture, bounded by epiglottis, arytenoids, and ary-epiglottic folds

Answer 85

Aditus of larynx

Question 86

Laryngeal muscle which tenses the vocal cords

Answer 86

Crico-thyroid

Question 87

Structures entering or leaving the lungs at hilus

Answer 87

Bronchus, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary veins, Bronchial artery, Pulmonary nerves, Pulmonary lymph vessels

Question 88

Structures that pass through the precardial mediastinum

Answer 88

-Trachea -Esophagus -Blood vessels coonnecting heart with head neck, thoracic limbs -Termination of thracic duct -Cardiac and phrenic nerves - vagus and sympathetic nerves -Recurrent nerves -Thymus -Lymph glands

Question 89

Structures that pass through the cardial mediastinum

Answer 89

-Heart and pericardium -start of arterial system and end of venous system -esophagus -termination of trachea -thoracic duct prenic, cardiac and pulmonary nerves -vagus and sympathetic nerves -left recurrent nerve

Question 90

Structures that pass through the postcardial mediastinum

Answer 90

-Aorta -vena azygous -thoracic duct -esophagus -vagus and sympathetic nerves -left phrenic nerve

Question 91

it is divided into lobes by deep interlobar fissures

Answer 91

Ox/Sheep

Question 92

Lobes of Ox/sheep left lung

Answer 92

apical cardiac diaphragmatic

Question 93

obes of Ox/sheep right lung

Answer 93

apical cardiac intermediate/accessory diaphragmatic

Question 94

apical lobe of right lung receives 3rd bronchus from trachea opposite 3rd rib

Answer 94

Ox/sheep

Question 95

the lobation is very distinctly marked

Answer 95

ox/sheep

Question 96

same as ox and sheep but left lung can be regarded as having only 2 lobes

Answer 96

pig

Question 97

diaphragmatic lobe is marked off by a distinct fissure

Answer 97

pig

Question 98

anterior to this, the apical and cardiac lobes are separated only by a cardiac notch

Answer 98

pig

Question 99

the right lung is larger than the left

Answer 99

dog

Question 100

it is divided into 4 lobes by very deep fissures which extend to the root

Answer 100

dog

Question 101

Lines of reflections of parietal pleura

Answer 101

vertebral sternal diaphragmatic

Question 102

where costal parietal pleura turns to mediastinal pleura; facing the thoracic vertebra dorsally

Answer 102

vertebral

Question 103

where costal parietal pleura turns to mediastinal pleura; faces the sternum ventrally

Answer 103

sternal

Question 104

where the parietal pleura is reflected to diaphragm; faces the diaphragm caudally

Answer 104

diaphragmatic

Question 105

near the rib; at cartilages of ribs 8th, 9th, and 10th; thereafter the following ribs at an increasing from their sternal ends

Answer 105

pars costalis/costal part

Question 106

nearest to the sternum ventrally; at the upper part of the xiphoid

Answer 106

pars sternalis/sternal part

Question 107

dorsally it is nearest to the lumbar vertebra

Answer 107

pars lumbalis/lumbar part

Question 108

1st to the 5th lumbar vertebrae by means of the vertebral longitudinal ligament

Answer 108

right crus

Question 109

similarly to the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae

Answer 109

left crus

Question 110

Structures which enter/ leave the lungs at hilus

Answer 110

bronchus pulmonary artery pulmonary veins bronchial artery pulmonary nerves pulmonary lymph vessels

Question 111

it has well-developed secondary lobules ○ present in cattle, sheep, goat, and pig

Answer 111

type I lungs

Question 112

it has no secondary lobules ○ present in monkey, dog, and cat

Answer 112

type II lungs

Question 113

it has incompletely developed secondary lobules ○ only present in horses

Answer 113

type III lungs