PHYSIO LAB: MODULE 4 Flashcards by Makkie Gutierrez

What is the process called by which red blood cells (RBCs) are produced?

Erythropoiesis

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Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur in the body?

In the bone marrow.

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Which hormone regulates erythropoiesis and is primarily produced by the kidneys?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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What physiological condition stimulates the production of erythropoietin?

Low oxygen levels (hypoxia)

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Identify the pluripotent cells from which all blood cells, including red blood cells, originate.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

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Proerythroblast

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At what stage of erythropoiesis does hemoglobin synthesis begin, and the cytoplasm appears blue due to RNA content?

Basophilic Erythroblast.

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What color change occurs in the cytoplasm of erythroblasts during the polychromatic erythroblast stage?

The cytoplasm becomes more gray as hemoglobin accumulates, transitioning from RNA dominance to hemoglobin dominance.

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Identify the stage characterized by a very condensed nucleus (pyknotic) in the red blood cell maturation process.

Orthochromatic Erythroblast (Normoblast)

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What happens to the nucleus during the transition from orthchromatic erythroblast to the next stage?

The nucleus is ejected, leading to the formation of a reticulocyte.

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What is a reticulocyte, and how does it differ from a mature red blood cell?

A reticulocyte is an immature red blood cell that still contains some residual RNA and continues to mature in the bone marrow or bloodstream before becoming a mature RBC.

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Describe the characteristics of a fully mature red blood cell (erythrocyte).

A mature erythrocyte is biconcave, lacks a nucleus, and is packed with hemoglobin, allowing for efficient oxygen transport.

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What is the process called by which white blood cells (WBCs) are produced?

Leukopoiesis

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What types of cells are included in the category of white blood cells?

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes

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What key growth factors stimulate the production and differentiation of specific types of white blood cells?

Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

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Identify the group of cytokines that help regulate the production of white blood cells, particularly lymphocytes.

Interleukins (ILs)

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From which cells do all granulocytes originate?

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs).

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What is the first committed stage in granulocyte formation called?

Myeloblast

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At which stage do azurophilic granules begin to form during granulocyte maturation?

Promyelocyte

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What is the stage called when specific (secondary) granules start to appear in granulocyte formation?

Myelocyte

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What characterizes the metamyelocyte stage of granulocyte formation?

The nucleus becomes indented or kidney-shaped, and the cytoplasmic granules are more defined.

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What is the immature form of neutrophils called, characterized by a horseshoe-shaped nucleus?

Band Cell

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Identify the final stage of granulocyte maturation, where the nucleus becomes segmented and granules are fully developed.

Mature Granulocyte (Neutrophil, Eosinophil, or Basophil)

What is the first committed precursor of monocytes in the formation process?

Monoblast

What is the stage following the monoblast in monocyte formation?

Promonocyte

What occurs to mature monocytes once they enter the bloodstream and reach tissues?

They can differentiate further into macrophages or dendritic cells.

What is the first committed form of a lymphocyte called?

Pro-lymphocyte

Where do T lymphocytes (T cells) mature, and what is their primary function?

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

What is the primary function of B lymphocytes (B cells), and where do they mature?

B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and are responsible for antibody production.

What is the name of the process by which platelets are produced?

Thrombopoiesis

What are the large precursor cells from which platelets are formed?

Megakaryocytes

Which hormone primarily regulates the production of megakaryocytes and platelets?

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

What triggers an increase in thrombopoietin levels?

Low platelet levels in the bloodstream.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow

What is the first committed stage of platelet formation called?

Megakaryoblast

What occurs during the promegakaryocyte stage of platelet formation?

The cell undergoes several rounds of nuclear replication without cell division, making it polyploid.

What characterizes a mature megakaryocyte in the process of thrombopoiesis?

It is massive, contains multiple copies of DNA, and extends long protrusions (proplatelets) into blood vessels.

How are platelets formed from megakaryocytes?

As blood flows through the bone marrow, fragments of the megakaryocyte's cytoplasm are sheared off to form platelets, which then enter the bloodstream.

What term describes the variation in red blood cell size, often observed in goats?

Anisocytosis

What is the term for the variation in red blood cell shape, particularly common in goats and sheep?

Poikilocytosis

What morphological phenomenon involves the stacking of red blood cells, frequently seen in cats and horses?

Rouleaux formation

What condition is characterized by a decreased platelet count, leading to prolonged bleeding?

Thrombocytopenia.

What is the term for an increased platelet count that is often associated with inflammation or certain cancers?

Thrombocytosis

What is the term for an increased basophil count, often associated with parasitic infections or allergic reactions?

Basophilia

What condition is characterized by an elevated eosinophil count, commonly seen in parasitic infections or allergic conditions?

Eosinophilia

What is the term for an increased neutrophil count, commonly associated with bacterial infections?

Neutrophilia

What condition describes a decreased neutrophil count, often linked to viral infections or bone marrow disorders?

Neutropenia

What condition is characterized by an increased lymphocyte count, often seen during chronic infections or immune system stimulation?

Lymphocytosis

What term describes a decreased lymphocyte count, commonly seen in stress responses or viral infections?

Lymphopenia

What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs), and what are the potential consequences of their decreases or increases?

RBCs are responsible for oxygen transport; decreases lead to anemia, while increases cause polycythemia.

What role do platelets play in the body, and what issues arise from their decreased or increased counts?

Platelets are vital for blood clotting; decreases cause bleeding disorders, and increases can result in excessive clotting.

What are basophils involved in, and what condition is associated with their increased counts?

Basophils are involved in allergic and inflammatory responses; increases (basophilia) are associated with allergic reactions or parasitic infections.

What function do eosinophils serve, and what does an increase in their count indicate?

Eosinophils combat parasites and modulate allergic responses; increases (eosinophilia) often indicate parasitic or allergic diseases

What role do neutrophils play in the immune system, and what are the implications of their decreased or increased counts?

Neutrophils are the first line of defense against infections; decreases make animals prone to infections, while increases suggest active infection or inflammation.

What is the function of monocytes in the immune system, and what does an increase in their count indicate?

Monocytes phagocytose debris and pathogens; increases occur during chronic infections and tissue repair.

What is the significance of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system, and what are the effects of their decreases and increases?

Lymphocytes are key players in the adaptive immune system; decreases lead to weakened immunity, and increases suggest chronic immune stimulation or infection.