ANAT NOTES 4 PART 1

Question 1

Tissues

Answer 1

A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

Question 2

4 Basic Tissue Types

Answer 2

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

Question 3

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 3

Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity and

forms parts of most glands

Question 4

Epithelial Tissue functions

Answer 4

• Protection
• Secretion
• Absorption
• Diffusion
• Filtration
• Sensory reception

Question 5

Simple epithelia

Answer 5

Single layer of cells attached to basement membrane

Question 6

Stratified epithelia

Answer 6

Multiple layers of cells

Question 7

Squamous

Answer 7

cells are wider than tall (plate-like)

Question 8

Cuboidal

Answer 8

cells are as wide as tall, like cubes

Question 9

Columnar

Answer 9

cells are taller than they are wide, like columns

Question 10

Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 10

diffusion and filtration

Question 11

Simple cuboidal and simple columnar

Answer 11

secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

Question 12

Stratified squamous

Answer 12

protection

Question 13

Stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar

Answer 13

protection; these tissue types are rare in humans

Question 14

transitional epithelium

Answer 14

protection; stretching to accomodate distension of urinary structures

Question 15

Endocrine glands

Answer 15

Ductless glands that secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid (hormones)

Question 16

What exocrine glands are there?

Answer 16

• Mucus-secreting glands
• Sweat and oil glands
• Salivary glands
• Liver and pancreas

Question 17

Why do goblet cells produce mucin?

Answer 17

To protect and lubricate many internal body surface

Question 18

The goblet cell is…

Answer 18

a unicellular exocrine gland

Question 19

What is the most diverse and abundant tissue?

Answer 19

Connective tissue

Question 20

Main classes of connective tissue

Answer 20

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Blood

Question 21

Important functions of connective tissue types

Answer 21

• Form basis of the skeleton
• Store and carry nutrients
• Surround blood vessels and nerves
• Lead fight against infection

Question 22

Describe mesenchyme

Answer 22

• Has gel-like ground substance

- Cells are star-shaped mesenchymal cells

Question 23

All connective tissues…

Answer 23

arise from mesenchyme in the embryo

Question 24

Where has brown adipose tissue been found in adults?

Answer 24

• Between scapulae
• Side of anterior neck
• Anterior abdominal wall

Question 25

Adipose Connective Tissue

Answer 25

Richly vascularized; cells contain many lipid droplets and numerous mitochondria

Question 26

Adipose Connective Tissue produces

Answer 26

heat and occurs in babies to aid thermoregulation (underdeveloped)

Question 27

Cartilage

Answer 27

- Firm, flexible tissue - Contains no blood vessels or nerves - Matrix contains up to 80% water

Question 28

Cartilage cell type is the...

Answer 28

chondrocyte

Question 29

Chondroblasts

Answer 29

are immature cartilage cells thats secrete matrix during cartilage growth

Question 30

Bone matrix is made of

Answer 30

Inorganic calcium salts | and an abundance of collagen fibers

Question 31

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 31

Hyaline cartilage - supports and reinforces; cushion Elastic cartilage - maintains shape while allowing flexibility Fibrocartilage - tensile strength; ability to absorb comp. shock

Question 32

Osteoblasts

Answer 32

secrete collagen fibers and ground substance of the matrix

Question 33

Osteocytes

Answer 33

mature bones in lacunae

Question 34

How are bones able to repair themselves?

Answer 34

the bone itself not being exposed

Question 35

NOTHING can destroy bones except:

Answer 35

acid and fire

Question 36

2 sub categories of blood

Answer 36

erythrocytes and lymphocytes

Question 37

sickle cell anemia

Answer 37

sickle shape prevents erythrocytes from latching onto oxygen

Question 38

Covering and Lining Membranes

Answer 38

- Combine epithelial and connective tissues - Cover broad areas within body - Consist of epithelial sheet plus underlying connective tissue

Question 39

3 types of membranes

Answer 39

- cutaneous membrane - mucous membrane - serous membrane

Question 40

Cutaneous membrane

Answer 40

skin

Question 41

Mucous membrane

Answer 41

Lines hollow organs (bladder and stomach) that are open to surface of body; epithelial sheet

Question 42

Serous membrane

Answer 42

Mesothelium (simple squamous) lying on areolar connective tissue, lines cavities closed to the exterior

Question 43

serous fluid

Answer 43

thick liquid to prevent friction and rubbing against organs

Question 44

Most muscle cells are called

Answer 44

muscle fibers

Question 45

myofilaments

Answer 45

contain actin and myosin

Question 46

Muscles can be...

Answer 46

voluntary or involuntary, may be involuntary to prevent damage

Question 47

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 47

- Skeletal muscle tissue (directly attached to bones) - Cardiac muscle tissue (heart) - Smooth muscle tissue (hollow organs)

Question 48

Inflammatory response

Answer 48

- Nonspecific, local response | - Limits damage to injury site

Question 49

Immune response

Answer 49

- Takes longer to develop and very specific | - Increase blood flow in order to destroy particular microorganisms at site of infection (exposure)

Question 50

Edema (accumulation of fluid)

Answer 50

Dilutes toxin secreted by bacteria by bringing oxygen, nutrients and antibodies from blood to help fight infection

Question 51

Regeneration

Answer 51

Replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue

Question 52

Fibrosis

Answer 52

Proliferation of scar tissue

Question 53

Organization

Answer 53

Clot is replaced by granulation tissue

Question 54

Muscle tissue is a...

Answer 54

composite tissue

Question 55

loose connective tissue

Answer 55

- areolar - adipose - reticular

Question 56

dense connective tissue

Answer 56

- regular - irregular - elastic