ANAT NOTES 6 PART 1

Question 1

three subcategories of the skull

Answer 1

• face
• cranium
• associated bones

Question 2

how many bones in the skull?

Answer 2

29

Question 3

what’s the only movable bone in the skull?

Answer 3

mandible

Question 4

where does the spinal cord depart from?

Answer 4

foramen (opening) magnum

Question 5

what is the skeletal system made of?

Answer 5

• skeletal bones
• cartilage
• ligaments (connect bone to bone)
• connective tissue to stabilize the skeleton

Question 6

where can you find fibrocartilage?

Answer 6

pubic symphysis, menisci of knee

Question 7

what cartilage is an intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage?

Answer 7

fibrocartilage

Question 8

what is the most abundant cartilage?

Answer 8

hyaline cartilage

Question 9

where can you find elastic cartilage?

Answer 9

epiglottis and cartilage of external ear

Question 10

trabeculae

Answer 10

lining within spongy bone

Question 11

bone marking

Answer 11

wherever muscle attach to bone

Question 12

facet

Answer 12

bone binds to other bone

Question 13

condyle

Answer 13

joints that connect

Question 14

why are spongy bones easy to break?

Answer 14

• less complex than compact bone

- too small to contain osteons

Question 15

hormone that is key for development

Answer 15

growth hormone

Question 16

why do you need surgery for a fractured bone?

Answer 16

prevent small pieces of the bone to enter the bloodstream that may carry to the brain or heart

Question 17

osteoporosis

Answer 17

deposit of calcium is low which can lead to fracture of bone

Question 18

osteomalacia

Answer 18

occurs in adults - bones are inadequately mineralized

Question 19

rickets

Answer 19

occurs in children - analogous to osteomalacia

Question 20

articular cartilages

Answer 20

covers the ends of most bones at movable joints

Question 21

costal cartilage

Answer 21

connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

Question 22

movement in bones

Answer 22

skeletal muscles use bones as levers

Question 23

blood cell formation in bones

Answer 23

red (blood cells) and yellow (fat) bone marrow

Question 24

energy metabolism in bones

Answer 24

osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin

Question 25

osteocalcin

Answer 25

stimulates pancreatic secretions that reduce blood sugar levels (insulin)

Question 26

osteogenic cells

Answer 26

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

Question 27

osteoblasts

Answer 27

actively produce and secrete bone matrix A.K.A. osteoid

Question 28

osteocytes

Answer 28

keep bone matrix healthy

Question 29

classification of bones

Answer 29

long, short, flat, irregular

Question 30

where is bone marrow found?

Answer 30

open spaces between trabeculae A.K.A spongy bone

Question 31

compact bone vs. spongy (cancellous) bone

Answer 31

dense outer layer of bone vs. internal network of bone

Question 32

what does the structure of a typical long bone consist of?

Answer 32

- diaphysis - epiphyses - blood vessels - medullary cavity - membranes

Question 33

diaphysis

Answer 33

"shaft" of a bone

Question 34

epiphyses

Answer 34

ends of a bone

Question 35

medullary cavity

Answer 35

hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow

Question 36

microscopic structure of compact bone

Answer 36

contains passageways for blood vessels and nerves

Question 37

osteons

Answer 37

long cylindrical structures in compact bone that provides support (structurally resemble rings of a tree in cross section)

Question 38

microscopic structure of spongy bone

Answer 38

trabeculae contain layers of lamellae and osteocytes; too small to contain osteons

Question 39

ossification (osteogenesis)

Answer 39

bone tissue formation

Question 40

membrane bones are formed directly from...

Answer 40

mesenchyme

Question 41

osteoclast

Answer 41

a bone degrading cell - contains many nuclei - crawls along bone surfaces and breaks down bone tissue

Question 42

closed reduction

Answer 42

bone ends are coaxed back into position by the physician's hands

Question 43

open reduction

Answer 43

bone ends are joined surgically with pins or wires

Question 44

what produces growth hormone?

Answer 44

pituitary gland

Question 45

thyroid hormone

Answer 45

ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions

Question 46

sex hormones

Answer 46

- promote bone growth | - later induces closure of epiphyseal plates

Question 47

growth hormone stimulates...

Answer 47

epiphyseal plates

Question 48

at what age does the skeleton grow until?

Answer 48

18-21

Question 49

skeleton in children and adolescents

Answer 49

bone formation>bone reabsorption

Question 50

skeleton in young adults

Answer 50

bone formation=bone reabsoprtion

Question 51

skeleton in the elderly

Answer 51

bone formation

Question 52

when does osteoporosis often occur?

Answer 52

women after menopause (late twenties)