ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY Flashcards
(309 cards)
1
Q
Most common tumor of men aged 15-34 yo and cause approximately 10% of all cancer deaths
A
Testicular germ cell tumors
2
Q
Most common type of germ cell tumor (50%)
A
Seminomas
3
Q
Most common mesenchymal tumor/neoplasm
A
Superficial Lipoma
4
Q
Most common form of invasive breast cancer (2)
A
-ER positive
-HER2/neu negative
5
Q
Most common type of ER+/Her2- detected by mammographic screening in women treated with menopausal hormone therapy
A
ER+/Her2-, Low proliferation
6
Q
Most common type of carcinoma associated with BRCA2 germline mutations
A
ER+/Her2-, High proliferation
7
Q
Most common molecular subtype of invasive breast cancer
A
HER2/neu positive
8
Q
Most common type of breast carcinoma to present as an occult primary
A
Lobular carcinoma
9
Q
Principal clinical features of extravascular hemolysis
A
-Anemia
-Splenomegaly
-Jaundice
10
Q
Most specific morphologic finding in Hereditary Spherocytosis
A
Spherocytosis
11
Q
Major pathologic manifestations of Sickle cell disease (3)
A
-Chronic hemolysis
-Microvascular occlusions
-Tissue damage
12
Q
Most common cause of patient morbidity and mortality in Sickle cell disease
A
Vaso-occlusive crises
13
Q
Most common cause of B+-thalassemia
A
Splicing mutations
14
Q
Most common cause of B0-thalassemia
A
Chain terminator mutations
15
Q
Most common type of chain terminator mutation in B0-thalassemia
A
creating a new stop codon within an exon
16
Q
Most common cause of reduced alpha-chain synthesis in alpha-thalassemia
A
Gene deletion
17
Q
Most severe form of alpha-thalassemia
A
Hydrops fetalis
18
Q
Only hemolytic anemia caused by an acquired genetic defect
A
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
19
Q
Most important deficient GP1-linked protein in PNH blood cells
A
CD59 or Membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL)
20
Q
Leading cause of disease-related death in individuals with PNH
A
Thrombosis
21
Q
Most common form of immunohemolytic anemia
A
Warm antibody type
22
Q
Most significant hemolysis caused by trauma to red cells is seen in individuals with (2)
A
-Cardiac valve prostheses
-Microangiopathic disorders
23
Q
Most common and important anemias associated with red cell underproduction (3)
A
-Nutritional deficiencies
-Secondary to renal failure
-Chronic inflammation
24
Q
Major form of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
A
Pernicious anemia
25
Most characteristic alteration in the stomach of patients with pernicious anemia
Fundic gland atrophy
26
Two most common forms of DNA variation in human genome
-Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
-Copy number variations (CNVs)
27
Major structural protein of caveolae
Caveolin
28
Most abundant cytosolic protein in cells
globular protein actin (G-actin)
29
Initial site for the synthesis of all molecules destined for export out of the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
30
Most important inducer of VEGF production
Hypoxia
31
Most important receptor for angiogenesis
VEGFR2
32
Major component of the interstitial ECM
Fibronectin
33
Major constituent of basement membrane
Laminin
34
Best assessment of the morphology of hematopoietic cells
Marrow aspirate smers
35
Most common cause of agranulocytosis
Drug toxicity
36
Most common lesions encountered in the ovary (2)
-Functional or benign cysts
-Tumors
37
Most primary ovarian neoplasms arise from...
mullerian epithelium
38
Most common malignant ovarian tumors
Serous tumors
39
Most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle
increased workload
40
Most common epithelial metaplasia
Columnar to Squamous
41
Hallmarks of reversible injury (2)
-reduced oxidative phosphorylation with resultant depletion of energy stores in the form of ATP
-Cellular swelling caused by changes in ion concentrations and water influx
42
First manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells
Cellular swelling
43
Major causes of ATP depletion (3)
-reduced supply of oxygen and nutrients
-mitochondrial damage
-actions of some toxins (e.g. cyanide)
44
Most reactive oxygen-derived free radical
-Hyroxyl radical (OH-)
45
Principal ROS responsible for damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA
-Hydroxyl radical (OH-)
46
Most important sites of membrane damage during cell injury (3)
-mitochondrial membrane
-plasma membrane
-membranes of lysosomes
47
Two phenomena consistently characterize irreversibility
-inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction (lack of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation) even after resolution of the original injury
-profound disturbances in membrane function
48
Most common type of cell injury in clinical medicine
Ischemia
49
Most characteristic feature of apoptosis
Chromatin condensation
50
Major mechanism of apoptosis in all mammalian cells
Mitochondrial pathway (intrinsic)
51
Most common genetic abnormality found in human cancers
mutation of TP53
52
Principal functional unit of the CNS
Neuron
53
Earliest morphologic markers of neuronal cell death
Acute neuronal injury ("red neurons")
54
Most important histopathologic indicator of CNS injury, regardless of etiology
Gliosis
55
Second most common bone sarcoma in children
Ewing sarcoma of bone
56
Most common type of primary bone lymphoma in adults
Large B-cell Lymphoma
57
Most important activator of Factor IX in vivo
Factor VIIa/TF complex
58
Most important activator of Factor X in vivo
Factor IXa/Factor VIIIa complex
59
Most important coagulation factor
Thrombin
60
Potent inducer of platelet activation and aggregation through its ability to activate PARs
Thrombin
61
Most important plasminogen activator
t-PA
62
Most common form of thromboembolic disease
Pulmonary emboli
63
Most important independent risk factor for atherosclerosis
Family history
64
Most common cause of LVH
Chronic hypertension
65
Two most important causes of endothelial dysfunction
-Hemodynamic disturbances
-Hypercholesterolemia
66
Most common malignancy of the GI tract and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide
Adenocarcinoma of the colon
67
Two most important prognostic factor in colon adenocarcinoma
-Depth of invasion
-Presence of lymph node metastases
68
Most common site of metastatic colon adenocarcinoma
Liver
69
Hallmark of malignancy
Anaplasia or Lack of Differentiation
70
Most reliable feature that differentiates cancers from benign tumors
Invasiveness
71
Most common pathway for the initial dissemination of Carcinomas
Lymphatic spread
72
Most common causes of significant fatty change in the liver (fatty liver) in developed nations
-Alcohol abuse
-Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease which is often associated with Diabetes and Obesity
73
Most common exogenous pigment
Carbon (coal dust)
74
Only endogenous brown-black pigment
Melanin
75
Major participants in the inflammatory reaction in tissues
-Blood vessels
-Leukocytes
76
Hallmarks of Acute inflammation
-Rubor (redness)
-Tumor (swelling)
-Calor (heat)
-Dolor (pain)
-Functio laesa (Loss of function)
77
Most common mechanism of vascular leakage
contraction of endothelial cells resulting in increased interendothelial spaces
78
Most common exogenous agent of chemotaxis
Bacterial products
79
Most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils
H2O2-MPO-Halide system
80
Major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase
alpha1-antitrypsin
81
Two major vasoactive amines
-Histamin
-Serotonin
82
Richest source of histamine
Mast cells
83
Major prostaglandin made by mast cells
PGD2
84
Potent chemotactic agent and activator of neutrophils causing aggregation and adhesion of the cells to venular endothelium, generation of ROS, and release of lysosomal enzymes
LTB4
85
Morphologic hallmarks of Acute inflammatory reactions (2)
-Dilatation of small blood vessels
-Accumulation of leukocytes and fluid in the extravascular tissue
86
Most frequent cause of purulent (suppurative) inflammation
Infection with bacteria that cause liquefactive tissue necrosis
87
Dominant cells in most chronic inflammatory reactions
Macrophages
88
Most common cause of defective inflammation
Leukocyte deficiency resulting from:
-replacement of the bone marrow by leukemias and metastatic tumors
-suppression of the marrow by therapies for cancer and graft rejection
89
Most important stem cells for regeneration after injury (in adults)
Tissue stem cells
90
Most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B)
91
Main source of collagen in lungs and kidneys
Myofibroblasts
92
Major collagen producers in liver cirrhosis
stellate cells
93
Most important cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society
Cardiovascular disease
94
Most common form of thromboembolic disease
Pulmonary embolism
95
5th most common cause of maternal mortality worldwide
Amniotic fluid embolism
96
Dominant histologic characteristic of infarction
ischemic coagulative necrosis
97
Most important determinant of whether vessel occlusion will cause tissue damage
Availability of an alternative blood supply
98
Make up the largest category of Mendelian disorders
Autosomal recessive traits
99
The principal functional unit of the CNS
Neuron
100
Gliosis is characterized by both __ and __ of astrocytes
Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
101
other name of Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
102
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Ventricular system is obstructed
Noncommunicating
103
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Does not communicate with the subarachnoid space
Noncommunicating
104
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Example is a mass in the 3rd ventricle
Noncommunicating
105
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Ventricular system is in communication with the subarachnoid space
Communicating
106
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Enlargement of the entire ventricular system
Communicating
107
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Smooth surface form
Type 1
108
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Associated with mutations that disrupt the signaling for migration and the cytoskeletal "motor" proteins that divide migration of neuroblasts
Type 1
109
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Rough or cobblestoned surfaced form
Type 2
110
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Associated with genetic alterations that disrupt the "stop signal" for migration
Type 2
111
Major determinants of the consequences of CNS trauma (2):
-Anatomic location of the lesion
-Limited capacity of the brain for functional repair
112
Most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality from neurologic disease
Stroke
113
How many percent of the body weight is the brain?
1-2%
114
How much (in percent) of the resting cardiac output does the brain receive?
15%
115
How much (in percent) of the body's oxygen consumption does the brain consume?
20%
116
Most sensitive CNS cells
Neurons
117
Most sensitive neurons in the brain (3)
-Pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus (especially area CA1, also referred to as Sommer sector)
-Cerebellar purkinje cells
-Pyramidal neurons in cerebral cortex
118
Major source of collateral flow in the brain
Circle of Willis
119
Most common culprit of embolism to the brain
Cardiac mural thrombi
120
Most common association of thrombotic occlusions (2)
-Atherosclerosis
-Plaque rupture
121
Most common sites of thrombotic occlusions to the brain (3)
-Carotid bifurcation
-Origin of the MCA
-either end of the basilar artery
122
Most important effects of hypertension on the brain (4)
-Lacunar infarcts
-Slit hemorrhages
-Hypertensive encephalopathy
-Massive hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage
123
Risk factor most commonly associated with deep brain parenchymal hemorrhages
Hypertension
124
Risk factor most commonly associated with lobar hemorrhages
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)
125
Most frequent cause of clinically significant subarachnoid hemorrhage
rupture of a saccular ("Berry") aneurysm in a cerebral artery
126
Most common type of intracranial aneurysm
Saccular aneurysm
127
Most common type of clinically significant vascular malformation
Arteriovenous malformation
128
Most common site of AVM
territory of the MCA, particularly its posterior branches
129
Most common entrance of microbes to the CNS
Hematogenous spread
130
Most common etiology of Acute aseptic (viral) Meningitis
Enteroviruses (80% of cases)
131
Most common offending organisms identified in non-immunosuppressed patients with brain abscess
Streptococci and Staphylococci
132
Most serious complications of chronic tuberculous meningitis (2)
-Arachnoid fibrosis which could lead to hydrocephalus
-Obliterative endarteritis which could lead to arterial occlusion or infarction of underlying brain
133
Most common pattern of tuberculous involvement in the brain
Diffuse meningoencephalitis
134
Major patterns of CNS involvement of neurosyphilis (3)
-Meningovascular (common in HIV patients)
-Paretic
-Tabes dorsalis
135
Permanent neurologic residue of Poliomyelitis
Flaccid paralysis
-muscle wasting
-hyporeflexia
136
Pathognomonic microscopic finding in rabies
Negri bodies
137
Principal pathologic effect of JC polyomavirus
Demyelination
138
Three main forms of injury in fungal infection in the CNS
-Chronic meningitis
-Vasculitis
-Parenchymal invasion
139
Most commonly encountered fungi that invade the brain
-Candida
-Cryptococcus
140
Most common prion disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
141
Pathognomonic finding in CJD
Spongiform transformation of the cerebral cortex
142
Most striking alteration of Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)
-Neuronal loss
-Reactive gliosis
143
Where can you find the most striking alteration of FFI
Anterior ventral and Dorsomedial nuclei of the Thalamus
144
Most common group of primary brain tumors
Gliomas
145
Most common type associated with secondary glioblastoma
Proneural type
146
Characteristic findings in Pilocytic Astrocytomas
-Rosenthal fibers
-Eosinophilic granular bodies
147
Most common genetic alterations in oligodendrogliomas
mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase genes (IDH1 and IDH 2)
148
Most common location of ependymomas in adults
Spinal cord
149
Most common of the neuronal tumors of the CNS
Gangliogliomas
150
Most common poorly differentiated neoplasms in CNS
Medulloblastoma
151
Hallmark of rhabdoid tumor
consistent genetic alterations in Chromosome 22
152
Most common CNS neoplasm in immunosuppressed individuals
Primary CNS Lymphoma
153
Most common histologic group of primary CNS lymphoma
DLBCL
154
Most common cytogenetic abnormality in meningioma
loss of chromosome 22, especially the long arm (22q)
155
Five most common primary sites of origin of metastasis to the CNS
-Lung
-Breast
-Skin (melanoma)
-Kidney
-GIT
156
Most frequent clinical manifestations of Tuberous sclerosis complex (3)
-Seizures
-Autism
-Mental retardation
157
other name of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1 (MEN1)
Wermer syndrome
158
other name of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A (MEN2A)
Sipple syndrome
159
Also known as Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML)
Rosai-Dorfman Disease
160
this disease presents in its most typical form as massive, painless, bilateral lymph node enlargement in the neck, associated with fever, leukocytosis, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia
Rosai-Dorfman Disease
161
hallmark genetic change of Burkitt Lymphoma
t(8;14), t(2;8), or t(8;22)
162
cytogenetic abnormality in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance
t(17;22) (q22;q15)
163
most common primary heart tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
-May be a hamartoma rather than a true neoplasm because they regress spontaneously
164
Spermatocytic seminomas occur most frequently in this age group
65 or older
165
Most common form of testicular cancer in children, especially infants
Yolk sac tumor
166
Most common secondary testicular tumor:
Lymphoma
167
matrix protein specific to bones
Osteopontin
168
Benign but locally aggressive neoplasm with large numbers of osteoclast-like giant cells in background of epithelioid to spindle shaped mononuclear cells
Osteoclastoma
169
Glandular neoplastic lesion of the vulva which has a histologic appearance similar to that of intraductal papilloma of the breast.
Papillary hidradenoma
170
most common gene mutation/genetic abnormality associated with type II endometrial carcinoma
TP53
171
antibody isotypes present on the surface of all mature, naïve B cells
IgM and IgD
172
most common and important group of extra-adrenal paragangliomas
Carotid body paraganglioma
173
the syndrome associated with PTEN mutation that presents with benign follicular appendage tumors (trichilemmomas) and adenocarcinomas, often of the breast, endometrium and thyroid.
Cowden syndrome
174
This type of Endometrial Carcinoma includes high grade aggressive carcinomas such as Serous Carcinoma, Clear Cell carcinomas and even Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumors
Type II
175
most common cause of intestinal obstruction worldwide:
Herniation
176
two closely related genetic disorders involving deletion of q12 band on the long arm of chromosome 15
Prader Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome
177
Most common genetic disorder causing mental retardation
Trisomy 21
178
2nd most common genetic disorder causing mental retardation
Fragile X syndrome
179
Autopsy technique that involves one-by- one removal of organs
Virchow technique
("Vir-chop-chop")
180
Autopsy techinque that involves a combination of “in situ” dissection and removal of organ blocks
Rokitansky technique
("Rokitan-situ")
181
Autopsy technique that involves “en bloc” removal of the thoracic, cervical, abdominal and urogenital organs
Ghon technique
("Ghon complex")
182
Autopsy technique that involves “en mass” removal of the thoracic, cervical, abdominal and pelvic organs with subsequent dissection into organ blocks
Letulle technique
183
A fluid-phase process during which the plasma membrane invaginates and is pinched off to form a coated cytoplasmic vesicle
Pinocytosis
184
most frequent pre-existing histologically detectable lesion in aortic dissection
Cystic medial degeneration
185
vasculitide that has the highest association (30%) with chronic hepatitis B infection
Polyarteritis nodosa
186
most common cause of right-sided heart failure
Left-sided heart failure
187
hallmark of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) of the mycosis fungoides type
Sezary-Lutzner cells
188
This immunostain best demonstrates Sustentacular cells in Phreochromocytoma
S-100
189
also known as Ormund disease
Retroperitoneal Idiopathic Sclerosis
190
This glomerular disease is characterized by diffuse thickening of the capillary wall on routine histologic sections and subepithelial spikes on electron microscopy which are immune complex deposits effacing the foot processes of the visceral epithelium
Membranous Nephropathy
191
Malabsorption disease due to to defective lymphatic transport
Whipple disease
192
A disorder associated with excessive secretion of transforming growth factor alpha
Menetrier disease
193
Most frequent benign bone tumor
Osteochondroma
194
This hyperplastic lesion is the most common oral mucosal mass submitted for biopsy and is usually composed of types I and III collagen
Irritation fibroma
195
second most common salivary gland tumor
Warthin tumor
196
Macrophages with abundant cytoplasm containing dusty brown pigment are also known as
Smoker's marcophages
197
PASH is stromal __ proliferation
Myofibroblastic
198
Atypical vascular lesion can be distinguished from Angiosarcoma by:
MYC amplification
199
Angiosarcoma of the breast is most common as:
After radiation therapy
200
Myofibroblastoma of breast stains positive for (4)
-CD34
-ER/PR
-Desmin
-Vimentin
201
True/False:
Major differentials of mesenchymal tumors like desmoid fibromatosis/nodular fasciitis of breast are metaplastic carcinoma
TRUE
202
Desmoid tumors of the breast occurs (2):
-Sporadically
-Associated with Trauma
203
Neurofibromas of breast are:
associated with NF1
204
Granular cell tumor of the breast most commonly occurs in:
Female
205
TRUE/FALSE:
In cases of radical nephrectomy for kidney tumors, regional lymph nodes should always be excised
FALSE
206
Sarcomatoid morphology is found in what subtype of renal cell carcinoma
-Clear cell
-Chromophobe
-Collecting duct
207
As per CAP, which system should be used to determine the tumor nuclear grade in kidney tumors
ISUP system
208
Most common primary lymphoma of breast
DLBCL
209
The association of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with pheochromocytoma with or without parathyroid hyperplasia or adenoma is called:
Sipple syndrome
210
The most preventable cause of human death
Smoking
211
A form of malnutrition in children with combined severe protein and energy deficiency
Marasmus
212
A form of malnutrition in children with severe protein deficiency but with relatively spared calorie intake
Kwashiorkor
213
the major metabolite of alcohol, and is responsible for many of the
toxic effects
Acetaldehyde
214
the major enzyme responsible for metabolizing alcohol
Alcohol dehydrogenase
215
most common form of angina and is caused by an imbalance in coronary perfusion (due to chronic stenosing coronary atherosclerosis) relative to myocardial demand, such as that produced by physical activity, emotional excitement or psychological stress
Stable or Typical angina
216
These are clusters of Sezary-Lutzner cells (atypical T cells) found within the superficial epidermis in mycosis fungoides
Pautrier microabscesses
217
These are necrotic and eosinophilic basal cells that appear to interface with the inflamed papillary dermis in lichen planus
Civatte or Colloid Bodies
218
This type of malignant melanoma is characterized by proliferation of intraepidermal atypical melanocytes that appear dendritic and bizarre with a hyperplastic overlying epidermis, and widened and inflamed dermal papillae
Lentiginous melanoma
219
a useful differentiator for Basal cell carcinoma vs. skin adnexal tumors and SCCa which typically show staining of stromal cells only
CD10
220
results from rupture of small vessel from pooling of blood after the circulation ceases
Tardieu spots
221
Salivary gland that is mixed (serous and mucous) but is predominantly mucous in type
Sublingual gland
222
Gene mutated in mucinous tumors of the ovary irregardless if it is benign, borderline, or malignant
KRAS
223
ovarian malignancy most commonly associated with ovarian or pelvic endometriosis
Clear cell carcinoma
224
Gene mutated (somatic mutation) in Fibrous dysplasia
GNAS1
225
Most commonly, this syndrome presents clinically as precocious sexual development in girls
McCune-Albright syndrome
226
This syndrome presents with skeletal features of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with skeletal deformities identified in childhood
Mazabraud syndrome
-Intramuscular myxomas often present in adulthood in the same anatomic region as existing fibrous dysplasia
227
most common urinary bladder malignant tumor in children
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
228
leakage of sperm into the interstitium, causing a granulomatous reaction and is induced by trauma or inflammation
Epididymitis nodosa (spermatic granuloma)
229
Subtype of liposarcoma which contains abundant basophilic extracellular matrix, arborizing capillaries and primitive cells at various stages of adipocyte differentiation reminiscent of fetal fat
Myxoid Liposarcoma
230
This demyelinating peripheral neuropathy is characterized clinically by weakness beginning in the distal limbs that rapidly advances to affect proximal muscle function ("ascending paralysis"). This may lead to life-threatening respiratory paralysis
Guillain-Barre syndrome or Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
231
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure
232
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Solitary parathyroid adenoma arising in the nonfamilial setting
233
Most common cause of hyperpituitarism
Pituitary adenoma
234
The rate of tissue fixation (Buffered formalin) expressed in metric distance to time
1 mm per hour
235
second most common congenital cardiac malformation
Atrial septal defect
236
most common site of esophageal carcinomas
Distal third
237
segment of the small intestine more prone to develop adenocarcinoma
Duodenum
238
variant of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis that is commonly associated with a brain tumor (medulloblastoma)
Turcot syndrome
239
This type of ovarian epithelial tumor usually progress from benign tumors through borderline tumors that may give rise to a low-grade carcinoma:
Type I tumors (Low-grade serous, endometrioid, and mucinous)
240
the neoplastic alteration of the terminal-duct lobular units characterized by replacement of the native epithelial cells by one to several layers of a single epithelial cell type showing low-grade (monomorphic) cytological atypia
Flat Epithelial Atypia
241
neoplastic proliferation of epithelial cells confined to the mammary ductal-lobular system and characterized by subtle to marked cytological atypia and an inherent but not necessarily obligate tendency for progression to invasive breast cancer
DCIS
242
Oncogene and Tumor suppressor genes associated with invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
-KRAS (oncogene)
-CDKN2A (TSG)
243
This is a failure of fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic primordia, and is said to be the most
common congenital pancreatic abnormality
Pancreas Divisum
244
atrophy of brain due to decrease in blood supply due to atherosclerotic lesions
Senile atrophy
245
This disease is associated with toxic exposures to cadmium and is characterized by osteomalacia and osteoporosis
Itai-itai
246
A disease caused by an enzyme deficiency in Sphingomyelinase
Niemann-Pick disease
247
A disease caused by hexosaminase A deficiency
Tay-Sach disease
248
A disease cause by Glucocerebrosidase deficiency
Gaucher disease
249
Deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase
Von Gierke disease
250
Circumscribed, flat lesion distinguished from surrounding skin by color and measuring 5 mm in diameter:
Macule
251
Melanocytic nevus with lymphocytic infiltration surrounding nevus cells
Halo nevus
252
Infiltrative atypical lymphocytes that form bandlike aggregates within the superficial dermis and invade the epidermis as single cells and small clusters is seen in:
Mycosis fungoides
253
Dialysis-related amyloidosis is caused by deposition of:
fibrillar ß2-microglobulin (amyloid ß2M)
254
Average growth rate of gallstones
1-2 mm/year
255
most common type of biliary atresia
Acquired
256
The physiological derangement set in motion by the causes of death that leads to the cessation of cellular electrical activity
Mechanism of Death
257
most common plasma cell dyscrasia
Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance
258
Most common site of implantation of tubal pregnancy
Ampulla
259
Also known as Lindsay tumor
Papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular variant
260
Most common GIT segment involved by eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Stomach
261
Mandibular intraosseous lesion described microscopically as "ginger root" pattern
Cementoma
262
hallmark of osteoporosis
Histologically normal bone that is decreased in quantity
263
defined as a low-grade chondrosarcoma with a second, high-grade component that does not produce cartilage
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma
264
contains sheets of large, malignant chondrocytes that have abundant clear cytoplasm, numerous osteoclast-type giant cells, and intralesional reactive bone formation, which often causes confusion with osteosarcoma
Clear cell chondrosarcoma
265
composed of islands of well-differentiated hyaline cartilage surrounded by sheets of small round cells, which can mimic Ewing sarcoma
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
266
Lesions where you can find Eosinophilic Granular Bodies (EGB)
-Pilocytic Astrocytoma
-Ganglion cell tumors
-Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
267
This occurs when the restoration of blood flow to ischemic but viable tissues results, paradoxically, in the death of cells that are not otherwise irreversibly injured
Ischemia-Reperfusion injury
268
This cytokine is released from activated macrophages and is mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts. It also stimulates keratinocyte migration and granulation tissued formation.
EGF
269
Results from secondary destruction of a structure that was previously normal in development
Disruption
270
Represents extrinsic disturbance of development due to localized or generalized compression of the growing fetus by abnormal biomechanical forces
Deformation
271
Represents a primary error of morphogenesis, in which there is intrinsically abnormal developmental process
Malformation
272
Most common cause of hypogonadism in males
Klinefelter syndrome
273
Most common etiologic agent of infective endocarditis
Staphylococcus aureus
274
Most common pediatric tumor of the heart
Rhabdomyoma
275
most common outcome of the most common pediatric tumor of the heart
Spontaneous regression
276
thymoma subtype that has the highest likelihood of invasion
B3
277
most common location of accessory or supernumerary spleens
Splenic Hilum
278
a skin lesion associated with tuberculosis but typically devoid of organisms, seen in both adults and children, and is characterized microscopically by dermal necrosis, a poorly formed granulomatous infiltrate, vasculitis, and edema
Papulonecrotic tuberculid
279
a reactivation type of tuberculosis which generally involves the face
Lupus vulgaris
280
a form of tuberculid presenting as recurrent tender subcutaneous nodules that occur mainly on the calves of women with tuberculin hypersensitivity
Erythema induratum (of Bazin)
281
Skin manifestation pathognomonic to Lyme disease
Erythema chronicum migrans
282
generally multiple, yellowish, papulonodular lesions that occur chiefly on the neck and face (particularly lower eyelids) of women. Microscopically, these tumors are formed by clusters of small ducts lined by epithelium two cells thick, occasionally with comma-shaped extensions
Syringoma
283
occur chiefly on the palms and soles but have been reported in many other sites. They often show a moat and hillock pattern and, histologically, are characterized by a sharp junction between the proliferating, nonpigmented, small keratinocytes and the adjacent epidermis.
Eccrine poromas
284
typically presents as a dome-shaped lesion with a central crater filled with keratin
Keratoacanthoma
285
The disorder results from deficiency of a conjugation enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1).
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
286
Constant parathyroid finding in patients with MEN types 1 and 2a
Primary chief hyperplasia
287
A distinct morphologic feature of this follicular neoplasm of the thyroid is the presence of “cytoplasmic yellow body” which is a round pale yellow cytoplasmic inclusion in a paranuclear location having a refractile quality and detectable both in tissue sections and in fine needle aspiration smears
Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma
288
salivary gland which has the highest percentage of developing a cancerous tumor
Sublingual gland
289
most common site of cancer involving the Sinonasal cavities
Maxillary sinus
290
Its other name is osteopetrosis or marble bone disease
Albers–Schönberg disease
291
multiple enchondromas with soft tissue hemangiomas
Maffucci syndrome
292
Multiple enchondromas having a predominantly unilateral distribution
Ollier's disease
293
Tuberous sclerosis (3)
-subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
-cortical hamartomas
-subependymal nodules
294
Neurofibromatosis 2 (2)
-Bilateral vestibular schwannomas
-multiple meningiomas and gliomas e.g. spinal ependymoma
295
Neurofibromatosis 1 (4)
-Neurofibromas of the peripheral nerves
-optic nerve gliomas
-lisch nodules
-café au lait spots
296
Von-Hippel Lindau disease (4)
-Hemangioblastoma of the cerebellum and retina
-pancreatic, liver and renal cysts
-renal cell CA
-pheochromocytoma
297
Endometriosis + Endosalpingiosis + Endocervicosis =
Mullerianosis
298
causative agent of verruca vulgaris
HPV 2
299
In classifying glomerular diseases by distribution, when a single glomerulus is affected and the lesion involves only a part of the glomerulus, this is classified as:
Segmental
300
This is the most common (60-70%) dysplastic lesion of the renal artery characterized by "string of beads" morphology with alternating stenosis and mural thinning.
Medial fibroplasia with aneurysms
301
Most common type of odontogenic tumor
Odontoma
302
Most common form of Schneiderian papillomas
Exophytic
303
The three main factors that influence the origins of nasopharyngeal carcinomas:
-Age
-Heredity
-EBV infection
304
Typical location of giant cell tumor of the bone
Epiphysis
305
This is regarded as the extra-articular counterpart of pigmented villonodular synovitis
Diffuse Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
306
Most common congenital anomaly of the pancreas
Pancreas divisum
307
Vitamin deficient in patients with diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia
Vitamin B3
308
This UV penetrate more into the deep layers of the skin and may lead to premature skin aging
UVA
309
Most common uterine sarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
