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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Cribriform foramina in cribriform plate

A 
Olfactory nerve (CN I) 
Anterior ethmoidal nerves

Anterior cranial fossa
Ethmoid bone

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2
Q

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

A

Cribriform foramina in cribriform plate

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3
Q

Anterior ethmoidal nerves

A

Cribriform foramina in cribriform plate

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4
Q

Optic canal

A 
Optic nerve (CN II) 
Ophthalmic artery

Middle cranial fossa
Sphenoid bone

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5
Q

Optic nerve (CN II)

A

Optic canal

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6
Q

Ophthalmic artery

A

Optic canal

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7
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve- branch of ophthalmic nerve of trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Superior ophthalmic vein
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Nasociliary nerve- branch of ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
A branch of the Inferior ophthalmic vein

Middle cranial fossa
Sphenoid bone

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8
Q

Lacrimal nerve

A

Superior orbital fissure

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9
Q

Frontal nerve- branch of ophthalmic nerve of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A

Superior orbital fissure

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10
Q

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

A

Superior orbital fissure

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11
Q

Superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)

A

Superior orbital fissure

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12
Q

Nasociliary nerve- branch of ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)

A

Superior orbital fissure

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13
Q

Inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)

A

Superior orbital fissure

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14
Q

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

A

Superior orbital fissure

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15
Q

Foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Middle cranial fossa
Sphenoid bone

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16
Q

Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A

Foramen rotundum

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17
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Middle cranial fossa
Sphenoid bone

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18
Q

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A

Foramen ovale

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19
Q

Foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery Middle meningeal vein Meningeal branch of CN V3

Middle cranial fossa
Sphenoid bone

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20
Q

Middle meningeal artery Middle meningeal vein

A

Foramen spinosum

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21
Q

Meningeal branch of CN V3

A

Foramen spinosum

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22
Q

Internal acoustic

meatus

A 
Facial nerve (CN VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) 
Vestibular ganglion
Labyrinthine artery

Middle cranial fossa
Petrous part of temporal bone

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23
Q

Facial nerve (CN VII)

A

Internal acoustic

meatus

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24
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

A

Internal acoustic

meatus

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25
Vestibular ganglion
Internal acoustic | meatus
26
Labyrinthine artery
Internal acoustic | meatus
27
Jugular foramen
``` Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Vagus nerve (CN X) Accessory nerve (CN XI) Jugular bulb Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses ``` Posterior cranial fossa Anterior aspect: Petrous portion of the temporal Posterior aspect: Occipital bone
28
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Jugular foramen
29
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Jugular foramen
30
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Jugular foramen
31
Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
Jugular foramen
32
Hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Posterior cranial fossa Occipital bone
33
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Hypoglossal canal
34
Foramen magnum
Vertebral arteries Medulla and meninges CN XI (spinal division) Dural vein Posterior cranial fossa Occipital bone
35
CN XI (spinal division)
Foramen magnum
36
Descirbe the C1 vertebrae
- No body - only anterior and posterior arches - no spinous process - occipital facets superiorly (occipital condyles) - groove for vertebral artery (same for C2)
37
Describe C2 vertebrae
Dens - to allow C1 to rotate | Superior articular surfaces for C1 to glide
38
Describe the cervical vertebrae (C3-C7)
- Triangular vertebral canal - Transverse foreamen --> vertebral artery - Pos. process - nuchal ligament --> investing layer
39
Describe the Cruciate Ligament
2 parts Transverse ligament --> C1 (more inf) longitudinal ligament --> C2
40
Describe the Alar Ligament
Dens and occipital condyle | - allows for nodding (atlanto-occipital)
41
Describe the Atlanto-Axial Joint
Synovial joint between dens and posterior facet of the anterior arch of C1 Synovial Bursa - Between dens and cruciate ligament movement - rotation
42
Curvatures of the spine
Cervical- lordosis Thoracic - kyphosis Lumbar- lordosis Sacral - Kyphosis (primary) , Lordosis (secondary)
43
Describe the intervertebral joints
secondary cartilaginous joints | bone - hyaline cartilage - disc - hyaline - bone
44
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?
Adults - L1/L2 | Children - L3/L4
45
At what vertebral level does the subarachnoid space end?
S2
46
How and where would a lumbar puncture be taken?
CSF at L3 and below | -Fetal position
47
What are the layers of the spinal cord punctured in a lumbar puncture.
``` Skin Subcutaneous tissue Muscle Supraspinous ligament Interspinous Ligamentum flavum Epidural space (venous plexus) Dura Arachnoid subarachnoid space ```
48
Describe the fontanelles. (with clinical applications) | When do they close?
Anterior - between frontal and parietal bones (18/12) clinical - raised ICP --> bulging state of hydration - convex (normal), concave (unhealthy) Posterior - between the occipital and parietal bones (closes first) (3/12)
49
Describe the sutures of the skull.
coronal - separates frontal and parietal saggital - separates 2 parietal bones lamboid - separates parietal and occipital
50
bregma
intersection between coronal and saggital sutures
51
lambda
intersection between lamboid and saggital sutures
52
Borders of Posterior Triangle of neck
``` ant - posterior margin of SCM pos - anterior margin of trapezius base - middle 1/3 of clavicle apex - mastoid process floor - posterior, middle and anterior scalene muscles prevertebral fascia ```
53
Contents of posterior triangle of neck
upper trunk of brachial plexus (b/w anterior and middle scalene) apex of lung - 2cm above clavicle Accessory nerve (1/3 down SCM; 2/3 down trapezius) - between them Phrenic nerve - on anterior scalene Subclavian vein - """ 3rd part of subclavian artery - between anterior and middle scalene)
54
Nerve supply to SCM
XI
55
Nerve supply to trapezius
XI
56
Blood supply to posterior triangle
thyrocervical trunk (subclavian)
57
Describe the layers of the deep cervical fascia
Investing layer - encloses deep structures - attached to nuchal ligament - around SCM and Trapezius Carotid Sheath - contains common and internal carotid arteries, vagus nerve, IJV and lymphatics Prevertebral Space - anterior carotid sheath between prevertebral muscles and esophagus/pharynx - prevertebral fascia is the floor of the posterior triangle Pretracheal fascia - encloses thyroid gland and in front of trachea Platysma Muscle - supplied by facial nerve
58
Borders of Anterior Triangle of neck
anterior border of SCM midline lower border of mandible
59
Contents of anterior triangle of neck
Anterior jugular vein larynx, trachea, thyroid stap muscles ( _hyoid muscles)
60
What vertebral level is the hyoid bone and what are its attachments?
C2 Does not articulate with any bone held by digastric and stylohyoid
61
Describe the location of the Thyrohyoid membrane
C3 | between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
62
Vertebral level of Thyroid Cartilage
C4, C5
63
formation of thyroid prominence
right and left laminae join at midline
64
Significance of superior thyroid notch
C4 biforcation of common carotid artery carotid pulse carotid sinus (baroreceptors and chemoreceptors)
65
Describe the location of the cricoid cartilage and its significance.
C5-C6 on top of trachea surface marking for esophagus articulates with inferior horns
66
location and clinical significance of cricothyroid membrane
C5 | emergency laryngotomy can be done here
67
structure of thyroid gland
2 lateral lobes - central isthmus - overlies tracheal rings 2-4
68
bloody supply of thyroid gland
superior thyroid artery (near superior laryngeal) inferior thyroid artery (near recurrent laryngeal) these anastamose with each other
69
structure and location of parathyroid glands
2 small glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid | 2 sup , 2 inf
70
blood supply to parathyroid glands
superior parathyroid - sup and inf thyroid arteries | inferior parathyroid - only inf thyroid artery
71
venous drainage of thyroid gland
superior and middle thyroid veins --> IJV --> subclavian --> brachiocephalic inferior thyroid --> brachiocephalic
72
the inferior thyroid vein is a branch of what?
thyrocervical trunk
73
what does the central sulcus divide
frontal and parietal lobes | motor and sensory cortex
74
components and function of basal ganglia
lentiform nucleus - putamen and globus pallidus substantia nigra nucleus accubens caudate subthalmic responsible for starting and stopping movement
75
nerves involved in gag reflex
IX, X, XI
76
emergence of nerves of the spinal cord
frist 7 over ( 8 cervical) | other under
77
Unlike the brain, the spinal cord does not have the layer ______.
Subdural space
78
location of white matter in the brain vs the spinal cord
brain - internal | spinal cord - external
79
what is the filum terminale
extension of pia mater into the coccyx
80
what nerve emerges between the pyramid and olives
XII
81
where does the superior ophthalmic vein end
cavernous sinus
82
which muscle opens the mouth
lateral pterygoid
83
relations of the anterior belly of digastric
lateral to the submental nodes
84
the middle meningeal artery is a branch of what artery
maxillary
85
Artery of Adamkiewicz is a branch of what artery?
segmental artery
86
what vertebral levels do the segmental arteries run?
T8-L1
87
what is the mastoid process formed from post-natally??
sternocleidomastoid muscles
88
where does the facial nerve exit the skull?
stylomastoid foreamen, behind the mastoid process
89
describe the passage of the greater occipital nerve
dorsal ramus of C2 | passes superficial to subocipital muscles, through trapezius to supply the skin of back of head and scalp
90
Describe the passage of the ansa cervicalis and what does it supply.
C1,2,3 C1 --> superior root - travels with XII C2/3 --> inferior root Strap muscles
91
From what cervical vertebrae does the phrenic nerve branch from?
C3,4,5
92
Is the phrenic nerve sensory and/or motor and what does it supply?
both sensory --> central diaphragmatic sensation motor --> keeps diaphragm alive
93
Location and contents of Erb's point
posterior border of SCM (1/2 way) and includes C2,3 contents: nerves - lesser occcipital, greater auricular and transverse cervical.
94
what muscle crosses both the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?
omohyoid
95
Many arteries run in the _____A______ layer of the brain. example ___B_____.
A - subarachnoid space | B - Basillar
96
location of the external jugular vein
behind angle of the mandible (3cm above middle 1/3 of clavicle)
97
Describe the passage of the IJV.
Runs with: Vagus Nerve (x) Internal Carotid Artery within the carotid sheath before terminating at the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
98
What vessel does the thoracic duct drain into? Where?
subclavian vein | at junction between the IJV and the subclavian
99
Collection of anterior and posterior roots at base of spine is called the
Cauda Equina
100
The globus pallidus lies between
putamen and internal capsule
101
Which muscles have 2 bellies?
``` digastric omohyoid sternocleidomastoid pectoralis major occipitofrontalis ```
102
The lateral homunculus is for the ________.
face (upper limb)
103
The medial homunculus is for the ________.
lower limb
104
What anatomical landmark does the cervical sympathetic trunk cross?
neck of 1st rib
105
How many cervical ganglia are there? what are their names?
3 superior middle inferior -- joins with T1 ganglion to form stellate ganglion
106
What is the name given to the ganglion formed as a result of the merger of the inferior and T1 ganglia?
stellate ganglion
107
What ganglia make up the stellate ganglion?
inferior cervical | T1
108
Where are the cervical ganglia located?
either side of spinal cord | within prevertebral fascia, posterior to carotid sheath
109
What are the layers of the scalp? Give a brief description if possible.
Skin Connective Tissue - dense tissue filled with blood vessels and nerves Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis muscle - 2 bellies ( frontal and occipital) Loose Areolar Tissue - barrier between muscle and bone Periosteum - Beside skull
110
what is the name given to a haemorrhage in the periosteum?
cephalhaematoma
111
What is the innervation of the posterior scalp?
greater occipital nerve of dorsal ramus of C2
112
What is the innervation of the anterior scalp?
ophthalmic nerve (Va) --> supratrochlear and supraorbital
113
What is the blood supply to the scalp?
ICA --> ophthalmic artery --> supratrochlear and supraorbital ECA --> posterior auricular, superficial temporal
114
What nerve runs with the superficial temporal artery?
Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of Vc)
115
The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of what nerve?
Vc
116
The supratrochlear artery is a branch of what artery?
ophthalmic
117
The supraorbital artery is a branch of what artery?
ophthalmic
118
The ophthalmic artery is a branch of what artery?
ICA
119
What does the ophthalmic artery and its branches supply?
scalp
120
The posterior auricular artery is a branch of what artery?
ECA
121
The superficial temporal artery is a branch of what artery?
ECA
122
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
``` Superior Thyroid lingual facial Occipital posterior auricular terminal (superficial temporal and maxillary) ```
123
The Superior Thyroid artery is a branch of what artery?
ECA
124
The lingual artery is a branch of what artery?
ECA
125
The facial artery is a branch of what artery?
ECA
126
The Occipital artery is a branch of what artery?
ECA
127
The maxillary artery is a branch of what artery?
ECA
128
What are the terminal branches of the ECA?
superficial temporal and maxillary
129
What vertebral level is the superior cervical ganglion found at?
C2,3,4
130
What vertebral level is the inferior cervical ganglion found at?
C7,8
131
What vertebral level is the middle cervical ganglion on found at?
C5,6
132
What does the superior cervical ganglion innervate?
Supplies eye, heart, pharyngeal plexus
133
What does the middle cervical ganglion innervate?
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, oesophagus
134
What does the inferior cervical ganglion innervate?
Cardiac plexus
135
Sympathetic innervation of the eye, heart, pharyngeal plexus comes from what cervical ganglion?
superior
136
Sympathetic innervation of the Pharynx, larynx, trachea, oesophagus comes from what cervical ganglion?
middle
137
Sympathetic innervation of the Cardiac plexus comes from what cervical ganglion?
inferior
138
What innervates the superior tarsal muscle?
Sympathetic specifically from T1
139
What muscle does the sympathetics of T1 innervate?
superior tarsal muscle of the eye | dilator pupillae
140
What innervates the dilator pupillae?
Sympathetic specifically from T1
141
What does the parasympathetic innervation control in the eye?
sphincter pupillae pupillary light reflexes accommodation
142
What are the main branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
143
What are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve?
Frontal --> supraorbital and supratrochlear Lacrimal Nasociliary
144
The lacrimal nerve branches off of what nerve?
ophthalmic
145
The Nasociliary nerve branches off of what nerve?
ophthalmic
146
The Frontal nerve branches off of what nerve?
ophthalmic
147
The supraorbital nerve branches off of what nerve?
ophthalmic (frontal)
148
The supratrochlear nerve branches off of what nerve?
ophthalmic (frontal)
149
What are the branches of the maxillary nerve?
Nasal and Palatine branches Infraorbital Superior alveolar
150
The Nasal and Palatine nerve branches off of what nerve?
maxillary
151
The Infraorbital nerve branches off of what nerve?
maxillary
152
The Superior alveolar nerve branches off of what nerve?
maxillary
153
What are the branches of the mandibular nerve?
Lingual Inferior alveolar Nerve to mylohyoid
154
The Lingual nerve branches off of what nerve?
mandibular
155
The Inferior alveolar nerve branches off of what nerve?
mandibular
156
The Nerve to mylohyoid branches off of what nerve?
mandibular
157
What region of the face is supplied by the ophthalmic nerve?
palpebral fissure to the vertex (middle of scalp)
158
What region of the face is supplied by the maxillary nerve?
palpebral fissure to upper lip (including zygomatic arch)
159
What region of the face is supplied by the mandibular nerve?
chin and beard region, except over the angle of the mandible and the sides of the face
160
What nerve supply is the Posterior aspect of the skull?
greater occipital nerve of dorsal ramus of C2
161
What nerves supply is this area of the face? | palpebral fissure to the vertex (middle of scalp)
ophthalmic
162
What nerves supply is this area of the face? | palpebral fissure to upper lip (including zygomatic arch)
maxillary
163
What nerves supply is this area of the face? | chin and beard region, except over the angle of the mandible and the sides of the face
mandibular
164
Describe the location of the parotid gland.
Behind the mandible
165
What anatomical structures separate the lobes of the parotid gland?
Mandible anteriorly | Mastoid posteriorly
166
How many lobes does the parotid gland have?
2
167
Describe the location of the lobes of the parotid gland.
Deep lobe - next to medial pterygoid | superficial lobe - next to the masseter
168
The masseter muscle is found next to what lobe of the parotid gland?
superficial lobe
169
The medial pterygoid muscle is found next to what lobe of the parotid gland?
Deep lobe
170
What nerve innervates the parotid gland?
articulotemporal (from VII)
171
What does the articulotemporal nerve innervate?
parotid gland
172
Describe the passage of the parotid duct.
emerges from anterior border penetrates buccinator muscle enters mouth
173
What anatomical structure pierces the buccinator muscle?
parotid duct
174
What nerve lies near to the parotid duct? what is the clinical significance?
facial --> fascial nerve palsy eg. bell's palsy (lmn)
175
Describe the passage of the facial nerve to the parotid gland as it exits the skull.
through stylomastoid foreamen of temporal bone | over anterior border of parotid
176
How many branches does the facial nerve form the pes anserius?
5
177
What are the branches of the pes anserius?
``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal Mandibular Cervical ```
178
What is the pes anserius?
from VII | forms the 5 branches (TZBMC)
179
What do the branches of the pes anserius innervate?
``` T - frontalis and occipital (occipitofrontalis) Z - orbicularis oculi (closes the eye) B - Buccinator M - Orbicularis Oris (lips) C - Platysma ```
180
What muscle closes the eye?
orbicularis oculi
181
What nerve supplies the occipitofrontalis?
Temporal branch of the pes anserius
182
What nerve supplies the orbicularis oculi?
Zygomatic branch of the pes anserius
183
What nerve supplies the Buccinator?
Buccal branch of the pes anserius
184
What nerve supplies the Orbicularis Oris?
Marginal Mandibular branch of the pes anserius
185
What nerve supplies the Platysma?
Cervical branch of the pes anserius
186
What does damage to the Orbicularis Oris lead to?
Bookie's Mouth (drooping lip)
187
What layer covers the cerebellum?
tentorium cerebelli
188
What is the significance of the tentorium cerebelli?
separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum
189
What is the function of the cerebellum?
coordination tone equilibrium
190
What is the vermis?
separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum
191
how many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?
2
192
The cerebellum lies over what foreamen of the skull?
foreamen magnum
193
What matter composes the cerebellar peduncles?
white matter
194
How many cerebellar peduncles are found in the brain?
3
195
Name the cerebellar peduncles and identify what part of the brain they join to the cerebellum.
superior - midbrain middle - pons inferior - medulla
196
What sensory pathway involves the superior cerebellar peduncle?
anterior ventral spinocerebellar pathway (double cross)
197
What sensory pathway involves the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
posterior dorsal spinocerebellar pathway (d - direct)
198
The anterior ventral spinocerebellar pathway involves which cerebellar peduncle?
superior
199
The posterior dorsal spinocerebellar pathway involves which cerebellar peduncle?
inferior
200
What are the anatomical divisions of the cerebellum?
sup --> inf rostral lobe flocculondular lobe caudal lobe
201
What the functional divisions of the cerebellum?
Vestibulocerebellum Spinocerebellum cerebrocerebellum
202
What is the oldest part of the cerebellum?
Vestibulocerebellum
203
What part of the cerebellum is separated from the rest?
Vestibulocerebellum
204
what nucleus is found in the Vestibulocerebellum?
Fastigial nucleus
205
What nerve connections does the Fastigial nucleus have and what are they responsible for?
VIII - balance | III, IV, VI - eye movements
206
Problems of the Fastigial nucleus can result in _______.
ataxia - lack of coordination, posture and eye movement
207
What part of the cerebellum involves all connections with the spinal cord?
Spinocerebellum
208
What motor tract does the Spinocerebellum involved in?
Rubrospinal
209
How many nuclei does the Spinocerebellum have?
2
210
What are the nuclei in the Spinocerebellum?
Globulose and emboliform
211
What is the largest part of the cerebellum?
cerebrocerebellum
212
What part of the cerebellum involves all connections that pass through the dentate and superior peduncle?
cerebrocerebellum
213
What connections does the spinocerebellum involve?
with spinal cord
214
What connections does the cerebrocerebellum involve?
all connections that pass through the dentate and superior peduncle
215
What tract is the cerebrocerebellum involved in?
Rubrothalamic
216
What functional part of the cerebellum is involved in the rubrothalamic tract?
Cerebrocerebellum
217
What functional part of the cerebellum is involved in the rubrospinal tract?
Spinocerebellum
218
What does damage of the cerebrocerebellum lead to?
intension tremors and nystagmus
219
What functional part(s) of the cerebellum is affected in a midline lesion?
Vestibulocerebellum | Spinocerebellum
220
What functional part(s) of the cerebellum is affected in a lateral lesion?
cerebrocerebellum
221
The cerebrocerebellum is affected in which lesion?
lateral
222
The Vestibulocerebellum is affected in which lesion?
midline
223
The Spinocerebellum is affected in which lesion?
midline
224
What is the most inferior part of the cerebellum?
tonsils
225
What separates the tonsils of the cerebellum?
uvula
226
What the clinical significance of the tonsils of the cerebellum?
Tonsilar Herniation (pushes through foreamen magnum)
227
What structures form the basal ganglia?
lentiform nucleus caudate nucleus substantia nigra ** subthalamic nucleus
228
The subthalamic nucleus is near which structure of the basal ganglia?
substantia nigra
229
What structures form the lentiform nucleus?
putamen | globus pallidus
230
What structures form the corpus striatum?
lentiform nucleus | caudate nucleus
231
The putamen and globus pallidus form what nucleus?
lentiform
232
What anatomical structure separates the caudate and lentiform nucleus?
posterior limb of internal capsule
233
What does the posterior limb of internal capsule separate?
caudate and lentiform nucleus
234
What tract is found in the genu of the internal capsule?
corticobulbar
235
What tract is found in the posterior limb of the internal capsule?
corticospinal
236
What part of the internal capsule is involved in the corticobulbar tract?
genu
237
What part of the internal capsule is involved in the corticospinal tract?
posterior limb
238
Where is the caudate nucleus found?
within lateral ventricles, around thalamus
239
What nucleus id found in the lateral ventricle?
caudate
240
What are the parts of the substantia nigra?
pars compacta | pars reticulate
241
What anatomical structure of the brain contains dopaminergic neurons?
pars compacta
242
What does a lesion in the contralateral subthalamic nucleus result in?
undesired limb movement | hemi ballismus
243
Undesired limb movement is as a result of a lesion in what nucleus?
contralateral subthalamic
244
Hemi ballismus is as a result of a lesion in what nucleus?
contralateral subthalamic
245
Play with my balls
ok
246
Muscle, Nerve, and artery of Temporal Fossa
Temporalis muscle, Deep temporal Nerve (Vc), and Superficial temporal artery
247
What osteological structure is located at the Infratemporal fossa?
Zygomatic arch
248
What forms the posterior Medial Lateral boundaries
Posterior: Mastoid Medial: Lateral Pterygoid plate Lateral: Ramus of the Mandible
249
What fissure is located in the infra temporal fossa and where is it located in relation to it. Do the same for another fossa
The pterygomaxillary and pterygopalatine fossa are both located medial to the infratemporal fossa
250
What foramen open into the infra temporal fossa and what goes through them?
Foramen Ovale which has the mandibular nerve (Vc) pass through as well as the Middle meningeal artery of the External carotid artery through the Foramen Spinosum
251
What are the muscles of mastication and what are they innervated by?
All muscles of mastication are innervated by the Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Temporalis Masseter Lateral Pterygoid muscle (Lateral Pterygoid plate) Medial Pterygoid (Medial pterygoid plate) Mylohyoid Muscle (attached to mylohyoid line on the inner aspect of the mandible) Anterior Belly of Digastric (Posterior belly by VII and not included here)
252
The mandibular Nerve gives off an anterior and a posterior branch. What do each supply?
The anterior branch supplies all motor except the Buccal Branch to the buccinator. The posterior branch is all sensory except for Mylohyoid.
253
What is the origin of the middle meningeal artery? What does it supply?
it comes from the maxillary artery (terminal branch of carotid) and supplies the Dura
254
Damage to the middle meningeal artery at the pterion causes?
Extradural Hemorrhage
255
TMJ type of joint
Atypical synovial joint as it has 2 separate compartments with an articular disc
256
What is the TMJ joint composed off
Head of the mandible and Temporal bone
257
``` What muscles of the TMJ Protrude Retract Elevate Depress ```
Protrusion: Medial and lateral pterygoid Retraction: Temporalis muscle Elevation: Temporalis and and masseter Depression: Anterior belly of digastric and mylohoid
258
What muscle attaches to the Coronoid process of the mandible
Temporalis Muscle
259
What comes out of the Mandibular Foramen?
Inferior Alveolar Nerve
260
The inferior alveolar nerve originates from
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
261
The mylohyoid line is significant as it
Traces the path of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve (Vc)
262
Trace the path of the inferior alveolar nerve
Emerges out of the Mandibular foramen, moves along the mylohyoid line and exits through the mental foramen where it becomes the mental nerve
263
Trace the path of the Lingual Nerve
The lingual nerve runs close to the inferior alveolar nerve and merges with the Chorda Tympani nerve (VII)
264
The tongue is divided into the oral and Pharyngeal part by?
Vallae Papillae
265
What supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Chorda Tympani
266
What supplies sensory innervation to the tongue
Lingual Nerve
267
What supplies taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
268
What supplies sensory innervation posterior to the Vallae Papillae
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
269
What supplies the muscles of the tongue
All muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (XII) except for the Palatoglossus which is supplied by the Vagus Nerve
270
What is the major muscle of the tongue and what is it supplied by? What muscle of the tongue is not innervated by that nerve?
Genioglossus Muscle supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (XII). Palatoglossus is supplied by the vagus nerve (X)
271
What supplies the anterior and posterior bellies of the Digastric Muscle.
Anterior supplied by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve Vc. Posterior belly supplied by the VII
272
What are the supra hyoid muscles and where do they attach? What're each of their innervations?
``` They all attach to the hyoid bone. Mylohyoid is by Vc Anterior belly of digastric Vc Posterior belly of Digastric VII Stylohyoid VII ```
273
The Submandibular gland is separated into two lobes by the
Mylohyoid muscle
274
Frenulum
Middle of tongue, prevents it from going back
275
What runs near the Submandibular Duct?
Facial artery and Lingual Nerve
276
What leaves a groove on the submandibular gland?
Facial Artery
277
Oral Anesthesia is normally conducted during Dental procedures? What nerve do they normally target and what is potentially also anesthesized
They aim for the inferior alveolar nerve (teeth) but can also affect the lingual (loss of taste and sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue) and Buccal Nerve (buccinator)
278
Damage to the lingual nerve would lead to the loss of>
Sensation and taste of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue due to its merger with chordates tympani
279
The submandibular gland is known to have more concentrated secretions than the other salivary glands. What can this cause
Stones in duct
280
What innervates the submandibular gland. What other gland does this nerve innervate?
Lingual nerve and also innervates the sublingual gland.
281
Enlargement of the submandibular gland is more prone due to the large amounts of What does this enlargement pose danger to
Lymph nodes | Lingual nerve
282
What ganglion carries innervations to the submandibular gland? What other gland?
Submandibular ganglion and sublingual gland
283
What is another name for the pterygopalatine ganglion is it a parasympathetic ganglion?
Hayfever ganglion. Yes therefore sympathetics pass through and parasympathetics synapse here
284
What nerve carries the pterygopalatine ganglion. Where does it emerge from
Maxillary Nerve (Vb) from Foramen Rotundum
285
What gland does the pteygopalatine ganglion send post-synaptic neurons to. What branch of the trigeminal nerve is used? Does it go all the way?
Lacrimal gland, Vb, no, Va
286
Where does the facial nerve originate from?
I.A.M
287
What fossa is the maxillary nerve present in? What ganglion is present there? What foramen does it come out from?
Pterygopalatine fossa, "Ganglion, and Foramen Rotundom
288
What bones make up the pterion?
Frontal, sphenoid, Parietal, temporal
289
What is the origin of the damaged artery after taking a blow to the pterion
Middle meningeal artery from maxillary artery which is a terminal branch of the external carotid artery
290
A blow to the pterion causes what type of hemorrhage
Extradural hemorrage
291
What is the falx cerebri
Separates 2 cerebral hemispheres
292
What is the tentorium cerebelli
Separates cerebellum from cerebrum and also covers the cerebellum
293
Falx Cerebelli
Separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
294
What is the Diaphragm Sellae
Covers the Sella Tursica (Pituitary fossa)
295
What is located in the sella tursica
pituitary gland
296
The dura is made of X layers. Name them. What is located in here?
2 layers. Outer periosteal Layer and inner meningeal layer. The venous sinuses are located here
297
Where are the venous sinuses located?
In my asshole, just kidding, between the two layers of the dura (outer periosteal and inner meningeal layer)
298
Explain the Posterior Venous Sinus System in whole lol.
Superior saggital Sinus runs in the Upper Falx Cerebri to the Internal Occipital protrudence. The Inferior Saggital sinus runs in the lower Falx Cerebri and is joined by the Greater Cerebral vein forming the Straight Sinus which runs in the Tentorium Cerebelli. The superior and Inferior saggital sinus meet at the occipital protrudence or the confluence of sinuses. Here, The superior saggital sinus drains into the Right transverse sinus and the Straight sinus drains into the left transverse sinus. These transverse sinuses run in a groove where the superior petrosal sinus drains into both forming the right and left sigmoid sinuses respectively. The two sigmoid sinuses finally join at the Jugular bulb over the Jugular Foramen where they become the Internal Jugular Vein.
299
The superior saggital sinus runs in the
Upper Falx Cerebri
300
The inferior saggital sinus runs in the
Lower Falx Cerebri
301
The inferior saggital sinus joins with the X to form Y which runs in the Z
X= Greater Cerebral Vein Y= Straight Sinus Z- Tentorium Cerebelli
302
The Straight sinus is composed of
Inferior saggital sinus + Greater Cerebral Vein
303
Where does the straight sinus run
Tentorium Cerebelli
304
The superior and inferior saggital sinus (or straight sinus) meet at the
Internal Occipital Protrudence
305
At the Internal Occipital Protrudence the Sinuses W and X become Y and Z Respectively
W=Superior saggital sinus X=Straight sinus (Inferior Saggital + Greater Cerebral Vein) Y= Right Transverse Sinus Z=Left Transverse Sinus
306
What vein drains into the left and right transverse sinuses
Superior petrosal Sinus from the Cavernous Sinus
307
The left transverse sinus originates from the
Inferior saggital Sinus + Greater Cerebral or just Straight Sinus
308
The Right transverse sinus originates from the
Superior Saggital Sinus
309
Once the Superior petrosal sinus drains into the left and right transverse sinuses they becomes the
right and left sigmoid sinuses
310
What forms the jugular bulb
Right and left sigmoid sinuses
311
Describe the location of the jugular bulb, what does it drain to
Over the Jugular foramen, close to the sella tursica and drains into the internal jugular vein
312
Where is the the Cavernous sinus located?
Middle cranial fossa on either side of the body of the sphenoid or the Sella Tursica
313
What veins join at the Cavernous sinus (the only one)
Ophthalmic Vein and Sphenoparietal sinus
314
What are the contents of the Cavernous sinus
Ophthalmic Vein and Sphenoparietal Sinus Internal Carotid Artery Cranial Nerves 3,4,5a,5b, and 6 (in the center)
315
What are the connections of the cavernous sinus?
Superior Petrosal Sinus runs to the Transverse/Sigmoid Sinus (which then join to form the Jugular bulb AND Inferior Petrosal Sinus which runs directly to the Jugular Bulb
316
What is the origin of the Superior Petrosal Sinus and were does it drain to
Beings at the cavernous sinus and drains into the Left and Right Transverse/sigmoud sinuses.
317
What cell lines the ventricle
Ependymal Cells
318
Ependymal Cells are part of the
Choroid plexus
319
Trace the full path of CSF
Choroid plexus > Lateral Ventricles > Foramen of Monroe > Third Ventricles > Aqueduct of Sylvius > Fourth Ventricle > Subarachnoid Space > Cisterna > Reabsorbed into Venous Sinuses by Villi
320
What lies on either side of the Third Ventricle
Thalamus
321
Where does the 4th ventricle lie?
Between the Cerebellum and Brainstem
322
Where does the CSF in the 4th ventricle drain into
Cisterns
323
What are the cisterns?
Cisterna Magna, Quadrigeminal, Lumbar, Pontocerebellar, and Interpeduncular. Dont know it? forget it
324
Where is the Circle of Willis Located?
Subarachnoid Space
325
Where are venous sinuses located?
Between the outer periosteal layer and Inner memingeal layer
326
Where does the Middle cerebral artery run
Lateral Cerebral Sulcus
327
What is located at the Middle Cranial Fossa
Cavernous sinus on either side of the middle cranial fossa
328
Trace the path of the vertebral artery until it reaches the Circle of Willis. Forget about what branches it gives off (thats for another question lol)
The arch of the aorta gives off a Brachiocephalic artery, Left Common Carotid and Left Subclavian. The Brachiocephalic Artery gives off the Right Subclavian and the Right Common Carotid Artery. The Right Subclavian (or Left Subclavian) gives rise to the Vertebral Arteries. The vertebral Artery runs through the transverse foramina from C6 to C1 before entering the foramen magnum where combines with the other vertebral artery to become the basilar artery at the Ponto-medullary junction (junction between pons and medulla). The Basilar Artery then Gives off 2 posterior cerebral arteries at the top of the pons into the circle of willis
329
Trace the Path of the Internal Carotid Artery Starting from the Brachiocephalic Artery
The common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic artery at the arch of the aorta on the right side. From there, it ascends within the carotid sheath where it then biforcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at C3. The internal artery then biforcates again into the 2 middle cerebral arteries which run in the lateral cerebral grooves
330
Where is the basilar artery formed
Ponto-medullary junction
331
Where do the two vertebral arteries join to form the basilar?
Ponto-medullary junction
332
Where does the basilar artery biforcate into the two posterior cerebral arteries?
top of pons.
333
Anterior cerebral arteries are branches of
middle cerebral arteries.
334
The posterior communicating arteries connect...
the middle cerebral artery to the posterior cerebral artery.
335
What does the anterior communicating artery connect?
the 2 anterior cerebral arteries
336
Where does the CSF end up? give 3 places
Cerebral cisterns, Subarachnoid space, or reabsorbed by arachnoid villi into venous sinuses (especially superior saggital sinuses)
337
What is the only point in the CNS where Pia is visible?
Filum Terminale
338
Does Pia produce CSF
yes, in small quantities
339
Meningitis
Inflammation of the pia
340
Inflammation of the pia
Meningitis
341
What is an example of an extradural Hemorrhage?
Pterion Trauma
342
Bleeding between the dura and bone is called?
Extradural Hemorrage
343
Extradural Hemorrhage
Bleeding between Dura and bone giving an area of increased density. The bleeding separates Dura from bone. It is an arterial bleed. Pateints will experience a Lucid interval after being unconscious but blood is still collecting
344
What type of bleed is the Extradural Hemorrhage?
Arterial
345
Subdural Hemorrhage
Bleeding between Dura and Arachnoid giving an area of high density. Usually acute (becomes hypodense) in adults but chronic in children and elderly. Usually caused by Contrecoup or trauma. This hemorrhage results in cerebral midline or ventricular shift. It is a type of Venous bleeding
346
Where is the Subdural Hemorrhage located?
between Dura and Arachnoid
347
Describe the different effects of Subdural Hemorrhage on adults, children, and elderly.
Usually acute (becomes hypodense) in adults but chronic in children and elderly.
348
what usually causes Subdural Hemorrhage
Contrecoup trauma
349
What does Subdural Hemorrhage result in?
This hemorrhage results in cerebral midline or ventricular shift
350
Contrecoup trauma is often associated with?
Subdural Hemorrhage
351
What hemorrhage results in Cerebral midline or ventricular shifts?
Subdural Hemorrhage
352
What hemorrhage is a venous hemorrhage?
Subdural Hemorrhage
353
What type of bleeding occurs in Subdural Hemorrhage
Venous
354
Looking at an Xray or MRI of Subdural Hemorrhage, what is significant
Hard to see => we look at ventricular shift
355
Extradural hemorrhage has what shape?
Lemon
356
Subdural Hemorrhage has what shape?
Crescent or moon
357
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding between arachnoid and Pia. It becomes widely distributed throughout cisterns and ventricles => mixes with CSF => yellow CSF. Usually caused by Berry Aneurysm which is an aneurysm in the circle of willis. Symptoms are related to severity of bleed. Sudden onset of headache etc..
358
Where does the Subarachnoid Hemorrhage occur?
between between arachnoid and Pia.
359
A 75 year old lady is admitted to the hospital for investigation of a right 3rd cranial nerve palsy. On investigation, she is found to have an aneurysm compressing the nerve. Where is the aneurysm most likely to be located?
Posterior Communicating artery since the occulomotor nerve and trochlear nerve run between the superior cerebellar artery and posterior cerebral artery. These 2 are better options but if not included then choose posterior communicating
360
Where does the trochlear nerve run with respect to the circle of willis
Between posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery
361
Where does the oculomotor nerve run with respect to the circle of willis
Between posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery
362
What arteries are dangerously close to the Trigeminal Nerve
Pontine branches of the basilar artery
363
Berry Aneurysm. What cerebral bleed is related to it?
Aneurysm in the circle of willis. Usually experience sudden onset of bleed. Associated with Subarachnoid Hemorrages
364
What is the Subarachnoid Hemorrhage usually caused by
Berry Aneurysm (aneurysm of the circle of willis)
365
a young man returned to the GP 2 days after a deep scalp laceration that required stitching. He has marked periorbital bruising and can barely open his right eye. What is the anatomical cause
Subaponeurotic Hemorrhage
366
Where is the thalamus located
either side of the 3rd ventricle
367
What are the main nuclei located in the thalamus
Lateral and medial geniculate bodies
368
What is the significance of the lateral geniculate body and where is it located?
It is located in the thalamus and is where the fibres of the optic nerve synapse
369
Optic fibres that do not synapse at the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus synapse at...
Edinger Wesphal Nucleus
370
What do the dorsal columns send information about?
Touch and proprioception
371
What do the spinothalamic tracts carry information for
Anterior tract for Crude touch and pressure. Lateral tract for Pain and Temp
372
What are the nuclei of the dorsal columns and what does each involve
Both involve Touch and proprioception but the Gracilis nucleus deals with the Lower limb and the Cuneate nucleus deals with the upper limb
373
The lateral homunculus deals with
Head and upper body
374
The medial homunculus deals with
Lower limb
375
What connects the two areas of language
Brocas and wernicke's areas are connected by the Arcuate Fasciculus
376
Where is broca's area located in?
Anterior part of the brain in the frontal lobe
377
What does Broca's area deal with?
Speech production
378
Lesion in Broca's area leads to
Motor aphasia (impairment of language) or non-fluent aphasia. and patient is aware of the problem
379
Motor Aphasia is linked to
Lesion in broca's area
380
Non-fluent aphasia is linked to
Lesion in broca's area
381
Where is wernicke's area?
Lateral part of the brain in the temporal lobe
382
Lesion in Wernicke's area causes
Sensory Aphasia (impairment of comprehension) or Fluent Aphasia. Causes words especially similarly sounding ones to be confused
383
Fluent aphasia is associated with
Lesion in Wernicke's Area
384
Sensory Aphasia is associated with
Lesion in Wernicke's Area
385
A person who cannot read silently probably has a
Lesion in Wernicke's Area
386
Broca's and Wenicke's Areas are located on which side of the brain
Both on the left side
387
What lobe is Broca's area located in
Left Frontal Lobe
388
What lobe is Wernicke's area located in
Left Temporal Lobe
389
The Third Ventricle Is located medial to both the thalamus and hypothalamus T or F
True
390
``` What lobe is each of these located in (Lateral Ventricle) Anterior limb Body Posterior Horn Inferior Horn ```
Frontal lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal lobe
391
``` What part of the lateral ventricle is located in each: Frontal lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal lobe ```
Anterior limb Body Posterior Horn Inferior Horn
392
Septum Pellucidum
Separates the two lateral ventricles
393
What Separates the two lateral ventricles
Septum Pellucidum
394
What hormone plays a role in sexual development and the onset of puberty. Where is it secreted from?
Melatonin, Pineal Gland
395
The Pineal gland secretes melatonin, What type of hemorrhage poses a threat to it? Why?
Subdural Hemorrhages due to the ventricular or Midline shift which includes the pineal gland as it is located in the midline
396
Removal of the Pineal gland leads to
Quicker onset of puberty
397
What is the relation of Pineal Gland and Age
it Calcifies at age 30.
398
Can the pineal gland be seen on X-rays?
After the age of 30 since it is calcified then
399
Where is the circle of willis located
Subarachnoid space
400
At what level is the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
C3
401
The external carotid artery and the Internal Jugular vein are located within the Carotid Sheath T or F
False only the Internal jugular vein and the Internal carotid artery
402
What nerve runs in the Carotid Sheath
Vagus
403
What nerves lie in the cavernous sinus
3,4,5a,5b, and 6 in the middle
404
What are the branches of the Internal Carotid Artery including that they supply (given the fact that the middle cerebral artery is not included)
Ophthalmic artery to supply the eyes Anterior Choroidal Artery Runs in the temporal lobe and supplies the choroid plexus near the Inferior horn Posterior communicating artery connects the middle and posterior cerebral arteries
405
What are the branches of the Vertebral artery (in order)
Anterior spinal arteries | PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar Artery) which gives off the posterior spinal arteries
406
The posterior spinal artery rises from the
PICA
407
What arteries supply the spinal cord?
Posterior spinal artery (vertebral from PICA) Anterior spinal artery (directly from vertebral) Radicular arteries (branches of intercostal arteries) Artery of Adam Kiewicz (major radicular artery that supplies the lower thoracic and upper lumbar)
408
Origin of radicular arteries
Intercostal arteries
409
The basilar artery formed at the point-medullary junction along its path to bifurcation at the top of the pins gives off several branches. Where are these branches formed with respect to the Tentorium cerebelli? (in order)
All these branches are formed before reaching the Tentorium Cerebelli. After that is the bifurcation at the top of the pons (covers the cerebellum) ALPS AICA (Anterior inferior cerebellar artery) Labyrinth Arteries Pontine Arteries Superior Cerebellar arteries
410
The following arteries are branches of what artery AICA (Anterior inferior cerebellar artery) Labyrinth Arteries Pontine Arteries Superior Cerebellar arteries
Basilar
411
What nerves pass between the superior cerebellar artery and the Posterior cerebral artery
III and IV
412
What does the anterior cerebral artery supply. Nuclei for what part of the body does it supply
Frontal and medial aspect of the hemisphere except for the occipital lobe. It supplies the motor and sensory cortices of the Lower limb (including the perineum for shitting and pissing)
413
What supplies the Frontal and medial aspect of the hemisphere except for the occipital lobe. It also supplies the motor and sensory cortices of the Lower limb (including the perineum for shitting and pissing)
Anterior Cerebral artery
414
What does the Middle cerebral artery supply. Nuclei for what part of the body does it supply
Lateral Aspect of the hemispheres except the occipital lobe. IT also supplies the motor and sensory cortices of the Thorax, upper limb, and Head and Neck including Broca's and Warnicke's areas
415
What supplies the Lateral Aspect of the hemispheres except the occipital lobe. IT also supplies the motor and sensory cortices of the Thorax, upper limb, and Head and Neck including Broca's and Warnicke's areas
Middle Cerebral Artery
416
What does the Posterior cerebral artery supply?
Occipital lobe, inferior and medial aspect of the temporal lobe, and pituitary glands (Including the Thalamus and Third Ventricle)
417
What supplies the Occipital lobe, inferior and medial aspect of the temporal lobe, and pituitary glands
Posterior cerebral artery
418
What is the origin of the Anterior Choroidal Artery
ICA
419
What is found in the central cerebral areas?
Basal ganglia and Internal capsule
420
What is the main blood supply to the internal capsule
Lateral Striate arteries
421
What supplies the central cerebral areas
Striate arteries and Anterior choroidal Artery of ICA (also gives supply to the striate arteries)
422
What supplies the basal ganglia and internal capsule
Striate arteries and Anterior choroidal Artery of ICA (also gives supply to the striate arteries)
423
What supplies the Thalamus and Third Ventricle
Posterior cerebral (ECA) and Posterior communicating arteries (ICA)
424
A stroke in the Cerebral hemispheres gives Ipsilateral or Contralateral symptoms?
Contralateral
425
A stroke in the Anterior cerebral artery leads to
Contralateral motor (hemiplegia) and sensory loss (anaesthesia) of Lower Limb and perineum
426
What causes Contralateral motor and sensory loss of Lower Limb and perineum
A stroke in the Anterior cerebral artery
427
A stroke in the middle cerebral artery leads to
Contralateral motor (hemiplegia) and sensory loss (anaesthesia) of Upper Limb, Thorax, and head and neck. Also affects Speech and Comprehension
428
What causes Contralateral motor (hemiplegia) and sensory loss (anaesthesia) of Upper Limb, Thorax, and head and neck. Also affects Speech and Comprehension
A stroke in the middle cerebral artery
429
Hemiplegia
Motor loss in one half
430
Anesthesia
Sensory loss
431
A stroke in the posterior cerebral artery leads to
Contralateral Hemianopia (Vision loss) since it supplies the occipital lobe
432
A stroke on which Posterior cerebral artery (left or right) leads to Aphasia?
Right since it is contralateral
433
A stroke in the Superior cerebellar artery will lead to what type of symptoms (Ipsilateral or contralateral)?
Ipsilateral
434
A stroke in the Posterior Inferior cerebellar artery will lead to what type of symptoms (Ipsilateral or contralateral)?
Ipsilateral
435
A stroke in the Anterior Inferior cerebellar artery will lead to what type of symptoms (Ipsilateral or contralateral)?
Ipsilateral
436
A stroke affecting the Trigeminal nucleus would lead to
Ipsilateral Pain and Temp sensationloss from face
437
A stroke in PICA affects what nuclei
Trigeminal nucleus, Spinal Leminiscus, and Sympathetics
438
A stroke in which artery affects the Trigeminal nucleus, Spinal Leminiscus, and Sympathetics
PICA
439
A stroke affecting PICA affects the Trigeminal nucleus, Spinal Leminiscus, and Sympathetic. What does damage to each lead to?
Trigeminal Nucleus: Ipsilateral Pain and temperature loss from face Spinal Leminiscus: Contralateral Pain and Temp loss from body Sympathetics: Ipsilateral Horner's Syndrome (Ptosis)
440
Medial Medullary Syndrome
Medial medulla is supplied by the Anterior spinal artery and Vertebral Artery. A stroke in this area would lead to 1. Contralateral Hemiplegia (corticospinal tracts in pyramids) 2. Contralateral Sensation loss (dorsal Columns =>proprioception and fine touch) 3. Ipsilateral Paralysis of the Tongue (Hypoglossal nerve affected)
441
What syndrome describes this: A stroke in this area would lead to 1. Contralateral Hemiplegia (corticospinal tracts in pyramids) 2. Contralateral Sensation loss (dorsal Columns =>proprioception and fine touch) 3. Ipsilateral Paralysis of the Tongue (Hypoglossal nerve affected)
Medial Medullary Syndrome
442
The Medial medulla is supplied by
Anterior spinal artery and/or Vertebral Artery
443
A stroke in the Vertebral artery leads to
Medial Medullary Syndrome
444
What cranial nerve is affected by the Medial medullary syndrome. What does it lead to?
Hypoglossal nerve (XII). leads to ipsilateral paralysis of the tongue
445
Medial Medullary syndrome affects what sensory pathway
Dorsal Columns (Proprioception and fine touch)
446
Medial Medullary syndrome affects what Motor Pathway
Corticospinal pathway (pyramids)
447
A stroke in PICA affects the nucleus of what cranial nerve? What does it lead to? Ipsilateral or contralateral?
Trigeminal. Contralateral Loss of sensation of pain and temperature to face and scalp
448
A stroke in PICA affects which sensory pathway. Ipsilateral or contralateral
Lateral (specifically) spinothalamic Tracts (pain and temp sensation lost from body) (contralateral)
449
A stroke in PICA is called
Lateral Medullary Syndrome
450
A stroke in what artery causes Lateral Medullary Syndrome?
PICA
451
What artery supplies the lateral medulla?
PICA (from Vertebral artery)
452
A stroke in PICA leads to what syndrome (other than Lateral Medullary syndrome). Is it ipsilateral or contralateral
Horner's syndrome (ptosis, miosis). Ipsilateral
453
At what week of development does the Dental Lamina form
6 weeks
454
When after birth do milk/deciduous teeth come out
6-24 months
455
When are buds of permanent teeth formed in development
8-12 weeks
456
When do the deciduous teeth fuck off
6 years
457
How many permanent teeth do we have
32
458
permanent teeth are divided into 4 quarters of 8 teeth. What does each quarter contain
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolar, and 3 molar
459
What muscle makes the floor of the mouth? What is it supplied by
Mylohyoid (Vc)
460
What lies on top of the mylohyoid muscle? What is it supplied by?
Geniohyoid (Vc)
461
What salivary gland has multiple ducts?
sublingual gland
462
What salivary gland is least likely to get blocked?
Sublingual
463
What nerve gives secretomotor functions to the Submandibular and sublingual glands
Lingual nerve (Vc) (merged with chordates tympani)
464
What gland(s) does the lingual nerve innervate
Sublingual and submandibular glands
465
On removal of the wisdom tooth, anaesthesia is normally applied. What is the targeted nerve, and what lies in close proximity to that which can also be potentially affected?
They aim for the inferior alveolar nerve (teeth) but can also affect the lingual (loss of taste and sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue) and Buccal Nerve (buccinator)
466
What forms the Hard palate of the mouth?
Palatine process of the maxilla and the Palatine bone
467
The adentoid process in the mouth is formed by the
Dens of C2
468
The arches of the soft palate is formed by which muscles? What are the arches they pertain to? What are they supplied by?
Anterior arch: Palatoglossus (X) | Posterior Arch: Palatopharyngeus (XII)
469
Where is the Palatoglossus muscle located? What is it supplied by?
Anterior Arch of the soft palate and by X
470
Where is the Palatopharyngeus located? What is it supplied by?
Posterior Arch of the soft palate and by XII
471
What is located in between the anterior and posterior arches of the soft palate?
Palatine Tonsils
472
What is located between the palatoglossus (X) and the palatopharyngeus (XII)?
Palatine Tonsils
473
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
In the soft palate between Anterior arch: Palatoglossus (X) Posterior Arch: Palatopharyngeus (XII)
474
Enlargement of the Palatine tonsils can be due to..
Puss (infection) or an Intercarotid Aneurysm
475
What is particularly dangerous about Palatine tonsil incision?
Due to its close proximity to the Internal carotid artery, the presence of an Internal carotid aneurysm can be very exposed.
476
What artery lies close to the Palatine tonsil?
Internal carotid artery
477
What muscle of the tongue is not innervated by the Hypoglossal nerve? What is it innervated by?
Palatoglossus (X)
478
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the Tongue? What are they innervated by?
Alter shape of the tongue (None of them are the palatoglossus)
479
What is the function of the Extrinsic muscles of the tongue? What are they innervated by?
Alter the position of the tongue. All innervated by the hypoglossal nerve except for palatoglossus which is innervated by X
480
What type of muscles alter the position of the tongue
Extrinsic muscles
481
What type of muscle is the palatoglossus (Intrinsic or Extrinsic)
Extrinsic
482
What type of muscles alter the shape of the tongue
Intrinsic
483
What divides the Tongue b/w the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3?
a line infant of the Vallae Papillae
484
What innervates the motor function of the Anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
485
What innervates the motor function of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
486
What innervates the sensory function of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal
487
What innervates the sensory function of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Lingual nerve (Vc)
488
What innervates taste in posterior 1/3
glossopharyngeal
489
What innervates taste in anterior 2/3
Chorda Tympani
490
What is a Raphae
A muscle that connects to its counterpart on one side and with a bone on the other
491
What nerves are located in the Pharyngeal plexus
IX,X,XI cranial nerves
492
What nerves are part of the gag reflex?
IX,X,XI
493
What are the 3 raphae muscles of the Pharynx. What're their motor supplies
Superior, Middle, and Infererior Constrictors. All supplied by IX,X,XI
494
What muscles covers the pharyngeal fascia?
Superior constrictor
495
What attaches to the Pharyngeal tubercle of the Occipital bone
Superior constrictor
496
What Pharyngeal constrictor attaches to the hyoid bone?
Middle constrictor
497
The Inferior constrictor is divided into 2 parts? What are they? What is the space called between the two parts? What can occur there?
Inferior constrictor is divided into the Thryropharyngeus and the Cricopharyngeus (think of the cartilages). They have a gap in the middle called Killian's dehisces which can expand into a pouch if there is too much pressure
498
Where is Killian's Dehisces located in?
In the gap between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharynxgeus of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor
499
What nerves supply all the pharyngeal constrictors?
IX,X,XI
500
The Esophagus and the vertebral artery start at the same point. T or F?
True they both start at C6
501
Where does the oesophagus start at
C6
502
Other than the Palatine tonsils, what other tonsil is present in that area?
Pharyngeal tonsils
503
Pharyngeal tonsils are also called?
Adenoids
504
Adenoids refers to
Pharyngeal tonsils
505
What is the significance of Pharyngeal tonsils in children?
Enlargement or infection can lead to the blockage of airways and also including the Eustachian tube
506
What danger does the enlargement of the Adenoids pose
Enlargement or infection can lead to the blockage of airways and also including the Eustachian tube
507
What is a typical symptom of enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils?
Hoarsness of voice
508
What fossa is located in the pharynx? What nerve runs there?
Piriform fossa, Internal Laryngeal nerve (from superior laryngeal nerve (X))
509
What nerve runs in the piriform fossa? What is it a branch of?
Laryngeal nerve (X)
510
Severe enlargement or blockage in the Pharynx can lead to damage of which nerve (other than IX,X,XI). What does that lead to?
Internal laryngeal nerve (X), similar to the superior laryngeal nerve, injury to this nerve will cause the loss of the cough reflex.
511
The laryngeal nerves are a branch of what nerve
X
512
The soft palate as a whole is divided into 4 muscles. What are the 4 muscles and what are their roles and innervations?
Tensor Palati (Vc) and Levator Palati (X) involved in clossing off the nasal passage when swallowing. Palatoglossus (X) and Palatopharyngeus (XII) are palate tensors.
513
What muscles close off the nasopharynx when swallowing? What nerves innervate them
Tensor Palati (Vc) and Levator Palati (X)
514
What muscle of the soft palate is not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus
Pharyngeal plexus is IX,X,XI but Tensor Palati is innervated by Vc
515
``` Explain the process fo swallowing with regards to the following: Nasopharynx Eustachian tube Larynx Esophagus ```
Nasopharynx is closed by Tensor palate (Vc) and levator palati (X) Eustachian tube is open (only open when swallowing and yawning) Larynx is closed by lifting it and allowing the epiglottis to close Oesophagus opened by relaxation of the Cricopharyngeus (of inferior constrictor IX,X,XI)
516
What muscle is controls the opening and closing of the oesophagus
Cricopharyngeus (of inferior constrictor IX,X,XI)
517
What muscles close the nasopharynx?
Tensor palate (Vc) and levator palati (X)
518
Under what conditions does the Eustachian tube open
only open when swallowing and yawning
519
The gag reflex is initiated by touching of the
Oropharynx
520
The efferent limb of the Gag reflex is the
Vagus nerve X
521
The afferent limb of the gag reflex is the
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX since it provides sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
522
What bones compose the orbit?
Frontal, zygomatic, maxilla and Sphenoid
523
Where does the Superior orbital fissure lie?
Between the lesser and greater wing of the sphenoid
524
What lies between the lesser and greater wing of the sphenoid
Superior orbital fissure
525
What lies in the superior orbital fissure?
CN III,IV, Va, and VI, Lacrimal Artery (branch of ophthalmic artery) and Superior ophthalmic veins
526
What nerves lie in the superior orbital fissure?
CN III,IV, Va, and VI
527
What artery lies in the superior orbital fissure? Where does it originate?
Lacrimal Artery (branch of ophthalmic artery)
528
Where does the inferior orbital fissure lie
Between the maxilla, zygomatic, and greater wing of the sphenoid bone
529
What lies between the maxilla, zygomatic, and greater wing of the sphenoid bone
inferior orbital fissure
530
What lies within the inferior orbital fissure
Vb (infraorbital and zygomatic branches) and inferior ophthalmic veins
531
What artery lies in the inferior orbital fissure
no arteries
532
What nerve(s) lies in the inferior orbital fissure with their origin
Vb (infraorbital and zygomatic branches)
533
where is Orbicularis oris
Around the mouth
534
Where is Orbicularis Oculi?
Around the eye
535
The orbiculares Oculi has two parts to it. What supplies this muscle? What does it do?
It is divided into an orbital part and a palpable part. Raises eyebrows => muscle of facial expression => VII
536
What muscle raises the eyelids? What is it innervated by?
Levator palpebrae (III)
537
Levator palpebrae is innervated by? What is its function? What muscle does it give off and give its innervation
Levator papebrae is innervated by III and gives off smooth muscle known as the Tarsal muscle which has sympathetic innervation
538
What is the innervation of the Tarsal muscle? What gives off the tarsal muscle? What type of muscle is it?
It is a smooth muscle given off by the Levator palpebrae muscle (III) and is innervated by sympathetics
539
What muscle does Levator palpebrae give off and what is it innervated by?
Tarsal muscle which is innervated by sympathetics of T1
540
What are the three parts that make up tears
Mucous by conjunctival goblet cells Aqueous solution by Lacrimal gland and Lipids by meibomian glands (prevents it from evaporating)
541
What part of the tear prevents it from spilling out or evaporating? What is it made from?
Lipid part by Meibomian glands
542
What type of gland is the lacrimal gland
Exocrine
543
What separates the lacrimal gland into two parts? What are the two parts? Are they the same size? What is the innervation of the separating muscle
The lacrimal gland is divided into a larger orbital part and a smaller palperable part by the Levator palpebrae (III)
544
Does the lacrimal gland have one or multiple ducts?
Multiple ducts
545
What duct of the lacrimal gland does not enter the eye? Where does it open to
The Nasolacrimal duct connects the eye to the Inferior meatus on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
546
What are the two ducts of the lacrimal gland?
Canaliculi (to the eye) and Nasolacrimal duct (to nose)
547
What lacrimal duct takes tears to the eyes?
Canaliculi duct
548
Where is the lacrimal sac located?
Punta
549
Blockage at the Punta involves which ducts? What is this called?
Affects both the canaliculi and nasolacrimal ducts. It is called Epiphora
550
Epiphora
Blockage at the Punta affecting both the canaliculi and nasolacrimal ducts
551
Ptosis. What nerve causes this
Dropping of the eyelid (III)
552
Stye
Follicular cyst
553
Meibomian cyst
Cyst in the gland that makes the lipid component of tears
554
Give the Nerve supply and function of the Medial Rectus
Adducts the eye (III)
555
Give the Nerve supply and function of Lateral rectus
Abducts the eye (VI)
556
Give the Nerve supply and function of Superior Rectus
Elevates and adducts (III)
557
Give the Nerve supply and function of Inferior Rectus
Depresses and adducts (III)
558
Give the Nerve supply and function of Superior oblique
Elevates and Abducts (IV)
559
Give the Nerve supply and function of Inferior Oblique
Elevates and Abducts (III)
560
All muscles that in the eye originate from a ring structure except for two muscles. Give their names and innervations
Levator Palpebrae Superioris (III) | Superior Oblique muscle (IV)
561
In order to Examine the Lateral and medial rectus muscles, what do we need to do?
Nothing lol
562
In order to Examine the Superior and Inferior Rectus muscles, what do we need to do?
Abduct the eyes (opposite of what they do)
563
In order to Examine the Lateral and medial oblique muscles, what do we need to do?
Adduct the eyes (opposite of what they do)
564
Strabismus/squint
Abnormal alignment of the eye
565
Abnormal alignment of the eye
Strabismus
566
What are the three types of strabismus and what does each mean
Esotropia: Eye converges Exotropia: Eye Diverges Hypertropia: Eye moves up and medial
567
Esotropia (include muscles that is defected and its innervation)
Converging of pupils, lateral rectus affected (VI)
568
Exotropia (include muscles that is defected and its innervation)
Diverging of pupils, medial rectus affected (III)
569
Hypertropia (include muscles that is defected and its innervation)
Pupils are up and medial => Superior oblique muscle affected (IV)
570
What are the 3 chambers of the eye. Give their location
Anterior chamber: Anterior to Iris Posterior chamber: between Iris and lens Vitreous chamber: Posterior to lens
571
Why are the sclera and cornea easy to implant
they are avascular => No blood and hence no immune interference
572
The sclera and cornea are continuous with the sclera being 1/6 the size of the cornea (T or F)
True
573
Since the sclera and cornea are continuous and avascular, what gives the nutrition to it?
Aqueous humor
574
What forms the fibrous layer of the eye
Sclera and cornea
575
Where do the sclera and cornea meet? What is its significance
Corneoscleral junction where the canal of Schlemm is. It is where the Scleral venous sinus is which drains the Aqueous humour
576
What is the significance of the Canal of Schlemm. And where is it?
Corneoscleral junction where the canal of Schlemm is. It is where the Scleral venous sinus is which drains the Aqueous humour
577
What gives sensory innervation to the fibrous layer of the eye?
Va
578
What layer of the eye is formed by the sclera and cornea?
Fibroud layer
579
The Iris, Ciliary body, and Choroid are found X and form the Y layer of the eye
They are found behind the corneoscleral junction and form the Vascular layer of the eye
580
What gives the pigments to the eyes
Iris
581
What are the muscles of the Iris and what are they innervated by?
They are the Sphincter papillae (parasympathetics of III) and the dilator papillae (sympathetics of T1)
582
What muscle controls the lens of the eye. What is it innervated by? What does it do when it contracts? What does it affect?
The lens is controlled by cilliary muscles through the parasympathetics of III. When it contracts it adjusts the focal length by decreasing it allowing to see close objects.
583
What produces Aqueous humour? Where is it produced?
Cilliary bodies in the posterior chamber
584
What does the aqueous humour supply
Sclera and cornea
585
Where is the aqueous humour produced and where does it go
produced by cilliary bodies in the psoterior chamber and then enters the anterior chamber through the pupil.
586
Explain the drainage of the Aqueous humour
From the anterior chamber, where it is stored, it drains into the Tubercular meshwork at the Angle of the Iris and cornea and finally drains into the Canal of Schlemm (scleral venous sinus) at the corneoscleral junction
587
What controls the Intraocular pressure?
Aqueous humor
588
Where is the tubercular meshwork located
At the angle of the iris and cornea
589
What does increased intraocular pressure result from?
Glaucoma
590
Glaucoma affects what part of the eye?
The angle of Iris and Cornea within the tubercular mesh
591
What are the two types of Glaucoma
Open angle => partial blockage | Closed angle => full blockage
592
Glaucoma causes
Increased intraocular pressure which can damage the optic nerve
593
Papilledema is caused from X and can cause Y
Caused by increased ICP and causes elevation of the optic disc and blurring of optic margins
594
Cataracts
Protein clumping in eyes
595
FUCK ME NOW
yes pls :)
596
The external ear is in the X part of the temporal bone
Tympanic part
597
The middle and inner ear is in the X part of the temporal bone
Petrous
598
What is the main sensory innervation of the the Pinna? Where does it enter?
Auriculotemporal nerve of Vc which enters through the I.A.M.
599
What nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to the ear? What clinical significance does this have
The vagus nerve (X). Microsyringing with cold water can lead to Vasovagal syndrome
600
Vasovagal syndrome is caused by
Microsyringing with cold water.
601
The virus Herpes Zoster Oticus affects what ganglion?
Geniculate Ganglion of the ear (VII)
602
What nerve is related to the Geniculate ganglion?
VII
603
Where does VII enter the ear?
I.A.M
604
Geniculate ganglion is the target of X. What does this present as?
Herpes Zoster Oticus and presents as vesicles on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue since it affects VII which gives off the chordates tympani.
605
Trauma to the ear causes
Cauliflower ear
606
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear is caused by
Extensive UV exposure
607
What processes are located anterior and posterior to the E.A.M
Posteriorly the mastoid process and anteriorly the styloid process
608
What is different about the ear between adults and children
Adults have a cartilaginous 1/3 and bony 2/3, kids have the opposite
609
When examining the E.A.M manipulation of the ear is different between adults and children. What is the difference?
For adults you pull the pinna up and back. For kids, down and back
610
What glands are located in the epithelium of the E.A.M and what do they secrete. What is it's significance
Ceruminous glands and secretes earwax. Prevents Masceration of skin
611
Otitis Externa. What is it and how is it tested?
Inflammation of the external ear due to constant exposure to water which affects the pH of the skin. Tested by pulling pinna down. should be painful.
612
Pulling down the pinna and sensation of pain indicates X
Otitis Externa
613
Inflammation of the external ear or change in pH due to water exposure is a sign of
Otitis Externa
614
Presence of CSF in the E.A.M indicates
Fracture of skull
615
The tympanic membrane is composed of 3 layers. what're they composed of
Outer layer is skin Middle layer is fibrous connective tissue Inner layer is respiratory epithelium
616
The tympanic membrane forms a shallow cone and lies at an angle of
55 degrees
617
The apex of the tympanic membrane points (inwards or outwards). What is the apex connected to
Apex points inwards and connected to the handle of the malleus
618
What part of the tympanic membrane forms a cone of light
the apex or Umbo
619
What is the Pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane
it is the upper 1/3 of the tympanic membrane that does not have a middle fibrous connective tissue layer
620
What is the Pars Tensa of the tympanic membrane
It is the lower 2/3 of the tympanic membrane and has all 3 layers
621
What is the nerve supply of the E.A.M and tympanic membrane. Good luck
The auriculotemporal nerve (Vc) supplies the anterior 3/4 of the E.A.M as well as the Anterior External part of the tympanic membrane. The Vagus Nerve (X) supplies the posterior 1/4 of the E.A.M as well as the posterior External part of the tympanic membrane The Chorda Tympani (of the facial nerve VII) supplies the upper 1/3 of the tympanic membrane The Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) supplies the Internal part of the tympanic membrane
622
What supplies the external part of the tympanic membrane
The auriculotemporal nerve (Vc) supplies the anterior 3/4 of the E.A.M as well as the Anterior External part of the tympanic membrane. The Vagus Nerve (X) supplies the posterior 1/4 of the E.A.M as well as the posterior External part of the tympanic membrane
623
What supplies the internal part of the tympanic membrane
The Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) supplies the Internal part of the tympanic membrane
624
With regards to the tympanic membrane, what nerve supplies the Pars Flaccida?
Chorda Tympani
625
The ear connects to the nasal cavity through
Eustachian tube
626
What are the Oscicles, what are they supplied by, and what pharyngeal arch supplies them.
The Malleus and Incus are supplied by Vc (1st arch) | The stapes is supplied by the VII (2nd arch)
627
What are the muscles of the middle ear, what are they attached to, and what innervates them
Tensor Tympani inserts into the malleus => Vc | Stapedius inserts into the stapes => VII
628
Where does the chorda tympani run in the middle ear?
It is a branch of the facial nerve and is the last branch before the facial nerve exits through the stylomastoid foramen. It then supplies the upper 1/3 of the tympanic membrane and runs between the malleus and incus
629
what are the components of limbic system
``` cingulate gyrus hippocampal formation fornix mammillary body septal nuclei n. accumbens amygdala ```
630
septal nuclei
orgasm-like sensation
631
the destruction of the septal nuclei results in...
RAGE!!!
632
n. accumbens
motor expression of emotion dopaminergic activity sense of wellbeing
633
amygdala
fear centre
634
what does the bilateral ablation of the amygdala result in?
calmness | hypersensitivity
635
hippocampal formation has how many layers of cells? what is it called?
3 | Allocortex
636
hippocampal formation
infolding of the inferomedial part of the temporal bone
637
what are the components of the hippocampal formation
hippocampus proper - makes new memories dentate gyrus - episodic memory subicular complex - short term memory entorhinal complex - how memories are made
638
hippocampus proper
makes new memories
639
dentate gyrus
episodic memory
640
subicular complex
short term memory
641
entorhinal complex
how memories are made
642
where is the hippocampal formation found
located in the temporal lobe under the inferior horn of lateral ventricle
643
what structure is located in the temporal lobe under the inferior horn of lateral ventricle
hippocampal formation
644
what structure controls episodic memory
dentate gyrus
645
what structure controls short term memory
subicular complex
646
what structure makes new memories
hippocampus proper
647
Fornix
efferent pathway from hippocampus | bundle of fibres at the posterior portion of hippocampus
648
components of fornix
1. fimbra - band of white matter. meets with hippocampus 2. crus - lens - partial decussation - split into anterior pillars 3. body - travels superior to thalamus - where the hippocampal commissure is located ( fibres to and from other hemisphere merge here) 4. anterior pillars - 2 columns
649
fimbra
band of white matter
650
the fimbra meets with what structure
meets with hippocampus
651
crus
lens - partial decussation
652
what does the crus split into
split into anterior pillars
653
where does the body of the fornix travel
travels superior to thalamus
654
fibres to and from other hemispheres merge at what component of the fornix
body
655
what are the columns of the anterior pillar
posterior - mammillary bodies - short term memories and smell (near nasal fibres) anterior - septal nuclei and n. accumbens
656
what structure does the posterior column of the anterior pillar go to? what is the function of the structure
mammillary bodies - short term memories and smell (near nasal fibres)
657
mammillary body function
short term memories and smell
658
what structures does the anterior column of the anterior pillar go to?
septal nuclei and n. accumbens
659
Circuit of Papez
hippocampal formation --> fornix --> mammillary bodies (POSTERIOR) / septal nuclei and n. accumbens (anterior) --> anterior nucleus of thalamus --> cingulate gyrus --> entorhinal cortex --> hippocampal formation
660
in the circuit of papez where is the ipsilateral afferent coming from.
entorhinal cortex
661
in the circuit of papez where is the contralateral afferent coming from.
``` hippocampal formation entorhinal cortex (from other side) ```
662
where are the reward centres of the brain
medial forebrain bundle - septal nuclei and n. accumbens, olfactory veins and brainstem
663
punishment centres
periaqueductal - thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
664
what may cause circuit dysfunction
1) tumours/ damage to mammillary bodies | 2) alzheimer's disease = hippocampal degradation
665
explain the causes of cortical degeneration?
PFC degradation - inappropriate behaviour, attention and monitor deficits, aggression Somatic dementia - atrophy of middle and inferior temporal cortex. Patients lose meaning of words and perception.
666
This is 666
666
667
which structure does Somatic dementia not affect?
hippocampus
668
Wernicke - Korsakoff syndrome
``` from high levels of alcohol consumption leads to: confusion and coma ataxia - slurred speech recovers with memory loss but cannot form words. ```
669
ataxia
slurred speech
670
Hyperacusis
Paralysis of the Stapedius muscle which causes very sensitive hearing on affected side. Facial nerve damage
671
Paralysis of the Stapedius muscle which causes very sensitive hearing on affected side
Hyperacusis
672
Paralysis of what nerve leads to hyperacusis
VII nerve to the stapedius

Finals (17 decks)

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