REB anatomy Flashcards
(248 cards)
1
Q
what is medial to the right adrenal glands
A
vena cava
2
Q
the ____ side of the renal artery is shorter than the _______ side
A
right
left
3
Q
the _____________ foreamens are formed by the supraspinous ligament horizontally and the sacrotuberous ligament vertically
A
greater and lesser sciatic
4
Q
what is medial to the left adrenal glands
A
celiac trunk and left crus of the diaphragm
5
Q
the true pelvis is inferior to the
A
pelvic inlet
6
Q
what illness/ defect is characterised by
stimulus for voiding absent or uncontrollable
A
neuropathic bladder
7
Q
the internal pudendal artery is a branch of the
A
anterior internal iliac artery (parietal)
8
Q
the greater and lesser sciatic foramens are formed by the _____ horizontally and the ______ vertically.
A
supraspinous ligament
sacrotuberous
9
Q
The hepatic flexure lies ____ to the right kidney
A
anterior
10
Q
The sacrum (continuation of vertebra) is connected to L5 by the promontory and has ala with _____ on each level
A
foramina
11
Q
layers of the urogenital diaphragm
A
superior or deep layer - thin layer of pelvic fascia
middle layer - deep perineal pouch (muscles, neurovascular etc)
inferior (or superficial) layer - perineal membrane
12
Q
posterior urethral valves
A
membrane forms in urethral opening –> urine cannot pass
13
Q
cushing’s syndrome
A
too much cortisol
too much adrenaline
always alert
14
Q
the renal cortex extends between pyramids to form ______
A
renal columns
15
Q
the pubic symphysis is at the
A
midline
16
Q
vertebral level of ureteropelvic junction
A
at hilum (L1)
17
Q
the renal medulla is a collection of pyramids between the __________
A
renal columns
18
Q
the false pelvis is _____ to the pelvic inlet and part of the abdominal cavity with _______
A
superior
right cecum and the left sigmoid colon
19
Q
the superficial perineal pouch is superior and deeper to ____ which is continuous with _____
it is inferior to the ____
A
colles’ fascia
scarpa’s fascia
perineal membrane
20
Q
the renal cortex extends between _____ to form renal columns
A
pyramids
21
Q
Females have a really short and straight urethras.
What are the parts of the male urethra and describe them (where applicable)?
A
Pre-prostatic part (internal sphincter) prostatic part (prostate) membranous part contains Cowper's gland (narrowest part) as it passes through the external sphincter (urogenital diaphragm) spongy part along corpus spongiosum
22
Q
vertebral level of hilum of left kidney
A
L1
23
Q
the ureter is deeper than the renal artery and passes _____ the 2nd part of duodenum
A
behind
24
Q
lymphatic drainage of skin of penis and scrotum
A
superficial inguinal nodes
25
Do urethra is fixed in its place by the
Pubovesical in females and vaginal wall
| puboprostatic in males and seminal vesicles posteriorly
26
ovaries sit within the ____, connected to the ligament of the ovary which is continuous with the _____
fimbriae
| round ligament
27
pelvic kidney
kidney in the pelvis since it never ascended
28
lesser sciatic foramen _______ re-emerges through and heads to supply motor functions through _____ on top of the _____ muscle.
pudendal nerve
Alcox canal
obturator internus
29
the obturator canal is formed by the
obturator membrane
30
explain benign prostatic enlargement
most common cancer in males
this normally affects the median lobe (central region)
it grows inwards, causing urethral obstruction
it is treated with transurethral resection of the prostate (TVRP) ( reopening of the urethra)
31
horseshoe kidney
fusion of 2 kidney --> stagnant urine --> affects tilt
32
vertebral level of pelvic inlet at bifurcation of common iliac artery
L5, S1
33
branches of the pudendal artery
```
artery to bulb - through corpus spongiosum
deep artery - corpus cavernosa
dorsal artery - skin and glans
2 scrotal/ labial branches
inferior rectal artery (male and female)
perineal branch (male and female)
```
34
location of entrance to the bladder
level of ischial spine
35
a TURP is used in the identification of _____
benign prostatic enlargement
36
what are the 5 lobes of the prostate
anterior lobe - anterior to urethra
median lobe - thinnest part - posterior to urethra and in base of bladder
posterior lobe - posterior to urethra and bounded superiorly by ejaculatory ducts
2 lateral lobes
37
The vagina is a fibromuscular tube of ____ epithelium (good for stretch)
after the external OS there is a ____ junction
the _____ is also where the Pap smear (tavies?) cells to examine for cervical cancer
the cervix enters the vagina obliquely creating vaginal -_____
squamous
squamocolumnar
external OS
fornices
38
blood supply to the ureter
branches of the renal artery, aorta and gonadal arteries
39
____ catheter goes in from the pubis
____ catheter goes in through z-shape male urethra of female shortness
____ allows vision into the bladder
Suprapubic
urethral
cystoscopy
40
the ureter like all piss containing epithelia are made of __________
transitional epithelium
41
```
Uterus and cervix
Fundus - above entrance of _____
Cornu - entry into the _____
body - uterine canal in lumen (sidewall)
cervix - opening into vaginal side is the _____ and uterine side is the _____ its leaves gaps in the vagina called fornices (anterior and posterior)
```
fallopian tube
fallopian tube
external OS
internal OS
42
quadratus lumborum attachments
rib 12
lumbar spines
iliac crest
43
The pelvic outlet is divided into the urogenital triangle ____ and anal triangle ______.
anteriorly
| posteriorly
44
vertebral level of celiac artery
T12
45
________ are inward projection of cortex that separates pyramids
renal columns
46
The internal pudendal goes under the ______ and becomes the _______
levator ani
| dorsal artery of the penis
47
The sacrum (continuation of vertebra) is connected to L5 by the _______ and has ___ with foramina on each level
promotary
| Ala
48
The spleen, splenic artery, tail of the pancreas and splenic flexure are _____ to the left kidney
anterior
49
are the kidneys exposed?
yea
| under the ribs
50
a DRE is used in the identification of _____ by _____
prostate cancer
| palpation
51
superior suprarenal is a branch of
inferior phrenic
52
vertebral level of inferior phrenic
T12
53
the lateral sacral artery is a branch of
posterior internal iliac artery
54
location of adrenal gland
within gerota's fascia (3rd layer)
| not within the renal capsule
55
the greater and lesser sciatic foreamens are formed by the supraspinous ligament ______ and the sacrotuberous ligament _______
horizontally
| vertically
56
The pelvic outlet is divided into the _____ anteriorly and _____ posteriorly.
urogenital triangle
| anal triangle
57
The _____________ are anterior to the left kidney
spleen, splenic artery, tail of the pancreas and splenic flexure
58
what is anteriorly to the right adrenal glands
bare area of liver
59
Trace the path of the vas deferens
Males have their vas deferens which crosses ureter and enters the urethra through ejaculatory duct
60
The synovial sacroiliac joint of the sacrum-hip bone is supported by
anterior, interosseous and posterior sacroiliac ligament
61
parasympathetic innervation of internal sphincter
| what action does it allow for
pelvic splanchnic nerves
| stimulates pissing
62
Blood supply to the bladder
Superior and inferior vesical arteries from the internal iliac
** Males have their vas deferens which crosses ureter and enters the urethra through ejaculatory duct
63
which adrenal gland is larger?
left
64
the right gonadal vein drains into the
IVC
65
vertebral level of median sacral
L4
66
what is anteriorly to the left adrenal glands
lesser sac and stomach
67
vertebral level of inferior mesenteric
L3
68
what are the 3 parietal branches of the posterior internal iliac artery
iliolumbar
lateral sacral
superior gluteal
69
the ureter is deeper than the ________ and passes behind the 2nd part of duodenum
renal artery
70
the ____ side suprarenal arteries are shorter than the ____ side
left
| right
71
the right kidney is located at the ____ rib
11th
72
nerve supply of deep perineal pouch
pudendal nerve
73
internal urethral sphincter
what muscle
what kind of control
detrusor muscle thickened, smooth muscle, involuntary control
74
the middle rectal artery is a branch of the
anterior internal iliac artery (visceral)
75
Fascia of the kidney and describe them (in to out)
1. renal capsule - adheres to surface and prevents infection
2. adipose capsule - perirenal fat
3. gerota's fascia - dense connective tissue that anchors kidney; used to detect stage of cancer
4. pararenal fat - adipose capsules
76
vertebral level of middle adrenal
L1
77
attachments of central perineal tendon
(8 muscles)
levator ani
external anal sphincter
sphincter urethrae
78
is the sacrum-hip bone joint mobile?
NOPE
79
The greater sciatic foramen is divided by the piriformis muscle into above piriformis supplied by _______ and below piriformis supplied by _______.
superior gluteal nerve and vessels
| everything not mentioned and pudendal nerve
80
Clinical significance of the pubovesical ligament
The cavity of the pubovesical ligaments can lead to stress incontinence --> cannot piss usually from pregnancy
81
the ureter runs down and ______ to the transverse process of the lumbar spine
parallel
82
when the ejaculatory and prostatic ducts are secreting their content, the internal sphincter closes to prevent
urine from mixing
83
what 4 paired branches of the aorta and their location
```
inferior phrenic (T12)
middle adrenal (L1)
renal and gonadal (L2)
```
84
what illness/ defect is characterised by
complete - 2 separate
incomplete - eventually joins again
does not change the drainage but more constrictions are present. if one ureter is blocked, backflow still occurs
2 ureters
85
the superior gluteal artery is a branch of
posterior internal iliac artery
86
epithelium of urethra
distally - squamous
| proximally - transitional (mostly)
87
vertebral level of superior mesenteric
L1
88
the ureter is _____ than the renal artery and passes behind the 2nd part of duodenum
deeper
89
the right suprarenal vein drains into the
IVC
90
the obturator artery is a branch of the
anterior internal iliac artery (parietal)
91
what illness/ defect is characterised by
| fusion of 2 kidney --> stagnant urine --> affects tilt
horseshoe kidney
92
the false pelvis is superior to the
pelvic inlet and part of the abdominal cavity with right cecum and the left sigmoid colon
93
explain the significance of having 2 ureters
complete - 2 separate
incomplete - eventually joins again
does not change the drainage but more constrictions are present. if one ureter is blocked, backflow still occurs
94
the pelvic inlet is formed by the _______ until reaching the ______
sacral promontory and ala, arcuate line and pectineal line
| pubic symphysis
95
the female has 1 extra arterial branch in the pelvic region
| what is this artery and what artery does it branch from
vaginal artery
| anterior internal iliac artery
96
celiac trunk and left crus of the diaphragm is medial to the
left adrenal glands
97
bifurcation of vena cava
L5
98
explain prostate cancer
even more common
normally affects peripheral regions
affects posterior and lateral lobes (mostly)
it is palpated through a digital rectal exam (DRE) or transrectal ultra somnograph (TRUS)
there is usually a dip or notch between the 2 lateral lobes where the posterior lobe is palpable
if it isn't --> pancreatic cancer
99
bifurcation of IVC at the vertebral level
L5
100
path of pudendal nerve
out greater sciatic foramen and back in through the lesser sciatic foramen, wrapping around the ischial spine, under the levator ani
101
The bladder in children is smaller and is located in the _____
adults have their bladder larger and in the ____
abdomen
| pelvis
102
conn's disease
too much aldosterone
hypokalemia
increase Na/H20 retention
increase blood pressure
103
Waterhouse friderichsen
bacterial infection of the adrenal gland
104
the inferior vesical artery is a branch of the
anterior internal iliac artery (visceral)
105
renal columns are inward projection of cortex that separates ______
pyramids
106
a TRUS is an _____ used in the identification of _____
ultrasound
| prostate cancer
107
the subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves run posterior to the ______
kidneys
108
the urethra runs through the ______
corpus spongiosum
109
the pyramids are
parallel bundles of urine collecting tubules (nephrons)
110
the interior internal artery has 3 _____ branched arteries
parietal
111
what 4 unpaired branches of the aorta and their location
```
celiac artery (T12)
superior mesenteric (L1)
inferior mesenteric (L3)
median sacral (L4)
```
112
diameters of the pelvic inlet
```
Conjugate diameter (anterior to posteriorly) promontory to pubic symphysis
Transverse diameter (left to right) widest part
```
113
the inferior gluteal artery is a branch of the
anterior internal iliac artery (parietal)
114
the sacrum has an articular facet for the _____ where it forms a what type of joint?
hipbone
| synovial sacroiliac joint
115
thinnest part of urethra
membranous part
116
The spleen, splenic artery, tail of the pancreas and splenic flexure are anterior to the ______
left kidney
117
roof of perineum
levator ani
118
the ______ runs down and parallel to the transverse process of the lumbar spine
ureter
119
Position and relation of the vagina
Anteflexion between cervix and uterus 70°
| anteversion (V for a vagina) angle between the cervix and the vagina 90°
120
what are the 3 visceral branches of the anterior internal iliac artery
superior vesical
inferior vesical vaginal (vaginal in females)
middle rectal
121
the prostatic part of the urethra has 3 openings
| what are they?
```
2 ejaculatory (vas deferens)
prostatic duct (semen)
```
122
what are the parallel bundles of urine collecting tubules (nephrons)
pyramids
123
the uterine artery crosses the ____ anteriorly
ureter
124
the left kidney is located at the ____ rib (CC_)
11th
| 11
125
The pelvic outlet is the ______ aspect of the inlet. It is formed by the _______.
inferior
| ischio pubic Ramus (the ischium and the pubis), sacrotuberous ligament and the coccyx
126
males have a special gland in their perineal pouch called the
bulbourethral glands (of Cowper)
127
The ureter (which crossers the _____ artery) enters the bladder obliquely forming a ____ which includes two ureters and urethra and is at base of bladder
uterine
| trigone
128
branches of pudendal nerve
inferior rectal nerve
branches to scrotum and labia
dorsal nerve of the penis
129
what illness/ defect is characterised by
ureter is too short (in embryological development)
physiological valve is straightened
vesicoureteric reflux
130
The peritoneum is reflected over the uterus with
the Uterovesical pouch between ____
pouch of Douglas or _______ between the ____
the broad ligament over the______
the round ligament (remnant of the _____ which pulls ovaries) connects to the Ovary when it's called _____
```
uterus and bladder
retro uterine , rectum and the uterus
fallopian tube and uterus
gubernaculum
ligament of the ovary
```
131
pheochromocytoma
tumour build up leading to overproduction of adrenaline
132
where do the suprarenal arteries branch from
superior suprarenal from inferior phrenic
middle suprarenal from directly from aorta
inferior suprarenal from renal artery
133
the ________ extends between pyramids to form renal columns
renal cortex
134
the _____ enters the bladder obliquely at the level of the ischial spine
ureter
135
trace the path of urine
pyramids --> renal papilla --> minor calyx --> major calyx --> renal pelvis --> ureter
136
benign prostatic enlargement - most common cancer in males
this normally affects the ___ lobe (central region)
it grows inwards, causing ____
it is treated with _______ (reopening of the urethra)
median
urethral obstruction
transurethral resection of the prostate (TVRP)
137
the _____ becomes the median artery which then becomes the ______ which supplies the bladder
umbilical artery
| superior vesical artery
138
the femoral artery is a branch of
external iliac artery
139
what is the nerve supply to the external sphincter
pudendal nerve
140
```
what illness is characterised by
too much aldosterone
hypokalemia
increase Na/H20 retention
increase blood pressure
```
conn's disease
141
vertebral level of hilum of right kidney
L1 and L2
142
what fascia surrounds the components of the superficial pouch in the male? what fascia is superficial to the one identified?
buck's fascia
| colles'
143
parts of adrenal glands and what do they produce
1. zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids, aldosterone
2. zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids, cortisol
3. zona reticularis - androgens, DHEA
4. medulla - contains chromaffin cells and adrenaline and noradrenaline
144
in the urogenital diaphragm, the thin layer of pelvic fascia is on the undersurface of the
levator ani
145
venous drainage of the prostate
prostatic plexus of veins and vesical plexus (bladder)
146
what is the superficial perineal fascia
colles' fascia (continuation of scarpa's)
147
the iliolumbar artery is a branch of
posterior internal iliac artery
148
the renal medulla is a ________ between the renal columns
collection of pyramids
149
The female pelvis is ______ (pubic arches) 78 to 85° while males have a _________ 50 to 60°
The ischial spines of woman are ____ whereas the males has it projecting ______.
circular and wider
heart shaped and narrow
straight
medially
150
Where is the Pelvic outer diameter
Between the two ischial spines
151
blood supply to deep perineal pouch
internal pudendal artery and vein
152
each hip bone is divided into the _____________ separated by a _______ (will ossify and bones will form)
ilium, ischium, pubis
| y-shaped hyaline cartilage
153
muscles of the deep perineal pouch
```
external urethral sphincter
deep transverse perinei
sphincter urethrovaginalis (IN FEMALES ONLY)
```
154
Uterus and cervix
___ - above entrance of fallopian tube
___ - entry into the fallopian tube
____ - uterine canal and lumen (sidewall)
____ - opening into _____ is the external OS and ____ is the internal OS its leaves gaps in the vagina called _____ (anterior and posterior)
```
word bank:
Cornu
fornices
cervix
Fundus
vaginal side
body
uterine side
```
```
Fundus
Cornu
body
cervix
vaginal side
uterine side
fornices
```
155
what illness is characterised by
too much cortisol
too much adrenaline
always alert
cushing's syndrome
156
the umbilical artery becomes the ______ which then becomes the superior vesical artery which supplies the ___
median artery
| bladder
157
what are the 3 parietal branches of the anterior internal iliac artery
obturator
inferior, gluteal
internal pudendal --> dorsal artery of the penis
158
The peritoneum is reflected over the uterus with
the _____ between uterus and bladder
______ or retro uterine between the rectum and the uterus
the ______ over the fallopian tube and uterus
the __________ (remnant of the gubernaculum which pulls ovaries) connects to the Ovary when it's called ligament of the ovary
```
word bank :
broad ligament
Uterovesical pouch
round ligament
pouch of Douglas
```
Uterovesical pouch
pouch of Douglas
broad ligament
round ligament
159
The greater sciatic foramen is divided by the ______
piriformis muscle
160
vena cava is medial to the
right adrenal glands
161
the ureter is deeper than the renal artery and passes behind the _______
2nd part of duodenum
162
what are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
psoas minor
psoas major
quadratus lumborum
transverse abdominis
163
middle suprarenal is a branch of
aorta
164
The fallopian tube has three parts
Infundibulum has the fimbriae and collect the eggs
ampulla
isthmus - narrowest part
165
```
prostate cancer - even more common
normally affects peripheral regions
affects ____ lobes (mostly)
it is palpated through a ___ or ____
there is usually a dip or notch between the 2 lateral lobes where the posterior lobe is palpable
if it isn't palpable --> sign of ___
```
posterior and lateral
digital rectal exam (DRE)
transrectal ultra somnograph (TRUS)
pancreatic cancer
166
the corpus cavernosum becomes the the crus of the penis _____(aspect) which attaches to the ____ and has _____ as the overlying muscle
posteriorly
ishiopubic rami
ishiocavernosus
167
what are kidney stones
known as urinary caliculi
| calcium oxalate and phosphate ( shows on x-rays)
168
Ovarian fossa is the angle between the _____ which separate from the ______ at the sacroiliac joint
this is where the blood vessels to support the genitalia go through
these blood vessel are the _____ arteries as well as the _____ nerve
internal and external iliac vessels
common iliac artery
uterine and vaginal arteries
obturator nerve
169
what is posterior to the adrenal glands
diaphragm
170
Contents of hilum
contains ureter, renal vessels, lymphatics and nerves
171
what illness/ defect is characterised by
| membrane forms in urethral opening --> urine cannot pass
posterior urethral valves
172
the corpus cavernosa _____ during erection
fills with blood
173
neuropathic bladder
stimulus for voiding absent or uncontrollable
174
Layers of the uterine wall
Endometrium (columnar epithelium)
myometrium (smooth-muscle)
serosa (peritoneum)
175
The greater sciatic foramen is divided by the piriformis muscle into ______ supplied by superior gluteal nerve and vessels and _______ supplied by everything not mentioned and pudendal nerve
above piriformis
| below piriformis
176
aorta bifurcates at ___ and forms the _______
L4
| left and right common iliac arteries
177
renal columns are inward projection of _____ that separates pyramids
cortex
178
what is the central perineal tendon
fibromuscular node in the midline at the junction of urogenital and anal triangles
179
prostate cancer can metastasise easily through the lexuses into the _____ --> vertebral plexus --> high rate of metastasis to bone --> weak bone
internal iliac veins
180
the ______ is deeper than the renal artery and passes behind the 2nd part of duodenum
ureter
181
relations of left adrenal gland
posterior - diaphragm
medial - celiac trunk and left crus of the diaphragm
anteriorly - lesser sac and stomach
182
the left suprarenal vein drains into the
left renal vein
183
the anterior internal artery has 3 ____ and 3 ______ branched arteries in the male
parietal
| visceral
184
The hepatic flexure lies anterior to the _____
right kidney
185
lesser sac and stomach is anterior to the
left adrenal glands
186
When the bladder is empty it rests within the pelvis
it enlarges ____ (aspect) when filled
it is positioned at a tilt such that the ____ is the most inferior point
this is by the ___ ligament at its apex
superiorly
urethra
medial umbilical
187
vertebral level of renal plexus
T10 - T12
188
floor of the true pelvis
levator ani
189
Do the branches of the renal artery anastomose?
no anastomosis
They are end-arteries.
** ischemia is very severe
190
the true pelvis is ____ to the pelvic inlet where the _______ is its floor
inferior
| diaphragm (levator ani)
191
The sacrum (continuation of vertebra) is connected to what vertebral level
L5
192
what illness/ defect is characterised by
| kidney in the pelvis since it never ascended
pelvic kidney
193
psoas major attachments
lumbar spine to lesser trochanter
194
the dorsal nerve is a branch of the
pudendal nerve
195
vesicoureteric reflux
ureter is too short (in embryological development)
physiological valve is straightened
when bladder contracts, reflux (associated with UTI)
196
vertebral level of renal and gonadal
L2
197
the subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves run _____ to the kidneys
posterior
198
Vagina fornices
```
Anterior fornix
posterior fornix (related to pouch of Douglas)
lateral fornix it is at the ischial spine and is where the uterine artery and the ureter pass (clinical - reflux)
```
199
what artery in the male has a different name in the female
| what artery does it branch from
inferior vesical --> vaginal
| anterior internal iliac artery (visceral)
200
vertebral level of subcostal nerves
T12
201
the external urethral sphincter is in the ____ and is under _____ control and is made of _____ muscle
deep perineal pouch
voluntary
skeletal
202
lymphatic drainage of testis
para-aortic (lumbar)
| ** testis came from gonadal region
203
bare area of liver is anterior to the
right adrenal glands
204
the superior vesical artery is a branch of the
anterior internal iliac artery (visceral)
205
nerve supply to the ureter
renal plexus (T10 - T12)
206
the _______ is formed by the obturator membrane
obturator canal
207
location of IVC in relation to the aorta
IVC is right and posterior to the aorta
208
The _________ lies anterior to the right kidney
hepatic flexure
209
the _______ is a collection of pyramids between the renal columns
renal medulla
210
where is the medial umbilical ligament found
apex of bladder
211
what is the navicular fossa
dilated part of urethra at glans penis
212
vertebral level of ilioinguinal nerve
L1
213
inferior suprarenal is a branch of
renal artery
214
terminal branch of pudendal nerve
dorsal nerve and vessels of penis or clitoris
215
clinical significance of central perineal tendon
may be damaged during childbirth or trauma and may result in fecal incontinence and prolapse
216
location of external urethral orifice
between vaginal orifice and clitoris
217
the 2 pubic bones join at the _____ which is a what type of joint
```
pubic symphysis (midline)
secondary cartilaginous disk (bone -- hyaline -- disc -- hyaline -- bone)
```
218
relations of right adrenal gland
posterior - diaphragm
medial - vena cava
anterior - bare area of liver
219
addison's disease
everything deficient
220
the ureter enters the bladder obliquely at the level of the
ischial spine
221
what is the blood supply to the prostate
| what artery does it branch from
prostatic artery from the inferior vesical artery
222
the ____ side of the paired branches of the aorta are shorter than the _____ side.
left
| right
223
is the adrenal gland located within the renal capsule
NOPE
224
what is the correct position of the pelvis
where the ASIS and the pubic tubercle are in the same position --> slanted forwards
225
what important pelvic structure does NOT get its blood supply directly from the iliac arteries
gonads (branches off aorta directly)
226
the prostate gland is located underneath the ____ and between the _____.
it surrounds the urethra and is inspected through the ___
bladder
internal and external sphincter
rectum
227
under the prostate, the ______ is enclosed _____ by the thin layer of pelvic fascia and _____ by the thick perineal membrane which is fused to the ______, superior to the _____ which is superior and deep to _____
```
word bank:
colles' fascia
posterior margin of the perineal membrane
superficial perineal the pouch
inferiorly
deep pouch
superiorly
```
```
deep pouch
superiorly
inferiorly
posterior margin of the perineal membrane
superficial perineal the pouch
colles' fascia
```
228
lymphatic drainage of corpora and penile urethra
internal iliac nodes
229
the left gonadal vein drains into the
left renal vein
230
the ureter runs down and parallel to the ___________
transverse process of the lumbar spine
231
the internal pudendal artery runs with the ___
| a branch goes through the deep perineal pouch and emerges at the ____
pudendal nerve
| angle between the 2 ishipubic rami
232
importance of transitional epithelium
waterproof
233
the uterine artery crosses the ureter _____
anteriorly
234
urethral injury leads to a ____ displacement. why?
upward
| blocked by scarpa's fascia
235
vertebral level of iliohypogastric nerve
L1
236
the ureter enters the bladder ______ at the level of the ischial spine
obliquely
237
location of ureteric constrictions
1. ureteropelvic junction at hilum (L1)
2. pelvic inlet at bifurcation of common iliac artery (L5, S1)
3. entrance to the bladder (level of ischial spine)
238
the deep artery of the penis passes through ______
the center of the corpus cavernosa (1 branch in each)
239
The uterus is located over the bladder but bladder does not support it
what supports the uterus?
```
Levator ani
perineal body
pelvic Fascia --> lateral ligaments --> transverse Cardinal, mackenrodt's
uterosacral ligaments
pubocervical ligaments
```
240
Outline the bifurcation of the aorta and common iliac artery in the formation of the arteries of the pelvic region
Aorta --> common iliac artery --> external iliac artery --> femoral
common iliac artery --> internal iliac artery --> anterior --> 3 parietal (obturator, inferior, gluteal, internal pudendal --> dorsal artery of the penis) and 3 visceral (superior vesical, inferior vesical (vaginal in females), middle rectal) and the uterine artery in females only.
common iliac artery --> internal iliac artery --> posterior --> 3 parietal (iliolumbar, lateral sacral, superior gluteal)
241
which veins drain into the left renal vein
left suprarenal
| left gonadal
242
Blood supply to hilum is the ____ which divides into ____________ branches.
renal artery
| 4 anterior and 1 posterior
243
sympathetics of the internal sphincter
| what action does it allow for and what action does it inhibit
hypogastric nerves
stimulates semen production
stops pissing
244
The __________ nerves run posterior to the kidneys
subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
245
the bulb of the penis is the proximal part of the ___ overlying the muscle _____
corpus spongiosum
| bulbospongiosus
246
lymphatic drainage of glans
deep inguinal nodes
247
Location of the lateral fornix and it's clinical relevance
lateral fornix it is at the ischial spine and is where the uterine artery and the ureter pass (clinical - reflux)
248
what illness is characterised by a tumour build up leading to overproduction of adrenaline
pheochromocytoma
