ANATOMY Flashcards
(393 cards)
1
Q
epithelium of f tube?
A
ciliated columnar epithelium
2
Q
epithelium that covers the ovary?
A
mesothelium
3
Q
endocervix lining of epithelium?
A
simple columnar mucus secreting epithelium
4
Q
ectocervix lining of epithelium?
A
stratified squamous non-keratinising surface epithelium
5
Q
type of epithelium in breast?
A
glandular epithelium
6
Q
where are sperm formed in testes?
A
in seminiferous tubules
7
Q
what is rete testis in testes?
A
where all seminiferous tubules all converge
8
Q
epididymis occurs where?
A
beginning of ductus deferens
9
Q
epithelium of epididymis?
A
pseudostratified epithelium
10
Q
function of epididymis?
A
accumulation, storage and maturation of sperm
11
Q
epithelium of rete testis?
A
single layer of cuboid epithelial cells
12
Q
type of tissue is the rete testis?
A
highly vascular collagneous connective tissue
13
Q
epithelium of ductus deferens?
A
pseuodostratified columnar
14
Q
layers of the ductus deferens?
A
epithelium
muscle layer - circ and longitudanal
15
Q
type of epithelium in the seminal vesicle?
A
pseudostratified tall columnar
16
Q
what is the appearance of seminal vesicles described as?
A
highly irregular
honeycombed appearance in lumen
secretary cells
17
Q
what 2 things make up the prostate ?
A
glands and stroma
18
Q
sertoli cells do what?
A
support and nourish the developing sperm
19
Q
leydig cells do what?
A
endocrine cells - present between tubules - in interstitial space
20
Q
type of epithelium of vagina?
A
stratified squamous non-keratinising surface epithelium
21
Q
what is the inferior opening of the pelvis?
A
pelvic outlet
22
Q
true and false pelvis termed as?
A
true - lesser pelvis
false - greater pelvis
23
Q
true pelvis explain position?
A
inferiorly- within lesser pelvis
24
Q
false pelvis explain position?
A
superiorly, provides support of lower abdominal viscera
25
sacroiliac joint type?
synovial plane between ilium and sacrum
26
pubic symphysis is what type of joint?
secondary cartiliginous joint
27
describe the female pelvis?
wider and broader greater pelvis
oval shaped inlet
subpubic angle is OBTUSE - greater than 90 degrees
obturtaor foramen is smaller/ triangler
28
describe the female pelvis?
```
wider and broader greater pelvis
oval shaped inlet
subpubic angle is OBTUSE - greater than 90 degrees
obturtaor foramen is smaller/ triangler
shallow pelvic cavity
```
29
describe male pelvis?
```
narrower greater pelvis
heart shaped inlet
acute subpubic angle - less than 90 degrees
obturator foramen is larger
deeper pelvic cavity
```
30
narrowest diameter of pelvic inlet for foateus to pass through?
11cm wide
31
anterior- inferior wall of pelvic cavity formed by what ?
bodies and rami of pubic bones and pubic symphysis
32
posterior wall of pelvis formed by what muscle?
piriformis muscle
33
what nerve plexus exists on posterior wall of pelvis?
sacral plexus
34
perineal body - what is it?
central tendon of perineum - fibro-muscular structure located in midline of perineum
35
anococcygeal body- what is it?
fibrous median in floor of pelvis
band of tough connective tissue
extends between coccyx and margin of anus
36
what muscle of the pelvic floor is 3 paired seperate muscles?
levator ani
37
what are the 2 functions of the pelvic floor?
support abdominaopelvic organs
| reisistance to increases in pelvic/abdo pressure
38
what is the innervation of the pelvic floor?
sacral nerve roots - s2,3,4
39
2 muscles make up the majority of the pelvic floor?
coccygeus
levator ani
40
cystocele?
when wall between vagina and bladder weaken
| bladder drops and vagina sags
41
rectocele ?
posterior vaginal prolapse
| tissue between rectum and vagina weaken - rectum bulge into vagina
42
superior and inferior vesical arteries to?
| branch of?
to bladder, prostate, seminal gland
| branch of umbilical artery and internal iliac artery
43
uterine artery to?
| branch of?
to uterus
| from internal iliac
44
vaginal artery branch of?
uterine artery
45
whats so special of venous drainage in pelvic structures?
involves interplay in portal and systemic circulations
46
which part of rectum drain into portal and systemic circulation?
superior rectal vein TO portal
middle and inferior TO systemic
47
why is the venous drainage important in the rectum?
| and what is its significance?
portal and systemic circulation involved
portal system transports blood from one part to another BUT systemic doesn't - involves heart - and rets of body - can spread stuff
48
the venous drainage of the prostate?
prostatic venous plexus
49
prostatic venous plexus drains into what? and communicate with?
into internal iliac vein
communicates with vertebral venous plexus
50
why is the venous drainage of prostate significant?
prostatic venous plexus communicates with vertebral venous plexus
therefore prostatic spread can occur into vertebra
51
what nerve supply skin at root of penis and labia in female?
| and its nerve root?
ilioinguinal nerve
| L1
52
genito-femoral nerve nerve root?
and nerve pathway?
L1-2
enters deep inguinal ring
53
ilioinguinal nerve - nerve root?
nerve pathway?
L1
enters inguinal canal - and through superficial inguinal ring
54
genital branch of genito-femoral nerve supplies what?
anterior scrotum skin and mons pubis
55
cremastic relfex ?
in boys - its the function of L1 - genitofemoral nerve
stimulate thigh and cremaster muscle - contracts and draws testis out of scrotum
56
pudendal nerve - arises from?
| innervates?
arises from the sacral plexus
innervates skin and the muscles of the perineum
57
nerve roots of pudendal nerve?
s2-4 nerve roots
58
course of pudendal nerve explain?
travels from pelvis to perineum VIA gluteal region
- formed from sacral plexus - from VENTRAL RAMI - anterior divisions S2,3,4
- descends and passes between piriformis and ischiococcygeus muscles
- leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen
- crosses behind sacrospinous ligament
- re enters pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen
- in pelvis - accompanies internal pudendal artery/vein
- through pudendal canal
- gives off its branches
59
what bony landmarks used to perform nerve block during labour?
ischial spines palpated
60
somatic nerves mean?
sensory and motor included
61
autonomic supply includes?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
62
autonomic nerve supply to pelvis is?
pelvis plexus
63
sympathetic fibres to pelvis via?
supply what in male and female?
L1-L2 via hypogastric nerve and terminal aspect of the sympathetic trunk
supply all internal pelvic organs
64
parasympathetic fibres to pelvis via?
supply what?
from pelvic splanchnic nerves - s2-4
to all internal pelvic organs and erectile tissues
65
pelvis splanchnic nerves are para OR sympathetic?
parasympathetic
66
4 groups of lymph nodes in pelvis?
external iliac LN
internal iliac LN
common iliac LN
sacral LN
67
testis travel through what during development to hang outside?
inguinal canal - descends down abdomen and through inguinal canal to reach scrotum
68
spermatic cord is what?
refers to collection of vessels, nerves and ducts that run to and from testes
covered by fascia into a cord like structure
69
spermatic cord travels in what and starts where?
starts at beginning in the opening of inguinal canal - deep ring to superifical ring
70
list 6 contents of spermatic cord? 6
```
testicular A/V
cremasteric A/V
vas deferns artery
lymph vessels
genitofemoral nerve
vas deferens
```
71
what forms the obturator foramen?
muscles - obturator internus and obturator externus
72
what forms the obturator foramen?
muscles - obturator internus and obturator externus
73
what is the tough outer fibrous layer of testis called?
tunica albuginea
74
tunica vaginalis 2 layers called
parietal laminae - reflected onto scrotum surface
visceral laminae - covers tunica albuginea of testes
75
where is the tunica vaginalis compared to the tunica albuginea?
tunica vaginalis - another layer outer to tunica albuginea
76
what between the layers of the tunica vaginalis?
viscous fluid
77
hydrocele ?
swelling in scrotum - fluid collects around testicle
78
haematocele?
accumulation of blood in between layers of tunica vaginalis
79
testicular artery branch of?
abdominal aorta
80
what level do testicular artery arise at?
L2
81
TESTICULAR ARTERies cross over what structures near pelvic brim? 3
ureter
genitofemoral nerve
EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY
82
what is the anastomosing veins called in testes?
and describe
pampiniform plexus
netwrok of veins wrapped around testicular artery
83
right and left testicular vein drains into what?
right - into inferior vena cava
| left - into left renal vein
84
varicocele?
enlargement of veins that transport blood away from testes
85
testicular torsion - what is it?
when blood supply has been completely cut off from one of testis - risk of necrosis in a few hrs
emergency!
86
2 LN groups recieve lymph from testis?
lumbar and para-aortic nodes
87
epididmysis function?
stores sperm that is produced by testis
88
vas deferens course?
srises from tail of epididymis
tranverses inguinal canal and enters pelvis by crossing over external iliac vessels
terminates by joining duct of seminal gland
FORMS ejaculatory duct
89
seminal glands where?
| what do they produce?
posterior surface of bladder
produce seminal fluid / semen
90
what fluid is produced by prostate?
fluid that nourishes and protects sperm - alkaline fluid
91
bulbourethral glands?
location
empty into what tube?
produce what secretion?
in the urogenital diaphragm
empty into penile and spongy urethra
produce semen - lubricating mucus secretion
92
what cells are between the seminiferous tubules in the interstitial spaces?
leydig cells
93
characteristic of ductus deferens histology?
very thick muscular tube
94
obturator enters through hole where?
hole in obturator internus muscle
95
birth canal is?
made up of?
muscular canal that goes from uterus to outside the body
cervix
vagina
vulva
96
cervix does what?
tube that connects vagina and uterus
97
vulva is what?
external genitalia
98
rectouterine pouch is what?
folding of peritoneal between rectum and posterior wall of uterus
99
uterovesical pouch is what?
double folding between anterior surface of uterus and bladder
100
broad ligament decsribe?
flat sheet of peritoneum - associated with uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
101
3 layers of uterus?
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
102
when CS delivery is done - which part of uterus is opened to deliver baby? and what type of surgical cut is made?
cervix - both vertical and horizontal cut is made
103
upper and lower segment of uterus split how?
cut off is at the isthmus of uterus - just above cervix
104
normal position of uterus?
anteflexed and anteverted
| cervix tipped forward to abdomen
105
what would happen if uterus if retroverted and retroflexed in pregnancy?
and what does this position mean?
can weaken pelvic muscles and ligaments - apply stress on bladder and increase incontinence/issues with urinating
means cervix is tipped backwards
106
how many fornices of vagina?AND what are they?
2
ARCHES - AT UPPER END OF VAGINA SURROUNDS CERVIX CREATING 2 FORNICES
anterior
deeper - posterior
107
posterior fornice is reservoi for what?
natural reservoir for semen after intravaginal ejaculation
108
posterior fornix can be accessed by what?
and significance of this?
through rectouterine pouch
this is the site where infection and fluids typically collect
extraction of fluid through needle inserted through posterior fornix of vagina
109
ligament of ovary explain attachements?
attached to ovary and connects it to side of uterus
lies within broad ligament
110
suspensory ligament of ovary attachements?
from ovary to lateral wall of abdomen
111
round ligmaent of uterus course?
from uterine horns(where f tubes enter uterus)
to labia majora
through inguinal canal
112
cardinal ligament - function? attachements?
supports uterus
contains uterine artery/veins
from cervix to pelvic wall
113
cervix and uterus mobility explain?
cervix - fixed structure - held by ligaments to not move
uterus - ability to move and increases in size in preg.
114
perineum in pelvis is?
WHAT IS IT? shape?
contains what?
area between genitals and anus - between thighs
diamond shape- 2 triangles
contains
- perineal body
- central attachment for perineal muscles (support pelvic floor)
115
fimbriae?
finger like projections - captures ovum from surface of ovary
116
which part of f tube is where fertilisation usually occurs ?
ampulla
widest & longest section of f tube
117
ectopic pregnancy means?
fertilised eggs get stuck on way to uterus - in f tube
118
what happens to ovaries after menopause?
atrophied and fibrous
119
2 ligaments associated with ovary?
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament of ovary
120
ovarian arteries branches of what?
from abdominal aorta
121
what level do ovarian arteries arise?
L2
122
course of ovarian artery?
descends down
passes within suspensory ligament to supply ovaries
via broad ligament
freely anastomoses with uterine artery
123
left and right ovarian veins drain into what?
left - left renal vein
right - IVC
124
uterine artery crosses over ureter where?
crosses over ureter at level of ischial spine - junction of cervix, lateral part of fornix of vagina
125
water under the bridge means?
ureter runs under uterine artery
126
LN that drains ovary?
para aortic nodes
127
LN of fundus of uterus and upper uterine body?
pre-aortic LN
128
UTERINE BODY LN?
external iliac LN
129
UTERINE CERVIX AND UPPER VAGINA - LN?
internal iliac
| sacral
130
vagina LN?
superior - external iliac LN
middle - internal iliac
inferior - superficial inguinal
131
BREATS ARE what type of gland?
exocrine glands - lactating
compound tubular acinar gland
132
each breast consists of?
15-25 lobes
tubulo-acinar glands - acini that empty into ducts lined by cuboidal epihtleial cells
stroma
133
breast extend from between what costal cartilages?
| and horizontally extend from where to where?
2 -6 costal cartilage rib
horizontally from lateral border of sternum to mid-axillary line
134
what muscles associated with deep surface of breast? 3
pect major
pect minor
serratus anterior
135
axillary tail of breast - explain? and explain its importance?
extension of breast tissue into axilla -
important to appreciate the spread of breast cancer
136
mammary glands supplied by what arteries?
by branches of subclavian and axillary arteries
137
why is lymphatic drainage of breast so key?
assumes great importance - as cancer of breast spread through these routes
138
2 phases of menstrual cycle in uterus?
proliferative - first half
| secretory - 2nd half - vasculatory
139
follicles contain what type of eggs?
immature eggs in ovary
140
oocyte is ?
immature egg
141
what happens to oocytes in each cycle?
each cycle - only one oocyte becomes a mature gg and is ovulated from follicle
142
stages of follicles explain? 4
primordial
primary
secondary
tertiary - graffian
ovulation - oocyte/egg released
143
placenta is what type of organ? and why?
feto-maternal organ
as forms connection and exchnage between maternal and foetal circulation
144
placenta develops when and where?
develops in uterus when preganant
145
placenta develops from what ?
develops from the outer trophoblast cells and inner cell mass after implantation
146
surface of placenta explain?
one surface - MATERNAL SIDE - placenta is rough and spongy, disc shaped
other surface - FOETAL SIDE - smooth, bears attachment of umbilical cord
147
chorion?
outermost membrane around the embryo
148
4 functions of placenta?
```
gaseous exchange
hormone secretion
metabolic transfer
foetal protection
removal of waste
```
149
when in labour does placental abruption occur ?
3rd trimester - over 20 weeks of preg
when placenta seperate from uterine wall
150
structures in umbilical cord? 4
2 umbilical arteries
1 umbilical vein
whartons jelly
151
function of the umbilical arteries?
carry deoxygenated/nutrient depleted blood from foetus to placenta
152
umbilical vein function?
carries oxygenated nutrient rich blood from placenta TO foetus
153
umbilical vein persists as what?
remnant of umbilical vein - ligamentum teres
154
whartons jelly?
provide cushion and support to umbilical vessels - prevent compression and torsion and bending
155
which group of LN are first to recieve lymph in breast ?
axillary LN group
156
bony landmarks that create boundaries of the perineum?
pubic symphysis and tip of coccyx
157
what are the two triangles in perineum for?
seperate the two areas that associate with different components of perineum
158
what bony prominence seperate each of triangles in perineum?
transverse line between ischial tuberosities
159
innervation of ALL pelvic floor muscles ?
S2-S4
| branches of pudendal nerve
160
what are the muscle attachments in the perineum?
perineal and anococcygeal bodies
161
what 2 fascia make up the pelvic diaphragm?
parietal and visceral
162
what structures pierce through pelvic diaphragm? 3
urethra hiatus
rectum hiatus
vaginal canal
163
3 parts of urethra?
prostatic
membranous
penile
164
widest and narrowest part of urethra?
widest - prostatic
| narrowest - membranous
165
penis is made up of what?
left and right corpus cavernosa
| single corpus spongiosum
166
terminal aspect of penis called?
glans penis
167
urthra transmitted through what corpus?
spongiosum
168
which corpus in penis - is the majority of the erectile tissue positioned?
spongiosum - fills up to reduce pressure
169
sensory innervation of the penis through what nerve?
pudendal nerve branch
170
innervation of penis explained FULLY?
innervated by autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic) and somatic (sensory and motor) nerves
pudendal nerves - gives rise of dorsal nerve - roots are s2-4
cavernous nerves - from pelvic plexus - roots of spinal ganglia
171
WHERE IS INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER?
neck of bladder
172
what nerve provides parasympathetic, sympathetic and somatic fibres to bladder/urethra?
pelvic nerve - para
hypogastric nerve - sympathetic
somatic - pudendal nerve
173
where (location ) is external urethral sphincter in males?
same level of membranous urethra
174
what nerve innervates external urethral sphincter?
pudendal nerve
175
what are the labia majora and labia minora?
majora = 2 external skin folds
minora = 2 skin folds lie within labia majora
176
vestibule in vulva is?
area enclosed by labia minora and - holds terminal aspects of vagina and urethra
177
female external genitalia innervated by and arteries are?
pudendal and internal pudendal artery
178
bartholins glands ?
part of female vulva
on either side of vaginal orifice
secrete lubricating mucus from ducts during sexual arousal
179
mons pubis in vulva is?
subcutaneous fat pad anterior to pubic symphysis
180
clitoris is made up of what type of tissue?
corpus cavernous tissue - erectile tissue
181
structure of clitoris explain?
2 crura that meet at midline to form the body
projects downwards
to glans which lies in anterior labial commissure
182
approx length of anus?
4cm long
183
ischio-anal fossa?
where?
how many?
function?
2 fat containing fossa
lateral to anal canal and inferior pelvic floor
allow anal canal to expand when defaecation
184
what neurovascular bundle enters the ischio-anal fossae?
whats present in this bundle?
pudendal canal
- pudendal nerve
- internal pudendal artery
- internal pudendal vein
185
3 muscles that make up levator ani?
puborectalis
pubococcygeus
iliococcygeus
186
what 2 muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?
coccygeus
| levator ani
187
cardinal ligment is also known as?
lateral cervical ligament
188
round ligament is remnant of?
ovarian gubernaculum
189
uterine artery branch of?
internal iliac artery
190
region of external genitalia referred as?
perineum
191
pudendal canal enters through which muscle?
obturator internus
192
compare the sacrum of females to males?
female sacrum is shorter - less curved
193
what prevents upward tilting of sacrum?
ligaments of pelvis
194
puborectalis fibres do what?
fibres skirting around rectum
195
somatic innervation of vulva? list
lots of nerves -
ilioinguinal nerve
genitofemoral nerve
pudendal nerve
posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
196
what nerve stimulation increases vaginal secretion and erection/engorgement?
parasympathetic
197
lymphy drainage of vulva? 3
superifical inguinal
deep inguinal
internal iliac
198
duct of greater vestibule gland opens into vestibule WHERE to vaginal orifice?
lateral
199
innervation of perineal muscle?
pudendal nerve
200
what 2 ducts join to form ejaculatory duct?
ductus deferens + duct of seminal vesicle
201
which level do testes develop initially at?
L2
202
which muscle of pelvic floor more likely to be injured during normal childbirth?
pubococcygues
203
uterus lymph drainage? 4
lots of types -
lumbar LN
superificial inguinal LN
external iliac LN
internal iliac LN
204
what is the content of medial umbilical ligament? (remnant of?)
and the remnant of the median umbilical fold?
remnant of embryonic umbilical artery
urachus
205
where is the rectal venous plexus in relations to rectum?
lies deep to mucosa of rectum
206
area above and below pectinate line in rectum suppled by which artery?
```
above = inferior mesenteric artery
below = inferior rectal artery
```
207
where would urine leak to if the membranous urethra were damaged in male?
superficial perineal space
208
which bony landmark is palpated before administering a pudendal block?
ischial spine
209
greater and lesser pelvis in male and female difference?
greater pelvis - deep in males & shallow in female
lesser pelvis - narrow and deep in males & wide/shallow in females
210
arcuate line seperates what?
seperates true and false pelvis
211
coccygeus also known as?
ischio coccygeus
connects to ischial spine
212
piriformis goes out of what foramen?
greater sciatic foramen
213
obturator internus muscle goes out of what foramen?
out of lesser sciatic foramen
214
what muscle is sacral plexus on surface of?
piriformis
215
what muscle is sacral plexus on surface of?
piriformis
216
course of piriformis?
through greater sciatic foramen
posterior to ischial spine
enters ischio-anal fossa
217
pudendal nerve in relation to ischial spine?
nerve posterior to it
218
where are the bulbourethral glands situated?
in deep perineal pouch
219
tyep of muscle on internal and external urethral sphincters?
internal - smooth
| external - skeletal
220
ejaculatory duct eneters where?
prostatic urethra
221
ovarian ligament where in relation to f tube?
in front of
222
bulb of vestibule next to? and size comparison?
next to greater vestibular gland
greater in size !
223
what is inside of ischiorectal fossa?
pudendal nerve
224
perineal nerves branches of?
pudendal nerve
225
rectouterine pouch AKA?
douglas pouch
226
psoas major lateral and medial is what nerve?
lateral - femoral nerve
| medial - obturator nerve
227
breast is what type of gland?
compound tubular acinar gland
228
why do breasts enlarge during puberty?
due to adipose tissue increasing
229
breast location describe?
2nd/3rd rib to 6th rib
&
sternal edge to mid axillary line
230
why is breast mobile?
due to retromammary space -bursa
| on surface of pect major muscle
231
what muscle(s) is the breast overlying?
2/3rd breast - over pect major
1/3rd breast - over serratus anterior
232
what does suspensory ligament of cooper do?
connect to skin
| divide breast into lobes and show changes during malignancy - helps support lobules of gland
233
areola?
pigmented area around nipple
contains sweat and sebaceous glands
234
explain structure of internal breast?
15-20 lobules
each lobule drained by lactiferous duct towards nipple
each duct has lactiferous sinus
235
what does nipple contain?
colleganous dense connective tissue and smooth muscle, elastic fibres
236
breast quadrants explain?
superolateral
superomedial
inferolateral
inferomedial
237
blood supply to breast by what arteries?
axillary artery, internal thoracic, intercostal arteries
238
innervation of breast?
anterior and lateral cutaneous branhces of intercostal nerves
sensory and sympathetic
239
excretory and secretory part of breast?
excretory - duct system
| secretory - acini
240
tissue surrounding lobules in breast vs intra-lobular tissue?
surrounding - dense and fibrocollagenous
intralobular - loose texture
241
cells in breast do what?
myoepithelial cells and luminal epithelial cells
contracting cells - squeeze secretion out from acini
242
how does prostate look on imaging?
split into its 2 lobes
243
ischiorectal fossa fills with what?
fat
244
what colour would bladder appear on imaging?
white due to urine
245
true ligaments of pelvis? 3
transverse cervical ligaments - cardinal
CERVIX TO LATERAL WALL OF PELVIS
uterosacral ligaments -
CERVIX TO MIDDLE SACRUM
pubocervical ligament
246
innervation of female reproductive tract from what places?
superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses - t10-l1
| pelvic splanchnic nerves - s2,3,4 - pudendal nerve
247
what muscle does pudendal canal go through?
obturator internus
248
WHAT FORMS THE INFERIOR HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS? what root level are they and what type of nerve fibres are they?
AKA PELVIC PLEXUS = INFERIOR HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS
```
superior HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS(L1/2)/sacral sphlanchnic = s
+
PELVIC SPHLANCHNIC (s2-4) = p
```
symp & parasympathetic = TO ALL PELVIC ORGANS
249
sacral plexus roots and 2 main branches?
l4-s3
sciatic nerve - lower limb
pudendal nerve - perineum
250
lymph drainage from uterine body?
external iliac lymph nodes
251
arterial and venous supply of rectum
upper 1/3 - superior RA / portal
middle 1/3 - middle RA / systemic
lower 1/3 - inferior RA / SYSTEMIC
252
THROUGH which formaen is pudendal nerve leave?
greater sciatic foramen
253
branches of pudendal nerve?
inferior rectal
perineal
dorsal
254
ischiocavernosus muscle function?
maintain clitoris erection
255
bulb of vestibule and great vestibular gland is where in relation to muscles?
underneath bulbospongiosus muscle
256
lumbar plexus roots?
t12 - l5
257
inferior epigastric vessels arise where?
from external iliac artery - just above inguinal ligament
258
cremaster muscle ? function?
testes muscle
moves the testis, promoting healthy and motile sperm
259
what makes up the spermatic cord wall? 2
spermatic fascia
cremaster muscle
260
pampiniform plexus? function?
loose network of veins in spermatic cord
drainage of blood into veins
261
spermatic cord includes what
```
pampiniform plexus of testicular veins
vas deferens
testicular artery
cremasteric artery/vein
Artery to the vas deferens
genitofemoral nerve - genital branch
```
262
borders of inguinal traingle?
rectus abdomis muscle - medial
inferior epigastric vessels - lateral
inguinal ligament - inferior
263
what are TWO key surface landmarks to locate pudendal nerve?
ischial spine
| sacro-spinous ligament
264
difference from suspensory ligmaent of ovary and round ligament?
suspensory - from ovary to later wall of pelvis
round - from uterus to inguinal canal
265
2 remnants of gubernaculum?
round ligament
| ligament of ovary
266
what structure is part of thermoregulatory process of testes?
pampiniform venous plexus
267
parasympathetic fibres in what towards bladder?
affect on bladder and internal urethral sphincter
The parasympathetic fibres are motor to detrusor muscle and inhibitory to internal urethral sphincter of male urinary bladder
pelvic nerve
268
difference between varicocele and hydrocele?
Hydrocele is a swelling caused by fluid around the testicle. Varicocele is a swelling caused by dilated or enlarged veins within the testicles.
269
innervation of bladder explain each -
nerve?
type of fibres?
action?
sympathetic - hypogastric nerve = relaxation of detrusor muscle, stops urinating
parasympathetic - pelvic nerve = contraction of detrusor muscle, stimulates urinating
somatic - pudendal nerve = innervates external urethral sphincter - voluntary control of urinating
270
what nerves innervates obturator internus and externus?
internus - branch of sacral plexus
externus - obturator nerve
271
pudendal nerve is what type of fibers?
MIXED
motor
sensory
sympathetic
272
EJACULATION IS WHAT TYPE OF STIMULATION?
PARASYMPATHETIC
SYMPATHETIC
SOMATIC
273
function of bulbospongiosus muscle in male ?
Support and fixes perineal body or pelvic floor, Compress bulb of penis to expel last drop of urine or semen.Assists erection by compressing deep perineal vein and pushing blood from bulb into body of penis
274
what superficial perineal pouch structure is an erectile tissue in female?
bulb of vestibule
275
great vestibular gland does what in female anatomy? is it erectile tissue?
not erectile tissue
secretes mucus
276
what nerves of vulva?
ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, and branches of the pudendal nerve
277
explain perineal pouches?
where are they and what are they ?
only in urogenital triangle
they are the layers of the urogenital triangle
superificial and deep perineal pouches
278
deep perineal pouch - explain structures present males and females?
and explain boundaries?
a potential space between the deep fascia of the pelvic floor (superiorly) and the perineal membrane (inferiorly) -aka = urogenital diaphragm
female - part of the urethra, external urethral sphincter, and the vagina
males - SAME and bulbourethral glands and the deep transverse perineal muscles
279
superficial perineal pouch - explain structures present(3) and boundaries of pouch?
a potential space between the perineal membrane (superiorly) and the superficial perineal fascia (inferiorly) & pouch is bounded posteriorly to the perineal body
erectile tissues that form the penis and clitoris e.g. - bulb of vestibule/greater vestibular gland
three muscles – the ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles.
The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands)
external anal sphincter
280
lymph drianage of vulva?
superifical inguinal !!!
deep inguinal
internal iliac
281
innervation of vulva?
type of fibres?
sensory and parasympathetic nervous supply.
pudendal nerve
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
ilioinguinal nerve,
genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
282
lymph drainage of testes and epididymis ?
para-aortic LN
| lumbar LN
283
LYMPHdrianage of scrotum?
superficial inguinal nodes.
284
lymph drainage of prostate?
internal iliac ln and sacral ln
285
lymph drainage of seminal vesicles and ductus deferns?
external iliac and deep inguinal and internal iliac
286
lymph drainage of ovaries?
right and left lumbar/ para-aortic LN
287
f tube lymph drainage?
para-aortic LN
288
what artery enters obturator foramen?
obturator artery
289
what forms the walls of the pelvis?
posterior wall - piriformis & coccyx/sacrum
anterior-inferior wall - pubic bones/pubic symphysis & obturator internus muscle (antero-lateral wall)
2 lateral walls - right and left hip bone
290
true ligaments? function
| aka?
fasical support to cervix and uterus
aka - cervical ligaments
pubocervical ligament
transverse cervical ligament
uterosacral ligament
291
innervation and lymph drainage of spermatic cord?
genitofemoral nerve
lumbar/para-aortic LN
292
course of vas deferen? explain full pathway
posterior aspect of the spermatic cord.
crosses the inguinal canal before it emerges from the spermatic cord at the deep inguinal ring
It then curves around the inferior epigastric artery
then crosses superior/over the ureter
expands and is then referred to as the ampulla of the vas (ductus) deferens. It then passes between the upper aspect of the seminal vesicle
293
function of ischiocavernosus muscle and bublospongiosus in males?
IC - maintain erection in penis
BS - Compresses bulb of penis during urination/ ejaculation, assists in erection of penis
294
function of ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscle in females?
bulbospongiosus - it facilitates clitoris erection as well as the emptying of the greater vestibular glands
ischiocavernosus - tense the vagina during orgasm and compress crus clitoris
295
what is the significance of the pouch of douglas?
it is where infection is most likely to collect
296
is the vesicouterine pouch present in everyone?
no - only in females
297
puborectalis slings around what?
elevates the ano-rectal junction
298
what makes up pelvic diaphragm?
levator ani
| coccygeus
299
does broad ligament support uterus?
no
300
what supports the uterus? 2
pelvic diaphragm - muscles
pelvic fascia - cervical true ligaments
transverse cervical
uterosacral
301
3 layers of uterus?
perimetrium - outer
myometrium
endometrium - inner
302
cremaster muscle derived from?
internal oblique muscle
303
muscles of testes? 2
explain location
explain function
cremaster muscle - deeper - skeletal muscle
dartos muscle - being closer to scrotal skin layer - smooth muscle
both regulate testes temp by contraction
304
how to differenciate between epididymis and testes histology?
testes - multiple layer of sperm cells
epididymis - one layer of cells - sperm
305
3 glands of male repro system?
what they do - why they are important
seminal vesicle
testes
bulbo-urethral glands
make the fluid part of the ejaculated semen- semen is important for survival, growth and motility of sperm
306
outer WHITE fibrous layer of testes?
tunica albuginea
307
erection - what nerve fibre type?
| ejaculation and emission - wha nerve fibre type?
erection - para.
emission and expulsion from the glands/contractions og genital organs e.g. - labour pains - symp.
ejaculation - para., symp, somatic(sensory visceral)
308
what nerve lies on the lateral side all of the pelvis?
obturator nerve - over the obturator internus
309
one phrase to describe prostate tissue?
fibro-muscular - glandular tissue
310
bulb--urethral gland secretes what?
mucus - to moisten the urethra for passage of sperm
311
how do you know if histology is a seminal vesicle?
honey comb appearance in lumen
312
what the difference between pubic cresta dn pubic tubercle?
pubic tubercle first THEN area to pubic bone/symphysis
| is called pubic crest
313
pubic symphysis is what type of joint?
secondary cartilaginous joint
314
pubic symphysis is what type of joint?
secondary cartilaginous joint
315
sacroiliac is what type of joint?
synovial plane joint
316
3 functions of the pelvic diaphragm?
support of abdominal pelvic organs
Resistance to increases in intra-pelvic/abdominal pressure
Urinary and faecal continence
317
obturator nerve roots?
l2,3,4
318
what ligament is most anterior in female repro system?
round ligament
319
erection of clitoris is done what in the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus?
both innervated by what?
its held by BS muscle through contractions, holds clitoral erection
maintained by ischiocavernosus muscle, maintain the erection
BRNAHC OF PUDENDAL - PERINEAL BRANCH
320
WHAT structures contribute to perineal body? 4
BS muscle
superfical transverse muscle
deep trasnverse muscle
external anal sphincter
321
coprus cavernosum or spongiosum erectile?
cavernosum- erectile - and enlarges
| spongoisum - erectile - but does not enlarge
322
what forms the glans penis at end of penis?
corpus spongiosum
323
bulb and 2 crura of penis form what ?
and what muscles cover each?
bulb - corpus spongiosum
crura - corpus cavernosum
bulbospongiosus - associated with the bulb of the penis
ischiocavernosus - associated with 2 crura of penis
324
pudendal nerve is what type of nerve fibre?
somatic nerve type - sensory and motor
325
what is corpus cavernosum?
a mass of erectile tissue with large interspaces capable of being distended with blood especially
326
what is corpus spongiosum?
A column of spongy tissue that runs through the shaft (body) and glans (head) of the penis
and surrounds the urethra
327
piriformis and obturator internus in relation to the foramen in pelvis?
piriformis - through the greater sciatic foramen
obturator internus - through the lesser sciatic foramen
328
femoral and obturator nerve in relation to psoas major?
femoral - lateral
| obturator - medial
329
special thing about pudendal nerve route?
it leaves greater sciatic foramen THEN crosses over ischial spine THEN re-enters through lesser sciatic foramen
330
SECRETIONS FROM THE BUBL-URETHRAL GLANDS ENTERS WHERE?
ENTERS spongy urethra = penile urethra
331
why medial-lateral episotomy preferable?
to avoid perineal body
332
remnant of umbilical artery, vein and urachus?
artery - medial umbilical ligament
vein - ligamentum teres
urachus - allontois
333
artery supply to rectum explain and their branches? 3
superior rectal artery – terminal continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery.
Middle rectal artery – branch of the internal iliac artery.
Inferior rectal artery – branch of the internal pudendal artery
334
Visceral afferent (sensory) fibres follow what?
Visceral afferent (sensory) fibres follow the parasympathetic supply
335
special information about rectal veinous drainage?
Venous drainage is via the corresponding superior, middle and inferior rectal veins. The superior rectal vein empties into the portal venous system, whilst the middle and inferior rectal veins empty into the systemic venous system
336
what forms the lower limit of either the deep or superifical pouch?
lower limit of the superficial pouch = superficial perineal fascia
lower limit of deep pouch/urogenital diaphragm = perineal membrane
337
perineal membrane present where?
only in urogential traingle
338
what nerve supplies external anal sphincter?
inferior rectal nerve branch from pudendal nerve
339
what is the external anal sphincter?
it is a continuation of levator ani
340
What are the 3 main structures found in the ischioanal fossae
inferior rectal artery - branch of inferior pudendal artery
inferior rectal vein
inferior rectal nerve
341
above pectinate line - epithelium of rectum?
squamous simple columnar
342
what neves go through the inguinal canal in both genders?
ilioinguinal nerve
343
lumbosacral nerve roots?
l1-s4
344
What are the roots of the sciatic nerve?
l4-s3
345
what nerves responsible fro engrogement of erectile tissues?
pelvic sphlanchnic - s2-4 - parasympathetic - erection
346
where is the ejaculatory duct formed?
within the prostate
347
function of the seminal vesicle
produce semen - fluid rich in substances to provide energy for sperm
348
what innervation prevents reflux of semen in males?
sympathetic fibers innervate the bladder via the hypogastricplexuses and cause contraction of the internal urethral sphincter (in males)
during ejaculation to prevent reflux of semen into the bladder.
349
what nerve(s) descends in the spermatic cord?
genitofemoral nerve - genital branch - IN spermatic cord
ilioinguinal nerve - alongside the spermatic cord
350
perineal membrane - does what to the pouches?
it forms inferior border of deep perineal pouch
it forms superior border of superifical perineal pouch
351
importance of puborectalis?
helps to maintain fecal continence
352
fascia of spermatic cord & their origin?
external spermatic fascia - external oblique fascia
cremasteric fascia - internal oblique
internal spermatic fascia - tranversalis fascia
353
which perineal pouch is the erectile glands of female and male?
bulbourethral glands - deep
greater vestibular gland - superificial
354
2 muscles in the deep perineal pouch in males?
external urethral sphincter
deep transverse perineal muscle
355
testicular artery in relation to ureter and vas deferens?
runs anterior to ureter
cross over vas deferens
356
describe the lymph drainage of rectum?
upper segment - above pectinate line - inferior mesenteric LN
lower segment - below pectinate line - internal iliac LN AND sacral LN
357
vaginal artery - branch of?
uterine artery
358
vaginal artery - branch of?
uterine artery
359
genitofemoral and ilioinguinal nerve - roots? and TYPE OF NERVE FIBRE
ilioinguinal nerve - L1 - SENSORY
| genitofemoral - L1-2- SENSORY
360
pudendal nerve - course?
passes between piriformis and ischiococcygeus muscles
leaves through greater sciatic foramen
crosses sacrospinous ligament
re-enters lesser sciiatic foramen
through pudendal canal - in neurovascular bundle
361
lymph drainage of penis?
superficial and deep inguinal nodes
362
ovarian artery anastomose with what?
uterine artery
363
breast main lymph drainage?
axillary - lateral breast
| internal mammary - medial breast
364
differences in lactating and pregnant breat?
lactating - stroma thins - alveoli fill up - epithelia of glandular alveoli increase
365
differences in lactating, pregnant breast and pre-pubertal ?
lactating - stroma thins - alveoli fill up - epithelia of glandular alveoli increase
pre-pubertal - lots of fat
366
2 function sof cremaster muscle?
cremaster reflex
| thermoregulation
367
what type of tissue is perineal body?
fibro-muscular body
368
borders of ischioanal fossa?
obtruator internus - lateral
levator ani - medial
369
what urethra goes through deep perineal pouch?
membraneous urethra
370
function of bulbospongiosus?
contracts the bulb (of clitoris/penis)
expel and empty fluid from the glands
asisst erection too
371
function of perinela body?
provides attachement of perineal muscles- maintain the pelvic floor and pelvic viscera and maintaining continence
372
what is closely related to the ischial spine- artery + nerve?
internal pudendal artery
| pudendal nerve
373
what lymph nodes do breast drain into?
lateral - axillary group
medial - parasternal group (internal mammary)
==== axillary + internal mammary + clavicular(supra/infra)
374
innervation of piriformis and obturator internus?
branches of sacral plexus
nerve to - (said muscle)
375
sacral plexus leaves where?
greater sciatic foramen
376
male or female - who has thick and heavy bone?
MALE
377
rectum - explain peritoneal covering?
retroperitoneal
rectum - upper 1/3 - covered with peritoneum front and lateral sides
middle 1/3 - covered on front only
lower 1/3 - no perionteal covering
378
peritoneal covering of bladder?
superior and part of the posterior surface covered
379
subperitoneal organs?
The bladder, the cervix of the uterus and the last part of the rectum lie subperitoneal
380
role of the broad ligament
keeps uterus centrally BUT DOES NOT SUPPORT UTERUS
381
NAME the thickenings of the pelvic fascia?
cardinal ligament AND uterosacral ligament
382
origin of superior rectal artery??
inferior mesenteric artery
383
what gland makes up most of the semen?
seminal vesicle
384
is left or right testicular cancer spread worse?
left - as involves kidney!
385
where are the median and medial umbilical ligmaents found ?
anterior abdominal wall
386
ilioinguinal innervates?
| genitofemoral innervates?
ilioinguinal - root of penis & labia in female
genitofemoral - cremaster muscle, anterior scrotum & mons pubis
387
narrowest diameter in pelvic outlet?
between ischial spines
388
narrowest diameter of pelvic inlet and outlet?
inlet - distance from sacral promontary and pubic symphysis
outlet - the distance between the ischial spines
389
superior vesical artery branch of?
umbilical artery
390
WATER UNDER THE BRIDGE - OCCURS at what 3 locations?
ischial spine
junction of cervix
lateral part of fornix of vagina
390
WATER UNDER THE BRIDGE - OCCURS at what 3 locations?
ischial spine
junction of cervix
lateral part of fornix of vagina
391
action of deep and superifical transverse perineal muscles?
Constricts urethra and vagina, maintains urinary continence
392
action of sphincter muscles?
maintain the urinary/faecal continence
