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PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

what releases mature egg in ovary?

A

ovarian follicles that undertake oogeynesis

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2
Q

3 layers of ovary explain each layer ?

A

surface - connective tissue capsule covered with layer of simple cuboidal epithelium

cortex - peripheral part - connective tissue
- containing ovarian follicles

medulla - central part - connective tissue with bv

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3
Q

what is an ovarian follicle?

A

one oocyte surrounded by single layer of cells

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4
Q

function of ovaries? 2

A

oocyte production

steroid hormone production

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5
Q

how many eggs per menstrual cycle?

A

one mature egg and majority other eggs perish

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6
Q

what happens to number of eggs as you age?

A

decrease

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7
Q

progesterone role?

A

prepares endometrium for implantation

causes changes to vascularity of endo wall and adds thickness

desiculisation - leading to mentstruation

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8
Q

follicles contain what type of egg?

A

immature egg

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9
Q

in what stage is oogenesis arrested pre-puberty?

then what happens after puberty?

A

pre-puberty - in stage of first meoitic division

after puberty first meotic division completes and second meoitic division starts

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10
Q

when does second meoitic division complete?

A

after fertilisation of oocyte and sperm

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11
Q

explain stages of the follicles?

A
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12
Q

explain stages/names of the follicles (describe appearance at each stage too)? 4

A

primordial follicle - arrested in first meoitic division

primary follicle - oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells

secondary follicle - increased oocyte size, multiple layers of granulosa cells and first meoitic division completes

tertiary/graffian follicle - secondary oocyte formed and start of secondary meotiic division

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13
Q

what is the number of chormosomes before and after birth in oogenesis ?

A

46 then 23

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14
Q

LH AND FSH referred as and originate from?

A

gonadotrophins and originate from anterior pituitary

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15
Q

what happens to LH during ovulation?

A

LH surge allowing ovulation to occur and egg to release

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16
Q

what happens to E and P after ovulation?

A

P increases

E slightly decreases

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17
Q

what increase in hormone causes ovulation?

A

LH surge

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18
Q

luteal phase explain?

A

ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum and secretes progestrone

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19
Q

degenerating corpus luteum forms?

A

forms corpus albicans

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20
Q

how many days is one mentsrual cycle?

A

28 days

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21
Q

follicular phase is and controlled by?

A

FSH causes follicle to mature and produce E - inhibit development of other follicles

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22
Q

what hormone increases in follicular phase?

A

eostrogen

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23
Q

what hormone increases in luteal phase?

A

progesterone

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24
Q

amenorrhoea? primary and secondary

A

primary - never had a period ever

secondary - late/missed/irregular

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25
3 causes to amenorrhoea?
problem with hormones problem with ovary problem with uterus and outflow tract
26
hypogonadism explain? 2 types?
hypogonadotrophic - problem with pituitary gland/hypothalamus - suprressed low lsh, fh hypergonadotrophic - problem with ovary(not responsive to hormones) high lsh, fh
27
hypogonadism meaning?
means low function of ovaries
28
synechiae? and its consequences
scar tissue in uterus - obstruct and cant bleed
29
epididymis of testes function? and where is it?
sperm storage and maturation before release posterior to testes
30
why is testes in scrotum?
testicular temp needs to be below body temp in order to facilitate sperm making
31
what structures in male produce semen?
seminal vesicles and prostate create it and carry it along with sperm to urethra
32
how do sperm travel to urethra?
through ductus deferens to urethra
33
in testes where is sperm production site?
seminiferous tubules
34
tunica albuginea?
fibrous capsule of testes that penetrates into structure of testis and divides it into tubules
35
rete testis?
all tubules merge and where it leads to epididymis
36
three types of cells in seminiferous tubules and their function?
germ cells - produce sperm sertoli cells - support sperm interstitial/leydig cells - produce testesterone
37
GnRH?
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone - in hypothalamus
38
gonadotrophins?
FSH and LH - in anterior pituitary
39
sperm average time from production to ejaculation? | length of spermatogenesis
64 days
40
affect of LH AND FSH on testes?
stimulate spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion by testes
41
inhibin inhibit what? and made by?
inhibit anterior pituatry and LH and FSH secretion made by sertoli cells
42
normal sperm count and sperm motility ?
15 million/ml and 32% motility
43
prestesticular and testicular causes means?
prestesticular - in brain and affects hormones testsiuclar - in testis
44
varicocoele?
dilating testicular veins
45
oligospermia ?
sperm count is low
46
spermiogenesis?
spermatid into a sperm differenciation into mature sperm cells
47
spermatocytogenesis?
clonal expansion of germ cells and maturation through mitotic and meiotic process
48
what divisions does spermatogenesis include?
1 mitotic division 2 meoitic divisions
49
what factors affect spermatogenesis. 3
medical factors lifestyle factors combined factors
50
spermatogenesis occurs when?
starts at puberty and ocntinues lifelong
51
2 phases of spermatogenesis?
1. spermatocytogenesis | 2. spermiogenesis
52
what happens to joints in preganancy?
become less stable
53
level of Oetstrogen and progestrone in preg?
increased level
54
what happens to connective tissue in preg?
increased extensiblity and pliability
55
basal metabolic rate in preg?
increases in preg
56
reflux in preg?
relaxation of lower oeso sphoincter - means more likley to reflux from stomach
57
oedema in preg?
sodium and water retention and decreased ability to excrtee soium and water load - leading to increased oedema in preg.
58
pre-eclampsia?
high bp during preg can affect arteries carrying blood to plaenta
59
levels of thyroxine T3/T4 in preg women?
liver makes more thyroid binding globulin TBG T4 and T3 also increase so free T3/T4 remain same
60
Iodine levels in preg women?
iodine deficiency high as iodine actively transported to fetoplacental unit and iodine excretion is increased
61
hyperemesis gravidarum?
sever nausea and vomiting during pregancy
62
hyperemesis gravidarum associated with what?
biochemical HYPERTHYROIDISM - increased level of T4
63
why important to ensure good thyroid function in preg women?
as foetus dependant on maternal thryoid funciton till 12 weeks gestation
64
blood volume and red cell mass in preg? result in?
blood volume increases by 60% red cell mass increases less results in haemodilution PHYSIOLOGICAL ANAEMIA
65
vena cava in preg?
compressed by uterus grwoing - HENCE WHY NEVER LIE PREG LADY FLAT ON BACK - OR WILL FAINT
66
ventilation in preg women means and results in?
hyperventilation PCO2 levels lower result in state of COMPENSATED RESP. ALKALOSIS
67
coagulation in preg women? what subtsances increases?
hypercoagulable state - clotting increase, fibrogen increase
68
renal system in preg see what mostly?
physiological hydronephrosis - more on right seen
69
what seen in urine in preg? 3
UTI microscopic haematuria gycosuria
70
haemaglobin increase or decrease in preg?
decrease
71
GFR increases or decreases in preg?
increases rate
72
urea in preg - up or down?
down
73
albumin in preg - up or down?
down - liver protein that helps carry stuff

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