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EMBRYOLOGY Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

early blastocyst is formed on what day of fertilisation process?

A

DAY 5

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2
Q

FERTILISATION is also known as “what” process?

A

generalised acrosomal process

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3
Q

acrosome of sperm is?

A

cap on sperm

this releases hydrolytic enzymes

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4
Q

what is the role of the hydrolytic enzymes?

A

dissolves the zona and allows reaction with the zona pellucida + acrosome of the sperm

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5
Q

early embryo development? day 1 - 5 explain what happens

A 
day 1 - formation of pronuclei 
day 2 - first cell division 
day 3 - cell division continues (2-4-8)
day 4 - formation of morula 
day 5 - blastocyst forms and goes to attach on the uterine cavity
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6
Q

trophoblast goes to form what?

A

placenta

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7
Q

blastocyst made of?

A

outer trophoblast

inner cell mass - embryoblast

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8
Q

pinopodes? what are they? function?

A

microvilli like structure on the endometrium - allow connection between blastocycst and endometrium

attracted to the microvilli of the trophoblast

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9
Q

stages of implantation/placentation? and what days?

at what stage can a preg test be taken? and why?

A

hatching - day 5/6
apposition - day 6/7
adhesion - day 7/8
invasion - day 8/9

preg test can be taken on stage of adhesion as hCG is secreted

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10
Q

premature hatching means what? explain process and consequences

A

5th day after fertilisation
inability to prepare to implant results in infertility and premature hatching can result in abnormal implantation in uterine tube - ectopic preg etc

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11
Q

decidualisation change explain when this occurs?

and when in women?

A

prior to invasion stage and placentation and implantation/blastocyst invasion

endometrium is decidualised in prep during each monthly cycle in women

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12
Q

decidualisation under control of what hormone?

A

progesterone

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13
Q

what 3 main changes are within decidualisation?

A

1 - stromal cell/elongated fibroblast cells differentiation into decidual/rounded epithelial cells

2 - angiogenesis - new vessel formation - increase vascularity

3 - increased macrophages, lymphocytes and leukocytes - for maternal immune tolerance

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14
Q

what is the function/ reason for decidualisation?

A

transform endometrium into vascular receptive tissue for blastocyst invasion and implantation

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15
Q

is the placenta mothers property?

A

NO

composed of mostly fetal tissue

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16
Q

placentation - explain stages briefly ?

A

trophoblast invade and form primary chorionic villi

secondary villi

tertiary villi

remodelling of spiral arteries and increase blood flow

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17
Q

at what stage is placenta functional?

A

when tertiary villi are formed - as mothers circulation is now connected

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18
Q

placenta subunits called?

A

cotyledons

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19
Q

functions of placenta? 5

A

acts as immunological barrier

gas exchange

nutrient exchange

waste excretion

endocrine function

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20
Q

embryogenesis is what weeks in pregnancy? snd what is developing within these weeks?

A

first 8 weeks of embryo development post fertilisation - embryoblast development

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21
Q

what does the inner cell mass form in the blastocyst?

A

forms baby

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22
Q

what are the three germ layers?

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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23
Q

through which processes do the three germ layers form?

A

gastrulation

neural tube formation

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24
Q

what period begins after at the end of week 8?

A

embryonic period ends

fetal periods starts

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25
bilaminar disc is made up of? what do they each go on to form?
epiblast forms 3 germ layers hypoblast forms extra-embryonic mesoderm
26
what is the extraembryonic mesoderm?
mesoderm around the embryo
27
what layer of trophoblast forms chorionic villi?
inner layer of cytotrophoblast
28
explain cavity's on either side of bilaminar epiblast?
yolk sac on side of hypoblast amniotic cavity on side of epiblast
29
gastrulation occurs what days of development?
day 13-16
30
how does gastrulation begin?
begins as primitive streak between epiblast and migrates further down into hypoblast
31
ectoderm forms?
CNS PNS NEUROENDOCRINE ORGANS
32
mesoderm forms?
``` dermis CVS MSK kidneys ureters bladder ```
33
endoderm forms?
GI tract pancreas bladder urethra
34
mesoderm split into? 3
paraxial intermediate lateral plate
35
intermediate mesoderm forms what structures?
kidneys ureter GONADS
36
DIZYGOTIC TWINS - explain meaning and process?
NON-IDENTICAL - 2 SEPERATE EGGS - 2 SEPERATE fertilising and implanting two or more eggs fertilising and implanting
37
MONOZYGOTIC TWINS - explain meaning and process?
one embryo splitting AFTER IMPLANTATION IDENTICAL TWINS
38
WHY is division/splitting of egg timing important?
timing of embryo splitting determines nature of pregnancy - will determine if they share placenta/amniotic sac or not
39
dichorionic diamniotic twins - explain division day/nature of preg?
day 1-4 division seperate placenta and amniotic sac
40
monochorionic diamniotic twins - explain splitting day and nature of preg?
day 5-8 splitting share placenta and seperate amniotic sac
41
monochorionic monoamniotic twins - explain splitting day and nature of preg ?
day 7 - 14 splitting day share placenta and amniotic sac
42
when is the splitting day for conjoined twins?
of embryo splits after 14 days
43
if embryo implants AND THEN splits right after - result in what type of twins?
shared placenta and separate inner sacs
44
organogenesis occurs in what weeks?
week 5-8
45
from where do both urinary system and reproductive system form from?
from urogenital ridge in intermediate mesoderm
46
urogenital ridge forms what next?
gonadal ridge - medially nephrogenic ridge - laterally - forms kidney and ureter
47
when/which week are kidneys finally formed and in their position?
12th week
48
bladder and urethra formed from which origin?
urogenital sinus
49
kidney and ureter form from which origin?
nephrogenic cord portion of urogenital ridge - pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
50
is mesonephros functional?
functional but transient!!
51
ureteric duct forms what?
ureter
52
nephric duct does what?
drains into cloaca - common temporary outlet for different systems in embryo
53
renal agenesis means?
no kidney
54
what is the cloaca?
caudal end of enfolded yolk sac
55
cloaca divisions? and how is it divided? what does it go on to form?
divided by urorectal septum INTO urogenital sinus - - - bladder and urethra anal canal - - - rectum/hindgut
56
indifferent gonad meaning?
capable of developing into bothe testes and ovary
57
what forms the indifferent gonad? and where does it originate from?
combination of primordial germ cells and primitive sex cords primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac sex cords form from epithelium of gonadal ridge -
58
what determines MALE formation? explain
Y chromosome contains SRY gene - to produce SRY PROTEIN which is testis determining factor
59
what are primitive sex cords?
elongated projections along gonad
60
sertoli cells derived from where?
from surface epithelium under affect of AMH
61
LEYDIG CELLS produced from? and what is their function?
from intermediate mesoderm produce testosterone
62
what the primitive sex cords form in both testis and ovary?
ovary - ovarian primordial follicles testes - future semineferous tubules & rete testis
63
what happens to testes once the form?
descend into scrotal sac
64
where are gonads originally formed?
posterior abdominal wall
65
how do testes descend?
abdominal wall to deep inguinal ring to scrotal area
66
lower part of mesonephric duct below ureteic bud forms what?
incorporated into bladder to form trigone and part of bladder
67
differentiation into testis and ovary determined by presence of what 2 things?
AMH | Y chromosome
68
2 sets of genital ducts? name, position and WHAT each go on to form? where do they open into?
mesonephric duct, next to gonad ---- male paramesonephric duct, lateral --- female both open into urogenital sinus
69
AMH determines what?
determines which genital duct stays and develops AND which one regresses and vanishes
70
AMH present in male or female?
male it is present
71
mesonephric duct in male?
persists and forms epidiymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles
72
paramesonephric duct in females?
fuse medially and canalise fused portion ---- uterus and upper 2/3 vagina unfused portion --- f tubes ducts fuse with urogenital sinus at sinus tubercle and form hymen
73
why is anus separate from opening of urinary system?
as cloaca is split by urorectal septum
74
hypospadias?
urethral development problem - opening of it is weirdly placed
75
crytochordism?
absence or undescended testis
76
resorption defect menaing?
ducts have fused BUT not undergone canalisation
77
lower 1/3 of vagina formed from?
urogenital sinus
78
MKRH syndrome?
failure of ParaMesonephric ducts to develop normally in females
79
reprodUctive anomalies are associated with what other anomalies and WHY?
renal anomalies - as common developmental origin
80
what "derm" forms urogenital system?
intermediate plate mesoderm
81
what weeks do blastocyst form?
week 1/2
82
what weeks are the organogenetic period?
week4-8
83
what week do gastrulation, neuralation and somite form?
week 3
84
whats the only way for gonads to form?
for germ cell migrate from yolk sac into gonads - to form sperm/ovum
85
how do para-mesonephirc duct form?
epithelium of mesonephros invaginates to form tube
86
paramesonephric duct projects into what?
urogenital sinus/ bladder
87
paramesonephric duct and mesonephric duct disappears in which gender?
mesonephric duct - disappear in female paramesonephric duct - disappear in male
88
y chromosome also known as? encodes for?
SRY encodes for TDF = testis determining factor
89
sertoli cells do what in presence of TDF?
sertoli cells secrete MIS - making paramesonpehric duct degenerate (like in males)
90
what week do TDF stimulate primary sex cords?
week 7
91
what week do leydig cells produce testosterone?
week 8
92
repro system post-natal development?
after puberty is when the repro system can complete development
93
how do seminal vesicles form?
outgrowth from caudal end of mesonephric duct
94
no TDF mean what?
by default - ovary formed
95
how are primordial follicles formed?
primordial germ cells then bud off sex cords with single surrounding layer of cortical cord cells to form it
96
what happens to oocytes before birth?
arrested in meiosis - arrested in prophase 1st meiotic division UNTIL puberty
97
at what month are all follicles formed in female foetus?
7 month
98
what happens to ovary afteer menopause?
fibrosed
99
lower 1/3 of vagina formed from?
urogenital sinus
100
cranial open end of paramesonephric duct becomes what in females?
ovary
101
descent of testis explain over weeks?
week 7 - undescended - t10 week 12 - level of deep inguinal ring enters scrotum just prior to birth
102
gubernalaculum does what?
causes descent - contracts and pulls gonad down to pelvis its like a fibrous cord
103
descent of gonads in females explain over weeks?
week 7 - level t10 week 12 - broad ligament made, round ligament drawn through inguinal canal to attach to labia majora
104
who has larger inguinal canal and why?
male - as gonad descends through it - gubernalaculum
105
remnant of gubernalaculum?
ovarian ligament | round ligament
106
MIS do what?
mullerian inhibiting substance - leads to paramesonephric duct degenerating
107
what week do mammary crests appear?
4th week
108
what do mammary crests do? and what happens to them?
crests extend from axillary region to inguinal region disappear except pectoral region
109
process of the mammary buds?
primary secondary mammary gland lactiferous ducts and branches

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