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The Heart > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

Where does the anterior interventricular artery run?

A

Down the anterior interventricular sulcus

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2
Q

What does the anterior interventricular artery supply?

A

The anterior walls of the L and R ventricles
Anterior wall of the interventricular sulcus

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3
Q

What does the anterior interventricular artery come of?

A

Left coronary artery

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4
Q

What is the name of the fatty pouches found on the surface of the heart?

A

L and R auricle

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5
Q

From left to right name the aorta

A

Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta

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6
Q

Which vessel sends blood from the heart to the lungs

A

Pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

Name the branches of the aorta (R to L)

A

Brachiocephalic artery
- R. subclavian artery
- R. common carotid artery
L. common carotid artery
L. subclavian artery

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8
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

The tip of the bottom

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9
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein run?

A

Next to the anterior interventricular artery

Along the anterior interventricular sulcus

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10
Q

Which veins merge to form the superior vena cava

A

R and L brachiocephalic veins

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11
Q

Where does the right coronary artery go?

A

Around the heart in the coronary sulcus

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12
Q

What does the marginal artery supply?

A

Lateral ventricle walls of the right ventricle

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13
Q

Why are anastomoses important in the heart

A

To provide alternative blood routes

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14
Q

What combines to form the coronary sinus

A

Middle cardiac vein combines with
- Small cardiac vein
- Great cardiac vein
- Posterior vein of the left ventricle

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15
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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17
Q

What are the cords of the valves called?

A

Cordae tendaneae

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18
Q

What are the name of the structure which holds down the valves?

A

Papillary muscles

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19
Q

Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the right side of the heart

A

Deoxygenated

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20
Q

Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the left side of the heart

A

Oxygenated

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21
Q

What separates the left and right ventricles and atria

A

Interventricular septum

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22
Q

What is the name of the valve after the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary/semi lunar valve

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23
Q

What carries blood away from the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary trunk (right lung is deoxygenated)

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24
Q

What is the white structure to the right of the pulmonary trunk

A

Ligamentum arteriosum from fetal ductus arteriosus

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25
What drains blood into the left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
26
What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid/mitral valve
27
What is the name of the heart muscle
Myocardium
28
What lines the internal chambers of the heart
Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue (endocardium)
29
What does the circumflex artery come of
Left coronary artery
30
What does the circumflex artery supply
Little bit of atria muscular walls Lateral walls of the left Ventricle
31
Where would you find the Fossa ovalus and what is it
Located in R. atrium Scare tissue from ovale foramen
32
What is the purpose of valves
To prevent backflow
33
What drains into the right atrium
Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava Coronary sinus
34
What drains into the left atrium
Pulmonary veins L (from left lungs) Pulmonary veins R (from right lung)
35
Blood flowing back from the lungs drains into which atria
Left
36
How much does the heart weigh
200-300g
37
Which side does the circumflex artery run
Left
38
Which side does the coronary artery run
Right
39
What does the origin of the posterior interventricular artery determine
If an individual has a right dominant or left dominant coronary circulation
40
What is right dominant circulation
posterior ventricular artery arises from the right coronary Both right and left coronary arteries supply the left ventricle
41
What is left dominant circulation
Posterior ventricular artery from circumflex artery Left coronary artery supplies the entire left ventricle
42
What is the fossa ovalis
Depression in the interatrial septum
43
What did the foramen ovale do
Shunt oxygenated blood from the right atrium and to the left atrium
44
What is the crista terminalis
Muscular ridge that separates the smooth-walled posterior part of the atrium from the anterior part Ridged, muscular wall
45
What are pectinate muscles
Ridges in the crista terminalis Extend into the right auricle
46
What is the valve called between the right atrium and right ventricle
Right atrioventricular valve Tricuspid valve
47
When does the right/left atrium contract
Blood flow is majority passive Contracts to fully empty
48
Is the right atrium or right ventricle walls thicker
Right ventricle
49
What are the muscular ridges on the internal walls of the right ventricles
Trabeculae carneae
50
What is the moderator band
Modified region on the trabeculae carneae which connects the interventricular septum to the papillary muscles Right ventricle
51
What has a thinner wall right atrium or right ventricle
Right ventricle
52
What is the surface of the left atrium like
Posterior part - smooth walled Anterior part - bears pectinate muscles
53
How does blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle
Left atrioventricular valve Mitral valve
54
What valve prevents backflow from the aorta
Aortic valve
55
Is the left or the right ventricle thicker
Left
56
What structures does the right atrium have
Interatrial septum Fossa ovalis Crista terminalis - pectinate muscles
57
What structures does the right ventricle have
Interventricular septum Trabeculae carneae Papillary muscles Chordae tendineae Moderator band
58
What structures does the left ventricle have
Trabeculae carneae Papillary muscles Chordae tendineae
59
What is the correct term for the ventricles contracting
Ventricular systole
60
What is the role of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
Do not close the valves Allow the valves to resist the pressures generated inside the ventricles during contractions Stop the valves from being forced open
61
What happens when pressure rises in ventricles
Valve cusps start to close passively When valves contract papillary muscles also contract Muscles pull on the valve cusps and prevent them everting into the atria
62
How many semi-circular cusps does each semilunar valve have
3
63
What is each semi-circular cusp attached to
Inner wall of the vessel with the free edge that projects into the vessel lumen
64
What does each semi-lunar cusp form
Pocket (sinus) between its free edge and the vessel wall
65
How does blood move through the semi-lunar cusps
Once pressure decreases blood tries to flow back Caught in the valve cusps Sinuses rapidly fill with blood and the cusps balloon out of the lumen Free edges contract and close the valve orifice
66
When do the coronary arteries fill
Ventricular relaxation
67
What is the definition of abnormal heart sounds
Murmurs
68
Where is the auscultatory area for the aortic valve
2nd intercostal space Just right to the sternum
69
Where is the auscultatory area for the pulmonary valve
2nd intercostal space Just left of the sternum
70
Where is the auscultatory area for the tricuspid valve
5th intercostal space Just left of the sternum
71
Where is the auscultatory area for the mitral valve
Left 5th intercostal space Midclavicular line
72
What is the role of the ligamentum arteriosum in fetal development
Pulmonary trunk to aorta (lungs still need oxygen)
73
What is the role of the fossa ovalis in the fetal development
Bypass the lungs
74
Where does the superior vena cava arise and what from
It arises from the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins, Posterior to the first right costal cartilage.
75
After the union, where does the superior vena cava descend
It descends vertically through the superior mediastinum, behind the intercostal spaces and to the right of the aorta and trachea.
76
What happens to the superior vena cava at the level of the second costal cartilage
SVC enters the middle mediastinum and becomes surrounded by the fibrous pericardium.
77
How does the SVC terminate
It terminates by emptying into the superior aspect of the right atrium at the level of the third costal cartilage.
78
What is the size of the superior vena cava
Wide diameter of up to 2cm and a length of approximately 7cm.
79
What is mnemonic to remember heart valves
LAB RAT Left Atrium: Bicuspid Right Atrium: Tricuspid Try Pulling My Aorta Tricuspid Pulmonary Mitral Aortic
80
What are the role of baroreceptors
Detect changes in blood pressure Deals with short term blood pressure correction
81
Where are baroreceptors located
Arch of the aorta and the carotid sinus
82
What is the role of peripheral chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors are activated by changes in the partial pressure of oxygen and trigger respiratory drive changes aimed at maintaining normal partial pressure levels
83
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located
carotid and aortic bodies,
84
Where is the apex beat
Left 5th intercostal space mid-clavicular line
85
What line divides the superior and inferior mediastinum
Plane between the sternal angle and T4/5
86
What is the most superficial muscle of the anterior chest wall
Pectoralis major
87
What does the pectoralis major attach
Upper humerus, clavicle and upper six ribs
88
What lies deep to the pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
89
What does the pectoralis minor attach
Scapula and ribs 3-5
90
What does the serratus anterior attach
Scapula and the upper eight ribs
91
What is the prime function of the pectoralis major
Adducts the humerus
92
What is the prime function of the pectoralis minor
Protract the scapula
93
What is the prime function of the serratus anterior
Protracts the scapula
94
What are the auscultatory areas
Area for each valve
95
Where is the auscultatory region for the aortic valve
2nd intercostal space - just right of the sternum
96
Where is the auscultatory region for the pulmonary valve
2nd intercostal space, just left of the sternum
97
Where is the auscultatory region for the tricuspid valve
5th intercostal space, just left of the sternum
98
Where is the auscultatory region for the mitral valve
Left 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
99
Describe the pathway of the phrenic nerve
C3, 4, 5 Descend through the neck Enter thorax through the superior thoracic aperture Course over the pericardium Peirce diaphragm (near inferior vena cava opening)
100
Describe the pathway of the vagus nerve
Descend through the neck alongside the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein. Enter thorax by the superior thoracic aperture Descends in thorax posterior to the root of the lung Peirce diaphragm at oesophageal hiatus
101
Describe the recurrent laryngeal nerves
Vagus nerve gives rise Ascend back up into the neck to innervate the muscles of the larynx Left - loops under the arch of the aorta before ascending back up the left side of the neck (alongside the trachea) to the larynx Right - descends anterior to the right subclavian artery and then loops under the inferior border of the artery before ascending back up the right side of the neck (between the trachea and oesophagus) to the larynx
102
Where does the vagus nerve pierce the thorax
Superior thoracic aperture
103
Where does the vagus nerve pierce the diaphragm
Oesophageal hiatus
104
Where does the phrenic nerve pierce the thorax
Superior thoracic aperature
105
Where does the phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava opening
106
Describe the pathway of the superior vena cava
Arises from union of left and right brachiocephalic veins - posterior to the first right costal cartilage Descends vertically through the superior mediastinum, behind the intercostal spaces and to the right of the aorta and trachea Level of 2nd costal cartilage enters the middle mediastinum - becomes surrounded by the fibrous pericardium Terminates by emptying into the superior aspect of the right atrium at the level of the 3rd costal cartilage
107
What runs on the left side of the SVC
Brachiocephalic artery Ascending aorta
108
What runs on the right side of the SVC
Phrenic nerve Right pleura Upper lobe of right lung
109
What is posterior to the SVC
Trachea Right vagus nerve Root of the right lung
110
What is located anterior to the SVC
Chest wall Thymus Internal thoracic vessels Anterior margin of the right lung and pleura
111
What is the venous drainage of the breast
Axillary and internal thoracic veins
112
What are the internal intercostals continuous with
Internal oblique muscles
113
What intercostals are involved in inspiration
External intercostals - pull ribs superiorly and laterally
114
What intercostals are involved in expiration
Internal intercostals - pull ribs inferiorly

The Heart (12 decks)

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