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Blood Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two pathways of clotting coagulation

A

Extrinsic pathway

Intrinsic pathway

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2
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway

A

Triggered by internal damage to the vessel walls

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3
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway

A

Triggered by external trauma which causes blood to escape circulation

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4
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade

A

12 - 12a

11 - 11a

9 - 9a

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5
Q

How is 12 activated

A

Comes into contact with negatively charged collagen on the damaged endothelium

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6
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway

A

3 activated 7 - 7a

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7
Q

How is 3 involved

A

released by damaged cells outside the circulation

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8
Q

What activates 10

A

10

7 and 9

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9
Q

What is the common pathway

A

Activation of 10 and everything after

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10
Q

Describe the clotting pathway

A

10 - 10 a

Activated 2 - 2a

1 - 1a

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11
Q

What is the name of 2

A

Prothrombin

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12
Q

What is the name of 2a

A

Thrombin

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13
Q

What is the name of 1

A

Fibrinogen

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14
Q

What is the name of 1a

A

Fibrin

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15
Q

How are cross linked fibrin clot formed

A

Fibrin and 13

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16
Q

How do you remember the clotting cascade

A

Extrinsic pathway 3 + 7

Intrinsic pathway 12 + 11 + 9 + 8

10

Clotting pathway 5 x 2 x 1 = 10

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17
Q

What antibodies in plasma does A group have

A

Anti-B

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18
Q

What antibodies in plasma does B group have

A

Anti-A

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19
Q

What antibodies in plasma does AB group have

A

None

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20
Q

What antibodies in plasma does O group have

A

Anti-A
Anti-B

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21
Q

What antigens in red blood cells does A group have

A

A

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22
Q

What antigens in red blood cells does B group have

A

B

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23
Q

What antigens in red blood cells does AB group have

A

A and B

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24
Q

What antigens in red blood cells does O group have

A

None

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25
Does Rh+ have an antigen
Yes - Rh D
26
Does Rh- have an antigen
No
27
What can Rh+ receive blood from
Rh+ Rh-
28
What can Rh- receive blood from
Rh-
29
What is significant about Rh-
Anti-D antibody is usually absent until they are exposed Cannot be given transfusions as Rh+ can cause Rh- to develop antigens
30
What are universal donors
O-
31
Why are O- universal donors
RBCs have no A, B or RhD antigens
32
What are universal recipients
AB+ Plasma does not contain anti-B, A or Rh-D
33
Describe platelets
Not true cells - cellular fragments Do not contain a nucleus - do not have mitochondria 7-10 days lifespan
34
What do platelets originate from
Megakaryocytes
35
What are the two types of platelet granules
Alpha granules - high MW Dense granules - low MW
36
Give examples of alpha granules
Von Willebrand factor Factor V Fibrinogen
37
Give examples of dense granules
ATP ADP Serotonin Calcium ions
38
What are the two surface receptors on platelets
Agonist Adhesion
39
What is the role of agonist surface receptors
Recognise stimulatory molecules
40
What is the role of adhesion surface receptors
Promote adhesion of platelets
41
What are the 3 roles of platelets
1. Adhesion 2. Activation 3. Aggregation
42
Describe the role of platelets in adhesion
Injury exposes underlying endothelium and collagen fibres Collagen fibres bind to VWF released from damaged endothelium VWF promotes platelet adhesion
43
Describe the role of activation of platelets
Platelet binds to collagen - glycoprotein 2b = activated Controlled by G-protein coupled receptors Secretion of ADP + thromboxane A2 Activate other platelets
44
Describe aggregation in platelets
Fibrinogen facilitates formation of cross links between platelets - aiding platelet aggregation to form a platelet plug
45
What happens after a platelet plug is formed
Fibrinolysis
46
What type of feedback is production of a platelet plug
Positive
47
What is the breakdown of platelet plug
Liver - plasminogen - plasmin (11a, 12a) - breaks down D-dimers
48
What does a hemocytoblast differentiate into
Proerythroblast Myeloblast Lymphoblast Monoblast Megakaryote
49
What does a proerythroblast differentiate into
Erythrocytes
50
What does a myeloblast differentiate into
Granulocytes: Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil
51
What do lymphoblasts differentiate into
Lymphocytes
52
What do monoblasts differentiate into
Monocyte
53
Name the agranulocytes
Lymphocytes Monocyte
54
What do megakaryoblasts differentiate into
Megakaryocyte - thrombocytes
55
Name the leukocytes
Granulocytes - basophils - eosinophil - neutrophil Agranulocytes - lymphocyte - monocyte
56
What is the size of a red blood cell
6.2-8.2 x 2-2x5 um
57
What is the lifespan of a red blood cell
100-120 days
58
What is the size of a white blood cell
7-30um
59
What is the lifespan of a white blood cell
Hours/days/years
60
What is the role of white blood cells
Non specific and specific immunity
61
Give examples of innate immunity
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Macrophages Mast cells
62
Give examples of adaptive immunity
B cells T cells
63
Give examples of non-specific immunity
Cytokines Phagocytosis Cytotoxicity
64
Give examples of antigen-specific immunity
Cytokines Antibodies Cytotoxicity
65
What is humoral immunity
Secrete antibodies that defend against extracellular pathogens e.g. B cells
66
What is cell-mediated immunity
Defend against infected cells, cancers and transplant issues e.g. T cells
67
What are the two lineage of lymphocyte maturation from bone marrow stem cells
B lymphocyte T lymphocyte
68
Where does lymphocyte maturation begin
Bone marrow stem cell
69
What is the generative lymphoid organ for B lymphocyte lineage
Bone marrow
70
What is the generative lymphoid organ for T lymphocyte lineage
Thymus
71
Where do mature T-lymphocytes go
Blood lymph
72
Where do mature B lymphocytes go
Blood
73
What are the peripheral lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes Spleen Mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues
74
Describe the features of a red blood cell
Non nucleated Biconcave 2-3 million produced and released from bone marrow every second
75
How are ABO antigens inherited
Mendelian pattern Each group have a 25% chance of production Genes code for an enzyme
76
What are ABO antibodies a mixture of
IgM and IgG IgM mainly for group A and B
77
How many Rhesus antigens are there
Over 45
78
Where is the rhesus antigen genetic locus
Chromosome 1 co-dominant
79
What can rhesus negative blood cause
Haemolytic transfusion reactions Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
80
What is the size of platelets
2-5 um
81
What is the lifespan of platelets
7-10 days
82
Describe the structure of platelets
Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Dense tubular system Secretory granules
83
What are the secretory granules of platelets
Alpha Dense Lysosome Peroxisome
84
What are the three levels of platelet activation
Initiation Propagation Stabilisation
85
What % of the plasma do proteins make up
6-8%

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