Anatomy Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
aggregation of cell bodies in the CNS and pns is reffered to as:
A
Nnucleus and Ganglia
2
Q
bundles of axons in the CNS and PNS are named :
A
Tracts and Nerves
3
Q
Perikaryon is …….
dendritic precesses are special for having ……….
A
nucleus cell bodies
dendritic spines
4
Q
seperates neurons from each other
And making sure that no cytoplasm is in between
A
neurolemma
5
Q
unmylinated extentions of axons are:
A
telodendria and they have terminal boutons
6
Q
chemical synapses are charictarized by :
electrical synapsis are charictarized by :
A
neurotransmitter
gap junctions
7
Q
unipolar neurons, how many neurites does it have, where is it found
A
one neurite and found in dorsal root ganglion
8
Q
bipolar neurons have…… of neurites and where is it found
A
2 neurites and is found in:
1.the retinal bipolar cells
2. sensory and vestibular ganglias
9
Q
multipolar cells have …… of neurites and are found in?
A
multiple
CNS
10
Q
golgi type 1
golgi type 2
(type of neurons and are found in :
A
long (projector neurons ) and found in brain
small (local circuit connections - interneurons )
11
Q
cells found in the PNS
A
shawan cells and capsular cells
12
Q
tanycytes are found in
epindymocytes and choroidal epithelial cells characteristics
A
3rd ventricle for hypothalamus connection and known for long projections
both are ciliated but CEC do have tight junctions
13
Q
astrocytes that are found in the grey matter and white matter
what are their function
A
protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes
ionic balance and recycle of neurotransmitters
14
Q
What is the membrane that lies directly below the pia mater and surrounds both the spinal cord and the brain?
A
The external limiting membrane, also known as the pial glial membrane, serves as a protective layer that envelops the brain and spinal cord. It is composed primarily of astrocytes.
15
Q
The astrocytic membrane that lines the ventricles is known as the?
A
internal limiting membrane
16
Q
BBB consists of :
A
- endothelium (fenestrated with tight junctions)
- basement membrane
- astrocytes (external limiting membrane)
17
Q
What is the primary factor that forms the BBB?
A
Tight junctions
18
Q
thalamus function:
A
relay station for major sensory systems except fot smell (goes directly to the olfactroy)
19
Q
subthalamus function:
A
muscle activity
20
Q
epithalamus is devided into ———- and———- , what are their functions?
A
penial gland: endocrine function and putuitary
habenula : processing olfactory, visceral and somatic sensory pathways
21
Q
hypothalamus function:
A
autonomic nervous system and ensocrine
22
Q
corpus callosum is
A
white matter connecting both hemispheres of cerebrum
23
Q
the two imaginary lines of cerebrum
A
- from occipital notch to the upper border of cerebrum
- from the post. ramus of parietal fissure to the first imaginary lines
24
Q
name and location of the fifth cerebral lobe
A
insular lobe that lie deep within the lateral sulcus
25
the conus medullaris is at the level of ——- in adults and ——— in children
L2
L3
26
the two enlargements of spinal cord :
cervical and lumbar enlargements and they are where grey matter will be at its thickest
27
Is an extention of the pia mater that reaches the coccyx:
filum terminale
28
the continuation of spinal cord after L2:
Cauda equina
29
The anterior horn of the gray matter contains the——, the lateral horn contains—— and posterior horn contains the——-.
motor somatic neurons.
motor visceral neurons
sensory neurons
30
the lateral grey horns or columns are devided into: and at what levels
and its seen in what levels
from T1 to L2 is the sympathetic fibers
from S2 to 4 IS the parasympathetic fibers
thoracic and lumbar
31
dura mater
An avascular layer.
composed of endosteal and menengial layers, contains venous sinuses between them.
This layer also has an epidural potential space.
and the menengial layers extend to the spinal cord.
32
arachnoid mater
avascular but has CSF in its subarachnoid space
has a. arachnoid trabeculae (connect to pia mater)
b. arachnoid vili ( granulations into the sinuses)
33
pia mater
vascular membrane that continues as filum terminale
34
the meninges fuse with the outer membrane of cranial nerves to form ———-, except for the ———-
epineurium
epineurium of the optic nerve
35
extentions of the dura mater
falx cerebri
falx cerebilli
tentorium cerebelli
diaphragma sellae ( has a samll opening for the pituitary)
36
What are the innervations of the dura mater in both the superior and inferior to the tentorium cerebelli?
suerior: trigeminal nerve
inferior: upper cervical spinal nerve
37
the foramens of the ventricular system
interventricular foramen (foramen of monro) between laterals and 3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct (sylvius)
38
where the body, posterior and anterior horns of the lateral ventricles meet each other:
atrium
39
4th ventricle continues with the subarachnoid space by:
1. 2 lateral foramens of luschka
2. medial foramen off magendie
40
choroid plexus are found in
inferior horn of lat. ventricles
roof of third ventricle
roof of fourth ventricle
not seen in frontal and occipital
monro
41
Ventrcular folds consist from:
endothelial layer
pial membrane
choroidal ependymal cells
42
cerebrocpinal producton rate
500ml\day
43
blood-CSF barrier include:
endothelial cells
basement membrane surrounding the capillary
basement membrane supporting epithelial cells
choroidal cells
44
lumbar cisterna is at what level
L4 and is used for lumbur puncture and CSF sample
45
basal gangli (nuclei) contains:
The corpus striatum comprises the following structures:
- Caudate nucleus, divided into three parts: head, body, and tail.
- Lentiform nucleus, which includes the putamen and globus pallidus.
46
lateral to corpus striatum is:
external capsule > calostrum > extreme capsule
47
numbers of layers in the cortex
and their names:
6 layers
Molecular (plexiform) layer > external granular> external pyramidal > internal granular > internal pyramidal (ganglionic) > multiform (polymorphic )
48
molecular (plexiform) cortex layer contain:
horizental Cajal cells and nerve fibers
49
external granular layer of cortex contains :
pyramidal cells and stellate cells
50
external pyramidal layer of cortex contains ;
pyramidal cells that increase in size the deeper it gets
51
onternal granular layer of cortex contains:
stellate cells + external baillarger band + line of genneri
52
internal pyramidal layer of cortex (ganglionic)
pyramidal cells (called betz cells in the primary motor cells) + stellate cells + martinotti cells + internal baillarger band
53
multiform ( polymorphic) layer of cortex contains:
fusiform cells (majority)
modified pyramidal cells
martinotti
54
frontal lobe is devided into:
- The precentral gyrus lies between the precentral sulcus and the central sulcus.
- The superior frontal gyrus lies superior to the superior frontal sulcus.
- The middle frontal gyrus lies between the superior and inferior frontal sulci.
- The inferior frontal gyrus lies inferior to the inferior frontal sulcus.
55
What is the name of the Brodmann area 4? What is its function (lesion) ? and occupies the?
primary motor area
paralysis of the contralateral side of the body
anterior to central sulcus
56
What is the name of the Brodmann area 6? and occupies?
a. premotor area b. supplementary motor area
the anterior part of the precentral gyrus + the post. part of superior frontal gyrus + middle part of superior frontal gyrus
57
What is the name of the Brodmann area8 ? What is its function (lesion) ? and occupies?
frontal eyefeild
temporary paralysis of the contralateral eye
superior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus
58
What is the name of the Brodmann area.44 and 45? What is its function (lesion) ? and occupies the?
motor speech (brocs) area
Dominant for language (formation of words)
inferior frontal gyrus
59
the prefrontal cortex devisions ? What is its function (lesion) ?
orbital reigon : social behavior
lateral reigon: intellectual abilities
60
parietal lobule devisions:
- Postcentral gyrus: lies between the central sulcus & postcentral sulcus.
- Superior parietal gyrus (lobule): superior to the intraparietal sulcus → runs posteriorly from the
middle of the postcentral sulcus.
- Inferior parietal gyrus (lobule): inferior to the intraparietal sulcus.
61
whats the name of brodmanns areas 1 2 3? whats the function (lesion) and occupies what reigons?
primary somatosensory area
loss of tactile and proprioception function of the contral lateral side
the postcentral gyrus
62
the secondary somatosensory lesion occupies what reigons?
parietal operculum and insula
63
whats the name of brodmanns areas 43? whats the function (lesion) and occupies what reigons?
primary gustatory region
ageusia (loss of taste)
parietal operculum and insula
64
whats the name of brodmanns areas 5 7 ? whats the function (lesion) ?
superior parietal lobule
astereognosis
65
whats the name of brodmanns areas 40 39? whats the function (lesion) ?
supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
contralateral neglect syndrome
66
temporal lobe devisons
- Superior temporal gyrus: superior to the superior temporal sulcus.
- Middle temporal gyrus: between superior and middle temporal sulci.
- Inferior temporal gyrus
67
whats the name of brodmanns areas 41? where it occupies?
primary auditoy cortex
transverse temporal gyri (hsechl
68
whats the name of brodmanns areas 42?
secoundary auditory cortx
69
whats the name of brodmanns areas 22 24?
auditort association area
70
sensory speech (wernicke) area location, function and connects to what?
superior temporal gyrus
language comprehension , recevies fobers from cortex and auditory
connected to brocas area by arcuate fasiculus
71
temporal association cortex location and function
middle and inferior temporal gyri
stores auditory and visual info
72
occipital lobe is devided into:
devided by the calcarine sulcus into inguinal gyrus and cuneus
73
whats brodmanns area 17 name,location, and function (lesion)
primar visual area
cuneus and lingual gyri
responsible for vision and a lesion results in homonymous hemianopsia
74
brodmann area 18 19 location and function
project visual info to temporal and parietal
interpret input from primary visual cortex
75
median surface gyris are:
linguinal gyrus
parahippocampus gyri ( ant to inguinal and ends in uncus)
cingulate gyri (callosal and cingulate sulcus )
paracentral lobule
76
limbic system contains:
septal area and parahippocampus and cingulate gyrus
77
gyrus on inferior sulcus
orbital gyrus is lateral to olfactory slucus
rectal gyrus medial to olfactory sulcus
78
fibers in the white matters divisons
association fibers (within same hemisphere)
commisural fibers (two hemisphere)
projection fibers ( sub cortical centers)
79
cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, & inferior longitudinal fasciculus are what type of fibers
association fibers
80
corpus callosum, ant. commissure, post. commissure, fornix, & habenular commissure belong to what type of fibers
has afferent and efferent fibers collecting to form internal capsule and devided into corticofugal downward and corticopetal toward the cortex is the:
commisural fibers
projection fibers
81
anterior end of the thalamus forms the posterior boundary:
interventricular formen
82
the posterior end of the thalamus is named after——- , two swellings on the surface of it which are:
what are their function
pulvinar
medial ageniculate body for audiatory
lateral geniculate body for visual pathway
83
internal coverings of the thalamus:
internal medullary capusle, seperating the thalami
external medullary thalamus, on the laterals
stratum zonale (white matter) on the superior surface
84
the subdivision of lateral part of thalami:
dorsal tier: lateral dorsal and lateral posterior
ventral tier: anterior , medial and posterior (lat and medial.) ventrals
85
secoundary nucleis of the thalamus:
interlaminar: in the internal medullary lamina
midline neuclei: 3rd vventricle and interthalami
reticular neuclei: between external and posterior part of the inernal medullary lamina
86
dorsomedial neuclei of thalamus function?
links the prefrontal cortex to the limbic system
and has the thalamohypothalamic neuclei
87
anterior neuclei of the thalamus function is?
receives from mammilliary gland and projects into cingulate gyrus (limbic system )
88
intralaminar neuclei of the talamus function is:
recives input from the reticular neuclei and influences conscientiousness and wakefulness
89
pulvinar of the thalami function is? and a lesion causes
sensory pathways of audiatory and visual
sensory dysphasia
90
ventral anterior neuclei of the thalami function? lateral ventral neuclei?
recives from substania nigra and corpus striatum for
premotor cortex
output is in the primary motor area
91
ventral posteriolateral and posteriomedial functions?
recives sensory pathways of the body in the contralateral side and sends them into the primary somatosensory
recives from the face and sends into the primary somatosensory too
92
hypothalamus porojects from —— to the ——- and has the preoptic area that extends from ——- to ——- and ——-
optic chiasim \ mamillary body \ optic chiasim \ lamina terminalis \ ant. commisure
93
medial zone nuclei of the hypothalamus contains:
preoptic \ anterior \ posterior \ suprachiasim \ ventromedial \ dorsomedial \ paraventricular \ arcuate
94
lateral zone neuclei of hypothalamus consists of:
preoptic \ suprachiasim \ supraoptic \ lateral \ lateral tuberal \ tubomammilary
95
afferent nervous connections of the hypothalamus are
spine ( somatic and visceral) \ tegumental \ hippocampohypothalamic \ corticohypothalamic \ thalamohypothalamic \ olfactory
96
effernet nervous connections to hypothalamus
spine (reticular formation in ANS \ oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus in parasympathetic )
mamilliothalamic tract
mamillotrgmental
limbic system
97
oxcytocin and vasopressin (ADH) are produced by?
paraventricular and supraoptic
98
parasympathatic and sympathatic responses are stimulated by:
medial nuclei \ anterior nuclei
lateral nuclei \ posterior nuclei
99
distruction of it causes anorexia
destruction of it causes weight gain
laternal N.
medial N.
100
the hypothalamic nucei that controls the carcadian rythim (sleep wake cycle)
suprachiasim
101
stimulation of this area would cause heat loss, sweating
stimulation of this area would cause vasoconstriction and inhibition of sweating
anterior N.
posterior N.
102
a nuclei that when stimulated causes rage
stimulation of this nuclei causes passiveness
lateral N.
ventromediala N.
103
carotid artery general path
carotid canal > cavernous sinus > anterior clinoid process > subarachnoid space
104
portions of the carotid artery?
cervical portion
petrous (temporal) : upward > forward > medially
cavernous: forward > upward > medially (siphone)
crebral : medial to anterior clinoid and enters subarachnoid space
105
branches of the internal carotid artery
choroidal (anterior) A. \ opthalamic \ anterior cerebral A. \ middle cerebral A,
posterior communicating A
106
choroidal (anterior) artery enters ________ , it gives rise to arteries surrounding structures like _____
inferior horn of the lateral ventricle in the plexus
internal capusle \ crus cerebri \ lateral geniculate body \ optic tract
107
posterior communicating A. and anterior cerebral artery are positioned to be above ____
optic nerve
108
branches of the anterior cerebral A. and supplying
cortical : the entire medial surface of the the brain except for whats behind the parieto-occipital suclus
it supplies the leg area of the precentral gyrus
central :anterior perforated substance, internal capsule lentiform and caudate neuclei
109
middle cerebral A. branches:
cortical: lateral surface of the brain except for the occipital and inferiolateral surface (supplies al moto but legs)
central : lentiform, caudate nuclei, internal capsule, ant, perforated substance
110
branches of the vertibral artery
meningial, medullary, posterior spinal A, anterior spinal A, PICA
111
PICA supplies:
vermis of the cerebullum \ central nuclei of cerebullum \ medulla oblingata \undersurface of the cerebellar hemisphere \ choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
112
basilar artery branches
pontine \ labyrinthine ( facial and vestibulocochlear nerves into acousic) \ AICA \ superior cerebrallar a.\ posterior cerebral A.
113
central posterior cerebral artery branches
thalamus \ lentiform \ midbrain \ penial galnds \ medial geniculate body
114
componemts of circle of willis
anterior and posterior communicatin arteries \ anterior and psterior cerebral arteries \ basilar A
internal carotid artery
115
posterior spinal artery arise from _____ or ___ in the cervical lvl and is most susceptible to ischemia in ____
vertebral A. or PICA
upper thoracic region
116
anterior spinal artery is smaller in what area
upper and lower thoracic segments = ischemia in
T1 and L4
117
dural venous sinuses include:
superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
transverse sinus and straight sinus
occipital sinus
sigmoidal sinus
cavernous sinus \ superior and inferior petrous sinus
118
external cerebral veins include:
their emptyings
superior cerebral vein
superficial ( empty to cavernous ) and deep ( empties into the straight sinus and drains the insula) cerebral vein
deep middle cerebral combine with anterior cerebral and striate vein to make basal vein which then connect to great cerebral vein
119
pain signals are sent through what type of fibers (slow and fas) and temperature?
C \ delta a \ both of them
120
the pain and temperature ascend in the spine via :
meanwhile light touch and pressure via:
lateral spinothalamic nuclei
anterior spinothalamic nuclei
121
1st. order of temp and pain is located in ——— and has two types of processes in its unipolar neurons
peripheral: nociceptor \ thermoceptor
central: delta A and C
122
After the central processes of the sensory neurons (for pain and temperature) move a number of segments they form _______ and then they exit it to synapse with the 2nd order neuros in the _____ including cells named _______.
axons of these cell cross the opposite side in spinal cord ten ascend in the contralateral white column as the __________
posteriolateral tract of lissaure
dorsal grey horn
substantia gelatinousa
lateral spinothalamic tract
123
lateral spinothalamic tract ascends, new cells are added to it when it reaches the cervical segments and they are added in the _______ side of the tract
anteriomedial aspect of the tract
124
fibers for sensory of pain are situated _______ to the fibers of temperature
anterior
125
Spinotectum tract + lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts collectively form
spinal leminscus
126
important gyri in pain perception
postcentral gyri
cingulate gyrus (limbic system)
insular gyrus
127
Stimulation of certain areas of the brain and the brainstem can reduce or block sensations of
pain. These areas include:
periventriculaer nuclei of diencephalon
periaqueductal nuclei of midbrain (PAG)
midline nuclei of brainstem (Raphae nuclei)
128
2nd order of touch and pressure is:
substantia gleatinousa and anterior spinothalamic tract
129
3rd order neurons for both pain and touch
ventral posteriolateral to postcentral gyrus via the posterior limb of internal capusle and corona radiata
130
discriminative touch, vibration and muscle joint sense are all transmitted through in the spine:
posterior whit column (fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus ) and they move directly no the same side
131
Fasciculus Gracilis: present throughout ________, containing long ascending fibers from______.
all of spinal cord
below the mid thoracic plane
132
Fasciculus Cuneatus: located in the________, containing long ascending fibers from__________.
upper thoracic and cervical segments
above the mid-thoracic plane
133
2nd order of Discriminative Touch, Vibration, and
Conscious Muscle-Joint Sense
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus in medulla oblingata (they cross the mdline via internal arcuate fibers to form medial leminscus )
