Physiology Flashcards by Abedalrhman Othman

pain to temperature starts at

45 digrees

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the pain resulting from heat is correlated to :

rate of tissue damage not the total damage

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chemical pain is mediated by:

acids and ACH \ proteolytic enzymes and potassium\ serotonin\ histamine\ bradykinin (the strongest)

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velocities of both delta and c fibers
the NT they use
and the tract

6 - 30 \ .5 to 2
glutamate and substance p
neo \ pale spinothalamic tract

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excitatory neurotransmitters

glutamine ( NMDA)
substance p (capsicin)

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pain inhibitory neurotranssmitters

glycine (NMDA)
GABA
sertonin and endorphins

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reason why ischemia causes pain is _____
metabolism rate of tissue relation to pain apperance is:

lactic acid
the more metabolism the faster pain appears

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disease that cause neuropathic pain

peripheral nerves: carpal tunnel and brachial plexus injury\ diabetes and herpes zoster inf.
central: strokes or damage to spinal cord

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descending pain suppresion is controlled by:

raphe nucleus adn PAJ (periaqueductal grey)

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NL cerebral blood flow :

50 - 65 ml/100g
750 - 900 for all brain

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is the amount of pressure needed to maintain flow of brain and its regulated by mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intercranial pressure (ICP)
MAP - ICP

cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)

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reflects the smooth muscle tone of the vessels

cerebral vascular resistance CVR

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cerebral blood flow (CBF) equals:

CPP/CBR

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In acute hypoxia of the brain, the CBF increases by ————

for vasoconstriction astrocytes release_____

opening potassium channels in vascular muscles
NO \ adenosine

neuropeptide Y and seratonin

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substances that are released by astrocyte and its effect on B.V

NO \ adenosine \ potassium channels \ Arachnoid acid+ dilation
serotonin and neuropeptide Y constriction

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increase in CO2 in blood, interacts with water in body fluids to form _______ which causes ______ of blood vessels

carbonic acid \ hydrogen ions
vasodilation

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brain needs _____ of oxygen in a minute
and it’s deficiency causes_____

3.5ml\100grams
vasodilation

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average pressure of O2 in the blood is _______ and its decrease to _____ begins to cause vasodilation, brain becomes deranged when it falls below ______

35-40 mmhg
30mmhg
20mmhg

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when excitatory glutaminergic neurons are electrically activated, astrocytes increase ______ by ______

Ca
vasodilation ( NO\ arachnoid acid \K\ adenosine)

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in mild to moderate stimulation of the SNS_____.
But when MAP rises to high levels SNS _____ (action and on what vessels), why?

autoregulation mechanism overrides SNS
vasoconstriction and on large to intermediate sized vessels, to protect small vessels

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physical support of astrocytes of the blood vessels by surrounding them protects them from?

overstretching when high blood pressure

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in patients with high blood pressure blood vessels are seen to be

thicker than NL

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Most strokes are caused by :
1/4 of strokes are caused by:

arteriossclerosis
hypertension causing blood vessels to burst > hemorrhage > compressing

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CSF volume is____ and is formed at a rate about —— each day

150
500

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plasma \ Cl and K \ water transport to CSF

passive channels aquaporins

➔ Osmotic pressure approximately ____to that of plasma ➔ Sodium ion concentration approximately___ to plasma ➔ Chloride ion about _____than in plasma ➔ Potassium ion approximately ____ ➔ Glucose about——

similar similar 15% more 40% less 30% less

CSF pressure increases when one is lying _____

horizontal averages 130mm of water (10mmHg)

arachnoid vili starts to transport CSF into the blood when

1.5 mmHg pressure higher than blood venous sinuses

communicating hydrochepalus is where is the defect, where does the fluid collects

blockage of fluid flow in the subarachnoid space cus of subarachnoid vili collects inn outside mainly of the brain and lesser extent inside the ventricels

non communicating hydrochephalis where is the defect and what are the causes

flow out of one or more ventricles (inside more than outside) atreisa (closure) or brain tumor

_____ is the greater amount of memories and is when ignoring and habituation

negative

habituation is when :

closure of calcium channels and less terminal transmitters released

memory sensitization is related to ?

positive memory

mechanism of facilitaition

serotonin release from facilitator terminals activates adenyl cyclase > CAMP >phosphorylation of k channels > blockage of channels >increase of action potential and transmitters

caused by- continual neural activity

short term memory which can be inhibited or facilitated

temporary chemical or physical changes in the neurons

structural changes in the neurons are seen in:

long term memory

the structural changes in long term memory are:

increase in vesicle release sites \\ numbers of vesicles\ presynaptic terminals and dendritic spines

factors that prevent consolidation

brain concussion general anesthesia

brain regions that involved with consolidation of memory

hippocampus amygdala temporal lobe (ant. med. lat.)

lesion in the thalamic , inability to recall memories from past long term memory

retrograde amnesia

lesion in temporal , hippocampus or amygdala causes inability to store new info in long term memory (forgets)

anterograde amnesia

pairetooocipirtal association area links:

somatosensory , visual, audiatory and for interpretative meaning for signals

prefrontal association area links:

thoughts and working memories

language comprehension and interpretation lies behind auditory cortex most important for higher intellectual function

wernickes area

word formation is provided by:

brocs area connected by arcuate fasiculus to wwernickes area

processing of visual language (reading) make meaning out of word anterior to occipital

angular gyrus

demented to language understanding and communication is an aphagia in

global aphagia

area of recognition of faces is:

medial undeside of both occipital and temporal lobes

prosopagnosia is

inability to differentiate faces

neospinothalamic and paleospinothalamic 2nd neuron and type of fibers and termination sites

laminae 1 and 2 \ 2 and 4 nociceptive \ wide range ventral thalami \ reticular

wide range neurons and nociceptive neurons are:

A beta and delta and c fibers + activated by noxious and non noxious only A delta and c fibers + noxious only

allodynia and hyperalgesia are

pain to not normally provoke pain exaggerated pain

MAP is controlled in the ratio of:

60-140 mmHg

middle cerebral stroke causes: posterior cerebral stroke causes: mid brain strokes causes:

- brocas and wernecks areas with paralysis - loss of vision in both eyes on the **contralateral** side of the stroke - loss of sensory and motor

when saying that palespinothalamic terminates in the reticular, where is it ?

un brainstem and intralamina of the thalami

premotor area function in movement : mirror neurons function: supplementary motor area:

- its anterior part develops a motor image while the - posterior part excites this image either directly to PMC or thalami through basal ganglia then PMC - in premotor cortex and inf. parietal use when person observe tasks or imitation - stimulating bilaterally while attitudinal , fixation, position of head and eyes

cerebullum function:

progress smoothly of movements and control intensity by changing excitability and comparing signals then sending to motor for adjustment

vestibulocerebellum part of cerebullum function spinocerebullum, cerebrcerebullum

in flocculonodular lobes and equilibrium movements in vermis and coordinate movements of distals lateral to vermis and plans voluntary body movements (development of motor imagery)

fibers that: major input , relay all afferent input but the inf. olivary , projects mainly to granular cells , simple spike output (single action potential)

mossy cells

conveys input from inf, olivary , sends into deep nuclear cells , complex spikes (strong excitatory)

climbing fibers

output of cerebullum

comes from deep cerebullum nucleis which receives excitatory from climbing and mossy then purkinje is inhibitory

purkinje corrects the motor errors by:

adjusting the sensitivity of them to stimulation fibers (like climbing fibers)

putamen circuit function caudate circuit function

- excuting learned movements from all motor cortexes but association area - cognitive of the movements and mostly from the association areas both back to thalamus

basal ganglia direct excitation to the thalami

exciting thalami neurons = more thalamic output cortex sends glutamate > excitation of striae > GABA to the internal globus pallidus (inhibition) > uninhibition of the thalami > excitation of the cortex

the indirect excitation of the thalami by the basal ganglia

excitation = inhibition of the thalami cortex sends glutamate> activation of the stratum > GABA to the external globus pallidus > uninhibition of the subthalamus > sends glutamate to gpi = its actvation

substania nigra sends. input to the striatum and :

its activation by D1 = direct bathway and activation of thalami its inhibition by D2 = indirect pathway

critical for the transitions between these states of consciousness

hypothallamus and the brainstem

in REM muscle mvmnt: brain and metabolism: heart rate and respiratory rate:

lower higher higher\lower

the deep restful sleep decrease in BP RR and metabolism some activity of skeletal muscle

non REM is

sleep stages dominant waves

stage 1: theta stage 2 : theta with k complex and sleep spindle stage 3: high delta stage 4: maximum brain activity with large waves

when rest the waves are____ and most marked in ____

alpha, parietal and occipital

concerned w HR,BP,RR and damage to it causes comatose state and plays a role in arousal

reticular formation

ascending reticular activating system has several groups of neurons which are: arises from :

locus: NE pontine reticualer formation: ACH raphe: seratonin brainstem and hypothalamus

input and output of reticular activation system

input: sensort tracts, trigeminal, audiatory, visual, and olfactory systems output: intralaminar reticualr of thalami and the cortex

in _______ , locus , raphe are active while pontine is reduces . increase of histamine and low GABA

arousal state

in ____ pontine is activated = high ACH

REM sleep

in______ increase in. GABA and low histamine from the hypothalamus

NREM

accumulate throught the day to induce sleep

prostaglandin and adenosine effect on sleep

penial gland is surrounded by:

carbonate and calcium

synthesis of melatonin:

NE binds to beta adrenergic increasing CAMP > increasing n acytltransferase NAT > melatonin

brain waves Range from_______ microvolts, and their frequencies range from once every few seconds to 50 or more per second

0 to 200

alpha waves , they frequent between ______ cycles and intensly seen in _______

8 - 16 occipital lobes

beta waves frequency ______ hz instense in ______ lobes

13 - 30 parietal and frontal

theta waves number of cycles ________ seen normal in children and in emotional stress in adults

4-7 cycles

delta waves number of cycles _____ annd have voltage thats _____ than all others. seen inn animals cortex with subcortical transection

<3.5 higher

 The softest audible sound is ___ db (absolute threshold)  Normal conversation is ___ db  Discomfort & damage to hearing receptors occurs at ____ db  Pain occurs at ___ db

0 60 140 160

the total amplification of sound is ____ and the tympanic membrane contributes ____ , meanwhile ossicles amplify ______ times

22 times 17 times 1.3 times

reducing sound waves (attenuation) of loud sounds, 100ms latent period - protection fromloud sounds - reducing background voices - decreasing sesnation of speech.

the functions of middle ear muscles

____ covers the hair cells

tectorial membrane

-_______ is similar in composition to the ECF (↑ sodium & ↓ potassium) -__________composed of fluid with ↑ potassium and ↓ sodium - Endolymph is_____ mV compared to perilymph - Inside hair cells is______ mV compared to perilymph - Inside hair cells is ______ mV compared to endolymph

Perilymph Endolymph +80\ -70\ -150

 3500 cells  Main cells of hearing  90-95% of afferent sensory fibers come from inner cells to brain  Damage causes complete hearing loss

- A single row of inner hair cells

 12,500 cells  95% of them are supplied by **efferent** fibers from auditory nerve  Modulate the response of the inner hair cells  Stimulation of efferent fibers of auditory nerve causes  Shortening of outer hair cells  Change in the inner hair cells sensitivity  Damage causes large amount of hearing loss

Three rows of outer hair cells

Difference in arrival time to each ear: to localize_________ - Difference in intensity of sound reaching each ear:______

low frequency sounds < 3000 Hz to localize high frequency sounds

utricle senses:

linear horizontal acceleration head position upright status

saccule sense :

linear vertical acceleration laying down

the sensory part of saccule and utricle is called______ and has a gelatinous membrane filled with ______ . kinocilia is :

maccule CaCO3 the longest stereocilia

 If bending of cilia is ____ the kinocilium = hair cell excitation  If bending of cilia is _____ from the kinocilium = hair cell inhibition

toward away from

the sensory part in semicircular canals is called_____ crista ampullaris is ______

capula in the ampulla baase of the hair cells in the capula

 Left and right horizontal  Left anterior and right posterior  Left posterior and right anterior

nod no head tilt nod yes

caloric stimulation of vistibular apparatus, irrigation with cold water causes **nystagmus** to the ______, meanwhile hot water causes in____ it can also cause

opposite side same side of the ear nausea, vertigo too

pathway of vestibular system

SC canals > vestibular nucleus > CN nuclei and then extra-ocular muscles

vestibular nerve 2nd order to:

flocculonodular of cerebullum CN 3 4 6 spinal cord

Physiology Flashcards

(103 cards)