anatomy

Question 1

what is axial skeleton made up of?

Answer 1

its made up of the bones in the neck, head, back and the chest

Question 2

what is appendicular skeleton made up of?

Answer 2

it is made up of the bones in the limbs, shoulders and pelvis

Question 3

what is homeostasis?

Answer 3

its the maintenance of a stable equilibrium (basically a state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly)

Question 4

what does the balance of the body functions rely on?

Answer 4

-temperature
-salt content
-PH level
-fluid volume
-pressure
-oxygen concentration

Question 5

explain the feedback loop

Answer 5

its the body’s general control system

Question 6

explain negative feedback loop

Answer 6

opposes change in controlled condition

Question 7

explain positive feedback loop

Answer 7

amplifies occurring change

Question 8

what is the cardiac system in charge of?

Answer 8

regulates blood flow and ensures oxygen and nutrient delivery

Question 9

what is the skin in charge of?

Answer 9

temperature regulation and barrier

Question 10

what is the respiratory system in charge of?

Answer 10

manages oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal to maintain proper blood gas levels

Question 11

what is the urinary system in charge of

Answer 11

controls fluid balance,electrolytes and waste elimination

Question 12

what is the digestive system in charge of?

Answer 12

plays a role in nutrient balance and energy balance

Question 13

what is an atom?

Answer 13

the smallest part of a substance that cannot be broken down chemically.each atom has a nucleus (center) made up of protons (positive particles and neutrons (particles with no charge) electrons (negative particles) move around the nucleus

Question 14

what are valence electrons?

Answer 14

are electrons located in the outermost energy level of an atom

Question 15

what is the octet rule?

Answer 15

its a rule that states that atoms tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its highest valence level

Question 16

3 types of chemical bonds

Answer 16

-ionic bond (transfer of electrons)
-covalent bond (sharing of electrons)
-hydrogen bonds (NOF specifically involving nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine)

Question 17

what is an ionic bond?

Answer 17

strong chemical bond between ions with a positive (cations) electrical charge and those with negative (anions) charge

Question 18

what are the 2 factors affecting coulombs law

Answer 18

-the number of energy levels - the greater the number of energy levels, the weaker the force of attraction
-number of protons in the nucleus - the greater the number of protons in the nucleus, the stronger the force of attraction.

Question 19

what is an ion?

Answer 19

an ion isan atom or a molecule with a net positive or negative electrical charge

Question 20

explain cation

Answer 20

in a positive ion the number of electrons is less than the number of protons, it is called a cation

Question 21

explain an anion

Answer 21

in a negative ion the number of electrons is greater than the number of protons, it is called anion

Question 22

what is a covalent bond?

Answer 22

is a chemical bond between two atoms formed by sharing valence electrons. This typically happens between non metals

Question 23

what is electronegativity?

Answer 23

the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons

Question 24

what is the differance between polar and non polar

Answer 24

polar compounds have one negative and one positive end.
non polar has an even distribution of electrons, no positive or negative

Question 25

which one polar or non polar is likes fat or water

Answer 25

polar is hydrophilic and lipophobic non polar is hydrophobic and lipophilic hydrophilic (water loving) lipophilic (fat loving)

Question 26

how does polarity affect diffusion?

Answer 26

-non polar has high permeability -polar has low permeability

Question 27

what is the difference between acids and bases?

Answer 27

acids produce hydrogen ions and bases accept hydrogen ions. -acids have hydrogen ions H+ -bases have hydroxide ions OH-

Question 28

what weakens a covalent bond?

Answer 28

-a larger radius -a greater differance in electronegativity between atoms

Question 29

Does a weaker covalent bond make a molecule a stronger acid?

Answer 29

YES, strong acids readily donate a proton A weaker bond makes it easier to lose H+ ion

Question 30

NH3 + HCl which one is acid and which one is base?

Answer 30

since chlorine is in the second row of the periodic table and nitrogen is in the first row, the atomic radius of chlorine is greater, so its bond with hydrogen is weaker than nitrogens bond with its hydrogens. therefore HCl is an acid

Question 31

examples of steroids

Answer 31

estrogen testastrone cortisol

Question 32

2 types of cholestrol

Answer 32

LDL (bad) HDL (good)

Question 33

what is the smallest particle of water?

Answer 33

molecule

Question 34

what does an organic compound have to have?

Answer 34

carbon and hydrogen

Question 35

explain proteins

Answer 35

built from amino acids, involved in enzyme catalysis, structural support and cell signaling

Question 36

explain carbohydrates

Answer 36

composed of sugar units. carbs provide energy to cells and can also serve as structural components

Question 37

explain lipids

Answer 37

primarily made up of fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 38

explain nucleic acids

Answer 38

built from nucleotides and transmit genetic information with DNA being the primary carrier of genetic code

Question 39

what are the four major classes of biological macromolecules

Answer 39

-proteins (polymers of amino acids) -carbohydrates (polymers of sugars) -ipids (polymers of lipid monomers) -nucleic acids (DNA and RNA polymers of nucleotides)

Question 40

what are enzymes

Answer 40

enzymes are proteins

Question 41

explain supine and prone positions

Answer 41

supine is face up and prone is face down

Question 42

what is fowlers position

Answer 42

fowlers position is a standard patient position in which the patient is seated in a semi seating position

Question 43

what is trendelenburg position

Answer 43

in the trendelenburg position, the body is in a supine position , or flaton the back on 15-30 degree incline with feet elevated above the head

Question 44

what is the reverse trendelenburg position

Answer 44

places the body in supine on an incline but with the head elevated

Question 45

what is right lateral recumbent and left lateral recumbent position

Answer 45

left is when patient is laying on the left side and right is when patient is laying on the right side , with one hand down and one on their head

Question 46

explain superior and inferior

Answer 46

-superior is toward the head, upper and above -toward the feet, lower, below

Question 47

explain anterior and posterior

Answer 47

-anterior (ventral) is front -posterior (dorsal) back

Question 48

explain medial and lateral

Answer 48

-medial is toward the midline of the body -lateral is toward the side of the body away from midline

Question 49

explain proximal and distal

Answer 49

-proximal is toward or nearest to the trunk -distal is away from or farthest from the trunk

Question 50

explain superficial and deep

Answer 50

-superficial is nearer the body surface -deep is farther away from the body surface

Question 51

what are dorsal cavities

Answer 51

-cranial cavity is the space inside the skull that contains the brain -spinal cavity is the space inside the spinal column

Question 52

what are ventral cavities

Answer 52

-thoracic cavities: the upper ventral cavities which include the thoracic cavity and its midportion consists of the mediastinum and pleural cavities abdominopelvic cavities include the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

Question 53

what is the difference between polar and non polar molecule?

Answer 53

a polar molecule is a molecule where electrons are not shared equally between atoms resulting in a positive and a negative end while a non polar molecule has electrons shared equally between atoms

Question 54

polar molecule stay outside of the cell membrane unless its water, why?

Answer 54

because the cell membranes interior is primarily composed of hydrophobic (water fearing) lipid tails, which reple water molecules. while water despite being polar, is small enough to occasionally slip through the membrane.