Cells

Question 1

specialized structures within the cytoplasm

Answer 1

organelles

Question 2

what is the cell interior surrounded by

Answer 2

plasma membrane

Question 3

explain what the plasma membrane functions are

Answer 3

-outer boundary of cell
-made of thin 2 layered membrane of phospholipids, cholestrol and protein
-water repelling lipid boundary separates extracellular fluid (ECF) outside the cell from intracellular fluid (ICF) inside the fluid
-proteins are in cell membrane and help in transport

Question 4

what is the fluid that fills the inside of the cell?

Answer 4

cytoplasm

Question 5

what is internal framework of cells and provides support and movement of cells and organelles and is made of filaments and microtubules?

Answer 5

Cytoskeleton

Question 6

What is made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA, may function free in the cytoplasm or attached yo rough ER and manufactures protein?

Answer 6

Ribosomes

Question 7

what is the
-Network of connecting membraneous sacs and canals
-carries substances through fluid cytoplasm
-rough ER–with ribosomes attached, collects folds and transports proteins

Answer 7

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 8

what is a
–group of flattened membranous sacs near nucleus
-collects chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to the plasma membrane
-its called the chemical processing and packaging center

Answer 8

Golgi apparatus

Question 9

What is
-composed of inner and outer membraneus sacs
-involved with energy releasing chemical reactions (cellular respiration)
-often called power plant of the cell
-Each contains one DNA molecule

Answer 9

Mitochondria

Question 10

What is
-Membraneous organelles- saclike
-contain digestive enzymes that break down large molecules
-have protective function (destroys microbes)
-may assist with apoptosis (cell death)

Answer 10

Lysosomes

Question 11

vesicles containing enzymes that metabolize lipids and detoxify toxins

Answer 11

peroxisomes

Question 12

small hollow cylinders that break apart irregular or misfolded proteins

Answer 12

Proteasomes

Question 13

region of cytoplasm near nucleus that contain centrioles and act as a microtubule organizing center , coordinating internal movements and organizing the cytoskeleton

Answer 13

centrosome

Question 14

paired organelles that lie at the right angles to each other near the nucleus and function in cell reproduction by sorting chromosomes

Answer 14

centrioles

Question 15

what is
-a cell extension, short finger like, extensions of the plasma membrane
-increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell

Answer 15

microvilli

Question 16

what is
-a cell extension, fine, hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surface of cells
-move in wavelike fashion to propel mucus across a surface

Answer 16

Cilia

Question 17

what is
-a cell extension, single projections much longer than cilia
-act as tails in sperm cells in humans

Answer 17

Flagella

Question 18

what
-controls cell because it contains DNA , gives instructions to make protein
-its structures include nuclear envelope, neucleolus, nucleoplasm and chromatin
-DNA molecules become tightly coiled chromosomes during cell division
-Each cell (except egg and sperm) has 46 chromosomes

Answer 18

Nucleus

Question 19

what form of transport does not require the cell to expend energy?

Answer 19

passive transport

Question 20

what form of transport requires the cell to expend energy from ATP?

Answer 20

Active transport

Question 21

Diffusion, Osmosis, Dialysis and filtration are forms of what transport?

Answer 21

passive transport

Question 22

ion pumps, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, endocytosis and exocytosis are what forms of transport?

Answer 22

active transport

Question 23

what form of transport is this
-substances scatter themselves throughout an available space, from high to low
-particles may move through a permeable membrane to reach equilibrium of solution
-semi permiable membranes have pores that only allow small particles to pass through
-selectively permeable membranes have channels and carriers that only allow certain substances to pass through

Answer 23

Diffusion

Question 24

what form of transport is this
-passive movement of water molecules when some solutes cannot cross the permeable membrane
-water moves in a direction that produces equilibrium by diluting concentrated solutes that cannot pass through the membrane

Answer 24

Osmosis

Question 25

what form of transport is this -some solutes move passively across a semi permeable membrane by diffusion and other do not, creates uneven disrtribtion used in medical procedures to get rid of the waste in blood

Answer 25

Dialysis

Question 26

what form of transport is this -passive movement of water and solutes through a semipermeable membrane caused by hydrostatic pressure higher on one side of the membrane -particles move from high to low hydrostatic pressure

Answer 26

Filtration

Question 27

what is -a complex in cell membrane -uses ATP to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradients -eg: sodium potassium pump, calcium pump work with other carriers so that glucose or amino acids are transported along with ions

Answer 27

Ion pumps

Question 28

This form of transport engulfs material from outside the cell by forming a vesicle and is a protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria

Answer 28

Phagocytosis

Question 29

This form of transport similarly uses a vesicle to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells

Answer 29

pinocytosis

Question 30

This form of transport takes material into cells by forming a transport vesicle at plasma membrane

Answer 30

Endocytosis

Question 31

The process by which cells release large molecules and waste products from their cytoplasm to the outside of the cell

Answer 31

exocytosis

Question 32

what determines the structure and function of cells?

Answer 32

protein

Question 33

What is the process of making protein using DNA, RNA and ribosomes?

Answer 33

protein synthesis

Question 34

what -make up 46 chromosomes contained in a cell nucleus -has a sequence of specific base pairs that indirectly determine a cells structure and function -genes direct formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes -large molecule shaped like a spiral staircase, sugar and phosphate units compose sides of the molecule and complemetary base pairs adenine-thyminecompose the steps

Answer 34

DNA

Question 35

what -molecules are made from genes that do not code directly for proteins -they regulate cell processes such as protein synthesis -subunits are made up of nucleotides but have ribose as their sugar and have base uracil instead of thimine

Answer 35

RNA

Question 36

messenger RNA, transcribed working copy of one gene

Answer 36

mRNA

Question 37

ribosomal RNA, component of ribosome

Answer 37

rRNA

Question 38

transfer RNA, carries specific amino acid to its location on a ribosome during translation

Answer 38

tRNA

Question 39

what is the process of making protein in a cell, occurs in cytoplasm. it involves the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides, which are then folded into functional proteins

Answer 39

photo synthesis

Question 40

What are the steps of photo synthesis

Answer 40

1: transcriptopn DNA is copied into mRNAin the nucleus 2:mRNA processing The mRNA transcript is modified 3:mRNA export mRNA is transported from nucleus to cytoplasm 4:Translatiom mRNA used to synthesize proteins 5:Protein folding The protein is shaped into its form

Question 41

This includes reproduction of cell involving divison of the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Answer 41

cell life cycle

Question 42

DNA replication, This is a process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule, when does this occur?

Answer 42

during interphase

Question 43

Period of life when the cell is functioning and may be preparing for mitosis but not actively dividing

Answer 43

interface

Question 44

process in cell division that distributes identical nuclear chromosomes (DNA molecules)to each new cell formed when the original cell divides

Answer 44

Mitosis

Question 45

what are the stages of mitosis

Answer 45

1:prophase 2:metaphase 3:anaphase 4:telophase 5:cell division ends as offspring cells become fully functional and enter interphase

Question 46

what are the results of cell division?

Answer 46

a: two identical cells b: Differentiation - process by which offspring cells can form tissue c: uncontrolled cell reproduction can form benign or malignant neoplasms

Question 47

during this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes move away from the center of the center

Answer 47

anaphase

Question 48

During this stage of the stage cycle, the DNA in the nucleus replicates

Answer 48

interface

Question 49

During this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes align in the center of the cell

Answer 49

metaphase

Question 50

During this stage of mitosis, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Answer 50

prophase

Question 51

During this stage of mitosis cell division is complete and nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear

Answer 51

Telophase

Question 52

Organelles which are digestive bags

Answer 52

lysosomes

Question 53

organelles flattened sacs that process molecules

Answer 53

golgi apparatus

Question 54

diffusion of water from lower concentration to higher

Answer 54

osmosis

Question 55

a process that allows a cell to take in fluid and dissolved substances (drinking of cells)

Answer 55

pinocytosis

Question 56

pinocytosis

Answer 56

cell drinking, active process, means requires energy

Question 57

chromatin becomes chromosomes during what phase?

Answer 57

prophase

Question 58

explain red blood cells in hypotonic and hypertonic solution

Answer 58

hypotonic: will bloat up and may explode hypertonic: will shrink and shrivel

Question 59

Protein synthesis involves 2 processes name and explain them

Answer 59

1: Transcription genetic information from DNA is copied into mRNA 2:Translation mRNA is read by ribosomes, folds into functional proteinrgtfde

Question 60

Tiny filtering units in the kidneys that remove waste from the blood and create urine

Answer 60

Nephrones

Question 61

the process by which cells eat other cells, its the immune systems defence against microbes

Answer 61

phagocytosis

Question 62

Adipose and Areolar are examples of what kind of tissues

Answer 62

connective

Question 63

which tissue forms a continuous sheet

Answer 63

epithelial

Question 64

which tissue covers most organs

Answer 64

epithelial

Question 65

glands are made of what type of tissue

Answer 65

epithelial

Question 66

which of these fibers found in the matrix gives ability to stretch

Answer 66

elastin

Question 67

this type of tissue allows rapid communication between structures

Answer 67

Nervous tissue

Question 68

Flat and single layer allows diffusion to occur

Answer 68

simple squamous

Question 69

another name for smooth muscl

Answer 69

visceral

Question 70

what occurs at ribosomes, transcription or translation?

Answer 70

translation

Question 71

MYO means

Answer 71

muscle

Question 72

medical term for throat

Answer 72

pharyngeallop