Anatomy Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
in the oral cavity, whts all of :
oral fissure
orophharyngeal isthmus
oral vistibule
oral cavity proper
A
- opining between the 2 lips, from oral vestibule to the outside
- The narrow space between the two palatoglossal fold
- space between the lips & cheek externally And the gum & teeth internally
- the main part of the oral cavity
2
Q
_______ is almost always closed, contains the parotid papilla, divided into ____ sulci and haas the frenulums which are_____
A
oral vestibule
6 sucli
connecting lips to gums and cheeks too
3
Q
the roof of oral cavity proper is _____
and the posterior part i ________
anteriorly ________
A
hard palatine
isthmus
oral vestibule
4
Q
hard palatine is formed by what bones
and it forms ____ of the palatine
A
palatine process of the maxilla
horizental plate of the palatine bone
2/3
5
Q
______ is part of the pharynx. and has all of the following muscles:
palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, uvulae msuculus, levatorr veli palatine and tensor veli palatine
A
soft palatine
6
Q
The vestibule communicates with oral cavity proper at:
A
a. retromolar space
b. freeway space
7
Q
order of primary teeth eruption:
A
lower: order
upper: canine then 2nd molar
8
Q
order of permanent teeth eruption:
A
lower: 1st molar then order
upper: 1st molar > order > canine the the 2nd premolar
9
Q
innervation of the teeth is by ___
A
trigeminal nerve specially the mandibular and maxillary branches
10
Q
innervation of upper teeth, buucal annd gingiva,, and palatine
A
- post. , middle , ant. superior alveolar branches of the maxillary trigeminal nerve
- same as teeth
-nasopalatine and great palatine nerves
11
Q
innervation of lower teeth, buucal annd gingiva,, and palatine
A
- inferior alveolar branch which primary innervates the molar and premolar, and its imcisive branch than innervates the rest
- buccal branch of the posterior mandibular and the mental branch of the IAN
- lingual nerve of the post. mandibular
12
Q
anterior part of the tounge originates from_____ and innervated by ____
and same for post
?????????
A
- 1st pharyngeal arch and trigeminal
- 3rd pharyngeal arch and the glossopharyngeal
13
Q
Foramen cecum is:
A
Blind opening (small depressed pit) at the apex of sulcus terminalis
thyroglossal duct
14
Q
- Keratinized for protection
- The smallest (microscopic), most numerous (scattered all over the tongue)
- Whitish appearance
- has no taste buds
A
Filiform (hair like)
15
Q
- Scattered all over the dorsum & mostly concentrated at the tips & margins
- has taste buds
- Appear as red dots
A
Fungiform
16
Q
The largest, 8-12 in number, very conspicuous
Located in front of sulcus terminalis, has a taste bud
A
Vallate (circumvallate)
17
Q
Linear folds, located at the sides near terminal sulcus, has a taste buds
Rudimentary & not well developed in human (developed in animals like cat)
A
Foliate
18
Q
fimberiated folds are:
A
finger-like projections just lateral to the deep lingual vein.
19
Q
muscles that form the root of the tongue:
A
genioglossus muscle (bulk of tongue)
hyoglossus
20
Q
intrinsic muscles of the tongue:
A
Superior & inferior longitudinal muscles: shorten the tongue
Transverse muscles: narrowing the tongue
Vertical muscles: flattens the tongue
21
Q
extinsic muscles of the tongue
A
genioglossus: superior genial tubrcle
hyoglossus: greater horn
palatoglossus
styloglossus
22
Q
innervations of the tongue for general sensation and special sensation and motor
A
- lingual nerve of the mandibular devision
glossopharyngeal nerve - choroda tympani of the facial nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve - mainly hypoglossal nerve
23
Q
blood supply of the tongue:
A
- lingual artery is an anterior branch of the external carotid artery
- tonsilar artery from facial nerve
- ascending pharyngeal artery medial branch of the external carotid artery
24
Q
branches of the inguinal artery of the tounge
A
- dorsal lingual branch : posterior third
-deep lingaul branch: body and apex - sublingual branch: floor of the mouth
25
lymphatic drainage of the tongue
anterior 2/3, inferior deep cervical lymph node , realted to jugulo-omohyoid
posterior 1/3, superior deep cervical nodes, jugulo-digastric ln
26
the muscle thats always under constant contraction is:
genioglossus muscle
27
the base of parotid gland is faced____
meanwhile the apex ____
superiorly
inferiorly
28
structures within the parotid gland:
Superficial: facial N & it’s terminal branches
Middle: Retromandibular vein formed by temporal and maxillary
deep: ECA temporal and maxillary arteries
29
Located within submandibular fossa, which’s below & posterior to the oblique line of mandible is the ____ gland
submandibular salivary gland
30
Located within sublingual fossa which’s above and anterior to the oblique line of the mandible is the _________ gland
sublingual gland
31
muscle that forms the floor of the mouth
mylohyoid muscle
32
the apex and base levels the pharynx are:
C1 - C6
palatine and epiglottis and carotid define the three regions
33
origin: ptyrgomandibular and the base of the skull
insertion : pharyngeal raphe
hats this muscle and innervation
sup.constrictor of the pharynx and vagus nerve
34
origin: hyoid bone and the stylohyoid ligament insertion : pharyngeal raphe
what's the muscle and insertion
middle constrictor
vagus (10)
35
Origin: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage.
Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe
this muscle is
Origin: Cricoid cartilage.
Insertion: Forms upper esophageal sphincter.
this muscle is:
thyropharyngeal
cricopharyngeal
both innervated by vagus
36
name the longtidunal m. of the pharynx
palatopharyngeus
stylopharyngess
salpingopharyngeus
37
enters pharynx via 2nd pharyngeal gap
Innervation: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
this muscle is
stylopharyngeus
38
Origin: Palatine aponeurosis
Insertion: Pharyngeal wall.
it is and **innervated by**:
palatopharyngeus
vagus nerve
39
Origin: Medial end of auditory tube.
* Insertion: Blends with palatopharyngeus.
* Function: Opens the auditory tube during swallowing to equalize pressure.
what's the muscle and innervation
salpingopharyngeus
vagus nerve
40
Attached to the basilar part of the occipital bone and attached anteriorly to posterior border of Pterygoid plate(pterygoid hamulus)
Pharyngobasilar Fascia
41
Acute tonsillitis: Commonly caused by_____ bacteria.
Streptococcus
42
lining of both nasopharynx and laryngopharynx
resp. epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
43
piriform foss boundries:
medially: quadrangular membrane and aryepiglottic fold
laterally :thyroid cartilage and thyrohyoid membrane
44
pharynx sensory and motor innervations
**sensory**
naso: trigeminal maxillary
oro: glossopharyngeal
lyrics; vagus
*(9+5+vagus)
**motor**
vagus mainly and 9 in stylopharyngeus
45
* Cervical esophagus →
* Thoracic esophagus →
* Abdominal esophagus →
C6 -T1
T1 - T10
T10 - T11
46
Nissen fundoplication surgery.
GEDR
47
Relations of the Thoracic Esophagus
● Anteriorly →
● Posteriorly →
● Right side →
● Left side →
Trachea, left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Thoracic vertebrae, descending aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein.
Mediastinal pleura, azygos vein (arches over esophagus).
Aortic arch, left subclavian artery, thoracic duct.
48
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) FORMED BY:
* Acute angle of esophageal-stomach junction.
* Right crus of diaphragm muscle sling.
* Natural collapse of esophagus at the junction.
49
___________ (T11): (physiological sphincter).
_______(L1): Between stomach & duodenum (anatomical & physiological
* Cardiac orifice
* Pyloric orifice
50
cardiac notch, horizontal plane, Incisura angularis,
51
________at L1(transpyloric plane)
* No Plicae Circulares.
* first part of it is dilated thus called duodenal cap (duodenal bulb, ampulla)
1st part of duodenum
52
L2–L3, curves around pancreas.
* Bile & pancreatic ducts unite here.
* Marks foregut–midgut transition.
* Major duodenal papilla (Ampulla of Vater) / (hepatopancreatic ampulla):
2ND PART OF DUODENUM
53
Major duodenal papilla: relations:
● Above: the celiac trunk & it’s branches supply the foregut
● Below, up to the proximal 2/3 of transverse colon: SMA supply the midgut
54
_______ Crosses anterior to IVC at L3. nutcracker syndrome is :
3rd part
54
Ligament of Treitz in:
4th part
55
sphincter of Oddi
controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice out of the gallbladder and pancreas
respectively through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum.
56
Pouches of the colon due to shorter teniae coli.
Haustra
57
: Three longitudinal muscle bands running from appendix to rectosigmoid
junction
Teniae Coli
58
_________ posterolaterally Attached to the greater momentum
_________Attached to the transverse mesocolon &
posteromedially -
sigmoid mesocolon
__________ located anteriorly
a. Omental tenia
b. Mesocolic tenia
c. Free tenia (teniae libera):
59
mccburney poin:
most common
**2/3 away from umbilicus**
retrocecak
61
GIT histology llayers:
mucosa (epithelium, laminae propria, muscularis mucosa)
submucosa > dense connective tissue
muscularis externa
aventitia/ serousa
** lamina propria is loose connecive tissue
muscularis mucosa is 5 layers
62
lining of:
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
esophagus: stratified squamous epi.
stomach: columnar epithelium/ gastric pits
small intestine: columnar epi. / villi, micro, pilace circularis, crypts
large intestine: columnar epi. / crypts
anus: keratinized stratified squampus epi.
63
lining of the oral cavity
lips
tounge
gigiva and palatine
the rest of the oral cavity
lips: keratinized strat. squ. epi]
tongue : masticatory epithelium
gingiva and palatine; keratinized …
oral cavity: non keratinized
64
meissner plexus is found in:
auerbach plexus is found in :
submucosal layer
muscularis externa layer
65
submucosal glands are seen in:
the layer that olds lymphoid tissue and where are they mostly seen:
thickening of the muscularis layer:
- esophagus, duadenum, stomach and large intestine
- lamina propria and most seen in: ileum amd appendix
- pyloric and iliocecal and interal sphenctors
66
paneth cells are found in:
the crypts of lieberkuhn in small intestine and they secrete antibacterial lysosomes
67
cardiac orifice is on what level of , pyloric orifice and fundus
7th costal cartilage, 2.5 away from sternum
transpyloric line (L1)
5th or 6th
68
sensory innervation of the stomach
celiac plexus and greater splanchnic nerves
to T5-T9
69
______ Extend from the lamina propria to the muscularis mucosae, have Undifferentiated cells
and they secrete exctralcellular like fluid thats fastly absorbed
crypts of ieberkhun
70
difference between lining of large and small intestine
large intstine:
more goblet cells
thinner laminated propria
and 2 layers in the muscularis mucosa
and more fat depostition in the submucosa
71
the longitudinal folds contain____ in them
superior rectal artery and vein
72
the innervation of the parietal layer of peritonium
somatic nerves
- T7-T12
- L1 iliohypogastric
- L2-L4 **obturator**
73
innervation if the visceral layer of the peritonium is by:
autonomic nervous system which is poorly localized
74
organs of the peritonium are:
stomach, liver, spleen
1s duodenum
jeujinum and ilium
appendix
transverse, sigmoid
75
subperitonial organs
bladder, uterus and rectum
76
retropertitonial organs are:
pancreas (not tail) , duodenum
asceniding and descending
cecum is surrounded but not mesentric
77
greater omentum of the peritoneum is made of three lig. name them
gastrosplenic
gastrocolic
gastrophrenic
78
the lesser omentum is made of two ligs, name them
hepatogastric (greater omentum)
hepatodoudenal (portal triad)
79
what does the portal triad contain
portal vein post.
hepatic artery ant. to the left
common bile duct ant. to the right
80
______ connects the small intestine to the post abdominal wall is :
mesentry
81
——— connects the large intestine to the abdominal wall, what is its name and it connects what parts of the colon
mesocolon
transverse, sigmoid and appendix (intraperitonial parts)
82
lesser sac of the peritonial cavity borders
between the stomach and liver
83
foramen of winslow of epiplotic soramen is:
opening between the two sacs of the peritonium
84
whats inside the hepatoduodenal ligament
the portal vein
85
faciform lig is:
connects liver to the ant. wall
continues to become the ligamneutim teres and the coronary ligs
86
**splenorenal** lig and gastrosplenic lig.
part of the ligs of the peritonium holding organs in place
87
ascitits is caused by
liver cirrhosis
88
abdominal adhesion happens after:
cutting through the peritonium
89
4 reigons classification planes are
transumbilical and mid saggital
90
horizontal lines of the 9 reigons classification are
transtubrcular L5
subcostal L3
91
transpyloric plane is founf on what vertebral level and what organs pass through it
L3-L4
neck of pancreas, doudenum, transverse mesocolon
hilum of the kidney, ligament ot treitz, galbladder, **superior mesentric artery**
92
layers of the abdominal wall:
superficial> deep> muscles> transversalis> extraperitonial fat> parietal peritonium
93
campers fascia continues as:
scarpas fascia continues as:
dartos muscle
colles fascia
94
origin and insertion of external oblique M.
o: lower 8 ribs
i: linea alba, iliac crest and pubic tubrcle
95
linguinal lig. is a continuation of what muscle and what is its attachment
EOM
ASIS and pubic tubrcle
96
whats passes through the ingiunal superficial ring
**ilioinguinal nerve**
spermatic cord or round lig
97
o and i of the IOM
o: iliac crest, middle inguinal lig, lumbar apon,
i: linea alba, xiphoid and 3 ribs, pubic symp,
98
o and i i of the transversalis
lumbar apon, iliac crest and inginal
i: xiphoid , 3 ribs and linea alba and pubic symp
99
the structure that makes a different when it comes to the splitting of the 3 abdominal muscles apon. is:
ASIS
100
Articuate line of the abdomine lines where
rectus sheath all infront of the muscle
101
in the arcuate line and below the lining of the rectus msucle is by:
trasversalis fasca
102
contents of RECTUS SHEATH:
2+4+6
2 muscles
4 : inferior and superior epigastric vessles
6: T7-T11 intercostal AND. T12 subcosta
103
both the appendix & the body wall around the umbilicus are innervated by :
T10
104
Does NOT enter the rectus sheat
devides to ilio hypogastric and ilioinguinal is:
L1 nerve
105
ilio hypogastric and ilioinguinal innervations
upper paert of the inguinal and hypogastic reigon
lower part
labia majora and scrotum and cremastric
106
kocher incision is done to avoid damage to what nerves
and used for
T7,T8
cholcystectomy and spleen
107
pfannensteil incisin is used when
c section hysterectomy
bladder and prostate
108
deep and superficial rings are both made from:
transversalis and EOM
109
Medial to the deep inguinal ring is:
inferior epigastric muscle
110
walls of the inguinal canal
ant.
pos.
floor.
roof
EOM and IOMs lateral third
transversalis and Conjoint tendon medially
inguinal canal and lacunar lig.
IOM and transvers abdominalis
111
the only layer that doesnt contribute to the covering of the pocessus vaginalis is
transverse abdominalis
112
spermatic cord contains
testicular artery
veins (pempiform)
vas deferens and its artery
113
The origin of all
Internal, external fascias and cremastric muscle
Internal: transversalis fascia
Cremastric: IOM
External: EOM
Transversus abdominus doesnt join
114
The femoral hernia is usually—— to the inguinal lig
Lateral and below
115
Indirect inguinal hernia is_____ to the inferior epigastric Artery
And most common in
Lateral
Males young
116
Direct inguinal hernia is usually——— the inferior gastric artery
It happens more
Older men
117
And given a triangle area borders
Rectus, muscle inguinal ligament and inferior epigastric vessle
118
Moral canal borderers
Lacunar lig
Femoral vein
Inguinal ligament
119
Congenital Umbilical Hernia happens in what week
10 the week of development
120
Acquired Infantile Umbilical Hernia usually most common in
Females
121
122
is mucosa vascularized or not, same for laminate and submucosa
no
yes
yes
123
messiner plexus location and funtion
myentric (aurerbach) location and function
sub mucosa > secreting lubricaitions
muscular > yk
124
tongue lining is
masticatory
125
cardia galnds arre found in
mucosal layer of the esophagus
126
serosa and adventitia of esophagus
serous in disal part
adventitia in others
127
oxyntic cells in the stomach are ____ in color
same for the zymogenic
eosinpilic
basophilic
128
enterorndocrine cells in the stomach are:
gastro entero apancreatic cells
found in small intestine
g adn d cells
129
describe the jeujinum
left upper, red (darker), wider, lower fat
lower arches, high vasa
130
villi , mcrovilli, crypts (paneth cells) and peyer patches are all seen in
small intestine
131
no villi , high goblet cells , lamina propria has gus assosciated lympoid tissue (GALT)
crypts are more
all in
large intestine
132
lining of the rectoanal junction is
stratified squamous
transitions to keratinized in the anus
133
134
the livers diaphragmatic surface is convex or concave
convex
135
the liver is devided anatomically by and physiologically by
anatomically by the falciform ligament
physiologically by the IVC and galbaldder
136
other than the left and right lobes of the liver , what are the other lobes
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
137
what structures are inside the hepatic hilum
left and right hepatic artery
left and right hepatic duct
portal vein
hepatic lymph node
nerves
lesser omentum
138
coronary ligamnet of the liver connects the liver to____ and ____
post wall of the abdomin
diaphragm
139
umbilical vein of the fetus turns into _____
teres
140
ductus venosus in fetus turns into ____
ligamentum venosum
141
bare area of the liver lacks____
peritonial covering
142
hepatic vein drains in______
IVC
143
portal vein is formed by______ and branches to
splenic vein and superior mesentric vein
left and right
144
portal vein drains in _____ and contribute in _____% of the blood to it
liver
70%
145
portal vein contains___
nutrient rich
146
hepatic arterry contribution is ____% and contains____
30%
oxygen rich blood
147
lining of the galbalddeer
simple columnar
148
ductal system (pathway) of bile
bile canacliculis > ductules > intrahepatic ducts > left and right hepatic ducts > common hepatic duct > + cystic duct = common bile duct
149
blood supply of the gallbladder
cystic vein :from portal vein
cystic artert : from right hepatic artery
150
Triangle of Calot borders
liver
cystic duct
common hepatic duct
151
uncinate is a
lobe in the pancreas that is anterior to the superior mesentric vessles
152
the neck of pancreas relations
anterior to the portal vein
153
duct of wirsung is:
main pancreatic duct and joins CBD
154
ducts of santorini are seen in
pancreas
drain in minor papillas
155
blood supply of the pancreas
-superior and inferior pancreaoduodenal arteries and splenic artery
-portal vein
