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Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

ptyalin is found in the secretions of ____ gland
lipase is found in _____ glands

A

parotid
lingual

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2
Q

_____ secreted by activated salivary glands and splits _______

A

kallirkrein
a2 globulin from bradykinin

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3
Q

saliva is high in _____
and higher in____ compared to the plasma

A

calcium and phosphate
k and HCO3 and higher and Na , Cl are less

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4
Q

proline protein function in salive
immunoglobulin :

A

protection of enamel
IgA

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

candidiasis, recurrent aphthous ulcers, and dental caries are seen when

A

xerostomia

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7
Q

K + concentration is______ of the plasma concentration

concentration of Na + and Cl is______ of plasma

A

four times

half or two third

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8
Q

sensory impulses of the pharynx

motor impulses of the pharynx

A
  • 9 and 5 (trigeminal alnnd glossopharyngeal)
  • 1925
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9
Q

primary peristalsis of the esophagus is controlled by

secondary is controlled by:

A

vagus nerve

myenteric plexus

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10
Q

chemoreceptor triggering zone is found in the and is stimulated by what drug and substance

A

floor of the fourth plexxus
morphine
renal failure

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11
Q

metabolic acidosis and alkilosis are seen in what types of vomitting

A

intestinal content
gastric content

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12
Q

sensory signals for vomiting
motor signals for vomiting for upper , lower and diaphragm

A

vagus and sns
1925 and 7 . vagus and sns . spinal nerves

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13
Q

ECL cells are activated by____ act on ____
D cells are stimulated when ph is less than
G cells are found in the

A

ACH and gastrin
H2R
antrum

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14
Q

G cells are stimulated by :

A

partially digested peptides
intrinsic nerve (ACH)

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15
Q

Cheif cells are stimulated by _____ and the. optimum ph for pepsinogen ______

parietal cells are stimulated by ____ and effect on the iron ____

b12 is absorbed inn

A
  • ach, histamine , gastrin
  • 1-2
  • ach, histamine, gastrin and inhibited by PGE and somatostatin
  • keeps it in ferrous state
  • ilium
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16
Q

Duodenum: secretin, hyperosmotic chyme,
fatty acids efffect on the stomach

A

inhibits gastric secretions

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17
Q

hypotonic is the _____
isotonic is the _____

A

saliva
gastric secretions

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18
Q

whats the effect of food entering the stomach

A

distention of stomach increase PSNS activity

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19
Q

what hormones in the intestinal phase inhibits gastrin secretions

What increases insulin secretion

A

secretin,GIP,VIP, CCK

GIP

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20
Q

The mucos layer secretion is stimulated by ____ and inhibited by ____

A

PGE , ACH
stress or adrenergic input

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21
Q
  • secretions of the duodenum
  • stimulation of burnner glands
    -secretion inhibited by
A

mucus and HCO3
tactile, vagus nerve, secretin
SNS

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22
Q
  • cells of the small intestine
  • hormones of small intestine
A
  • goblet cells for mucus / enterocytes for alkaline (ECF) secretions and absorption
    -secretin and CCK
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23
Q
  • colic secretion
  • stimulation of mucus secretion
A
  • mucus and HCO3
  • tactile and nervous reflex
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24
Q
A
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25
inhiibition of gastric secretion happens by
a. Duodenum: secretin, hyperosmotic chyme, fatty acids b.ph less than 2 in duodenum and FAT
26
27
Sympathetic stimulation of the GIT happens by what vertebral levels
T5-L2
28
Simplistic stimulation effect on the GIT and what transmitter does it use?
Inhibit muscles and excite submucosal muscles Norepinephrine
29
Mouth and pharynx are invented by what Esophagus to the first half of large intestine Second, half of large intestine
Glossopharyngeal Vagus nerve PSNS S2-s4
30
Sphincters wre controlled by what muscles
Myentric plexus
31
PSNS uses what neurotansmitters
ACH
32
Slow waves are induced by what cells What is the frequency
Cajal cells Stomach 3 Duodenum 12 Ilium 8
33
Tonic contractions are:
Continuous contractions lasting minutes to hours where intensity of contraction can increase or decrease, but the contraction itself is continuous Like sphinctors
34
Migrating Motor Complex (MMC) are
Fasting Stomach to ilium
35
Motilin used for
Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)
36
Gastrin effect on motility
Gastric motility Stomach emptying Esophagus, sphincter contraction
37
CCK effect on motility
Galbladder contraction Slow gastric emptying Inhibit sphincter of oddi
38
Excitement and fear effect on the emptying Cutting vagus nerve
Increase inhibit inhibit
39
Presence of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the duodenum, acidity and tonic chyme and distention can all cause——- of stomach
Inhibition of emptying
40
Enternogastric reflex off duodenum is activated my
Distention
41
Atropine effect on SI motility
Inhibition
42
Secretin effect on small intestine motility Gastrin CCK and motilin
Inhibits Increase
43
Gastrocloic and duodenocolic effect on LI activity
Increase
44
Fecal masses are stored in
Sigmoid
45
46
what is the exocrine function of pancrease
1. Enzyme-rich fluid from acinar cells. 2. Watery, HCO₃ rich fluid from duct epithelial cells
47
pancreas have proteolytic enzymes , name them
1. trypsin 2.chymotrypsin 3. Carboxypeptidase 4. Trypsin inhibitor
48
pancreas has carbs digestion enzyme what is it?
amylase
49
pancreas has fats digestion enzymes what are they?
1.lipase 2. phosphlipase 3. cholesterol esterase
50
what is the activator of all these enzymes fto their active form: 1.lipase 2. phosphlipase 3. cholesterol esterase
1. trypsin 2. trypsin 3. bile salts
51
Bicarbonate Secretion from Pancreas is stimulated to be secreted by:
secretin
52
burner galnds are found in what layer of the duodenum
in the submucosa
53
s cells secret ____ and i cells secrete______
secretin CCK
54
CCK secretion is stimulated when:
fats and protein in chyme
55
It is the primary stimulant of enzymes from pancreas.
CCK it increase the enzyme secretion
56
bile production process
Cholesterol → Cholic acid conjugated with glycine or taurine (bile acids) conjugated with sodium and K+ (bile salts)
57
bile production is induced by:
secretin and vagus nerve
58
bile in gallbladder is concentrated by:
removal of Na
59
bile secretion from gallbladder is by:
CCK and vagus
60
most of bile is reabsorbed, where that happens?
terminal ilium if resected= steatorrhea
61
digestion of Carbohydrates, it starts in mouth with the enzyme_____ that breaks down to___
ptyalin maltose, maltriose, dextrins
62
stomachs role in digestion of Carbohydrates
as mouth… maltose, maltriose, dextrins
63
small intestine role in digestion of Carbohydrates
pancreas = amylase **brush boreders enzymes**
64
Carbohydrates absorption in intestine galactose and glucose fructose
glucose and galactose: Na actively pumped co transportation of Na and sugar sugar facilitated diffusion. (GLUT 2) fructose: facilitated diffusion (GLUT 5) phosphorylated to glucose
65
glucose and galactose: Na actively pumped co transportation of Na and sugar sugar facilitated diffusion. (GLUT 2) fructose: facilitated diffusion in(GLUT 5)
66
true or false Absorption of fructose is not as efficient as glucose absorption.
true
67
pentose sugar absorption is by
simple diffusion
68
stomachs enzyme that digest proteins and site of cutting
pepsin endopeptidase
69
pancreatic enzymes that help in protein digestion
Trypsin, chymotrypsin → Endopeptidase Carboxypeptidase → Exopeptidase elastase → digest elastin
70
small inteestine role in protein digestion
Brush Border Peptidases
71
protein absorption - amino acids
-Na actively pumped - co-transportation of AA - to blood: a. Na pump b. facilitated diffusion
72
protein absorption of -Dipeptides & tripeptides - Large proteins
- H+ pump - endocytosis
73
lingual lipase splits triglycerides, the nme of the gland and feature
- ebner glands - can enter fat lobules
74
stomach and pancreas role in fat digestion
- gastric lipase - pancreatic lipase a. on surface , doesnt enter lobule
75
76
emulsificaion of fat lobules starts in____ , in the intestine it happens by the help of :
stomach bile salts
77
fat absorption process of short to medium fats:
micelles transport to enterocytes diffusion to blood
78
fat absorption process of long and large fats:
they get esterified (even choleterol) to make something named **chylomicrons** and these chylomicrons are transported to **lacteal ducts** (lympatics)
79
absorption of calcium is facilitated by ____
vit D by producing proteins that binf into calcium
80
calcium absorption is decreased by:
oxalate and phosphate
81
calcium absorption is increased by
protein
82
aldosterone effect on absorption
increases absorption of Na
83
stomach can absorb :
alcohol and aspirin

GIT (5 decks)

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