Anatomy 2 Open ended exam 1

Question 1

3 ways hormones interact

Answer 1

1. synergism - when 2 or more hormones interacts to create an additive response
2. Permissive - when 1 hormone doe not have its full effect without a second hormone present
3. Antagonism - when 2 hormones work against each other diminishing the effects of the other

Question 2

anterior pituitary vs posterior pituitary

Answer 2

anterior pituitary - true endocrine gland, makes and releases its own hormones
posterior pituitary - not a true endocrine gland, storage site of hormones

Question 3

portal system

Answer 3

the connection of two individual capillary beds by a portal vein

Question 4

Signaling process from the hypothalamus

Answer 4

hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> endocrine gland -> target
in problem signaling process before/above the problem the arrows are different and after/below the arrows are the same

Question 5

6 functions of the digestive system

Answer 5

1. ingestion - bringing of food and water
2. secretion - release of hormones or other substances from exocrine glands
3. propulsion/movement - forward process of food
4. digestion - breakdown of food, mechanically: chewing, chemically: enzymes
5. absorption - movement of food from the digestive organs to the blood
6. defalcation - removal of waste products

Question 6

3 layers of muscle in the muscularis externa

Answer 6

circular, longitudinal, oblique

Question 7

3 cells of the gastric gland

Answer 7

1. enteroendocrine cells (G cells) - release a hormone known as gastrin
2. parietal cells - secrete 2 products upon gastrin signaling ( HCL, intrinsic factor)
3. chief cells - release enzyme called pepsinogen (inactive form)

Question 8

Olfactory epithelium consists of 3 kinds of cells and a gland

Answer 8

1. olfactory receptor
2. supporting cells
3. basal cells
4. olfactory gland

Question 9

3 kinds of epithelial cells within a taste bud

Answer 9

1. gustatory receptors
2. supporting cells
3. basal cells

Question 10

When tastant is dissolved in saliva it can

Answer 10

contact the plasma membrane with the gustatory hairs which are the sites of taste transduction

Question 11

4 types of papillae

Answer 11

1. vallate - a row at the back of the tongue
2. fungiform - mushroom-shaped and are scattered over the entire surface of tongue
3. foliate - located in small trenches on the lateral margins of the tongue
4. filiform - pointed threadlike structures that contain tactile receptors but No taste buds

Question 12

The eyeball wall consists of 3 layers

Answer 12

1. fibrous - outer layer composed of the sclera and the cornea
2. vascular - middle layer composed of the choroid, ciliary body and iris
3. nervous - inner retinal layer

Question 13

2 parts of the ciliary body

Answer 13

1. ciliary processes - folds that contain capillaries the secret aqueous fluid
2. ciliary muscle - circular band of smooth muscles that changes the shape of the lens

Question 14

What is the iris and its function

Answer 14

• the iris is the colored portion of the eyeball consisting of circular and radial smooth muscle fibers
  function: to regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil

Question 15

2 layers of the retina

Answer 15

1. pigmented - a sheet of melanin containing epithelial cells that helps absorb stray light
2. neural - a multilayered outgrowth of the brain that processes visual data

Question 16

3 layers of neural layer

Answer 16

1. photoreceptor
2. bipolar
3. ganglion

Question 17

2 types of photoreceptors

Answer 17

1. rods - allow us to see in dim light (black and white)
2. cones - allows us to see brighter light (color vison)

Question 18

The eye forms clear images of objects onto the retina by

Answer 18

1. refraction or bending of light by the lens and cornea
2. accommodation, the change in the shape of the lens
3. construction or narrowing of the pupil

Question 19

Refraction is the bending of light

Answer 19

1. when light rays enter the eye, are refracted at the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea
2. both surfaces of the lens refract the light rays so they come into exact focus on the retina
3. the lens of the eye is convex, surface curves outward, causing incoming light to refract towards each other so that it will eventually intersect

Question 20

All photopigments associated with vision contain

Answer 20

1. opsin
2. retinal

Question 21

3 regions of the ear

Answer 21

1. external ear - uses air to collect and channel sound waves
2. middle ear - uses a bony system to amplify sound vibrations
3. internal ear - generates action potentials to transmit sound and balance information to the brain

Question 22

The bony labyrinth is divided into 3 areas

Answer 22

1. semicircular canals
2. vestibule
3. cochlea

Question 23

2 types of equilibrium

Answer 23

1. static - the maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity
2. dynamic - the maintenance of the body position in response to sudden movements such as rotational acceleration or deceleration preformed by semilunar ducts

Question 24

2 kinds of glands

Answer 24

exocrine - secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretion into the body cavities or to the outer surface of the body
endocrine - secrete their products into the interstitial fluid

Question 25

2 types of local hormones

Answer 25

1. paracrine - local hormones that act on adjacent cells
2. autocrine - hormones that act on the same cell that released them

Question 26

4 layered arrangement of tissues in the wall of the GI tract

Answer 26

1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis
4. serosa