Anatomy 2 Open ended final exam

Question 1

Functions of the kidneys is to regulate

Answer 1

1. ionic composition
2. blood osmolarity
3. blood volume
4. blood pressure
5. blood pH

Question 2

2 types of nephrons

Answer 2

1. cortical - most abundant 80%, produce urine, 2nd capillary bed: peritubular capillaries
2. juxtamedullary - to maintain the contraction in the renal medulla, 2nd capillary bed: vasa reda

Question 3

3 types of transport of material between nephron and blood

Answer 3

1. glomerular filtration - non selective movement of material from the blood into the bowman’s capsule due to hydrostatic pressure
2. tubular reabsorption - in general a selective transport of material from the nephron to the blood due to osmotic pressure
3. tubular secretion - selective transport of material moving from the blood into the nephron done by transport proteins

Question 4

filtration membrane consists of

Answer 4

1. glomerular endothelium - filters out the red blood cells
2. basal lamina - filters out the large proteins
3. filtration slits between podocytes - filters out medium proteins

Question 5

rules of the kidneys

Answer 5

1. wherever Na+ goes Cl- goes
2. wherever Na+ goes (H2O) water goes
3. wherever Na+ goes K+ goes in the opposite direction

Question 6

micturition reflex

Answer 6

1. stretch receptors in the bladder signal the spinal cord
2. spinal cord stimulates Parasympathetic signal to relax the internal sphincter opening the bladder
3. the stretch receptor also sends a signal to the cortex of the brain
4. cortex voluntarily controls the external sphincter that stays contracted until an appropriate place to relax the muscle and empty the bladder

Question 7

active transport - energy required

Answer 7

primary: ATP
secondary: energy used from passive transport
endoexcytosis

Question 8

the effects of ADH on water reabsorption

Answer 8

1. released to fix osmolarity problems and increase blood pressure
2. reabsorbs water in the last 1/3 distal tubules and collecting ducts to water, causes urine to have high concentration
3. absence of ADH kidneys produce dilute urine

Question 9

aldosterone

Answer 9

1. regulates reabsorption of Na+ in the last 1/3 distal tubule s and collecting duct
2. aldosterone and ADH always work together

Question 10

the effects of angiotensin II

Answer 10

1. acts on heart to increase blood pressure
2. acts on kidney to absorb H2O and salt to increase blood pressure
3. acts on hypothalamus to become thirsty and release ADH to reabsorb water

Question 11

filtration occurs when

Answer 11

hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is greater than the osmotic and hydrostatic pressure throughout the entire Bowman’s capsule

Question 12

filtration only occurs at

Answer 12

Bowman’s capsule

Question 13

filtration is dependent on

Answer 13

MAP mean arteriole pressure, so if MAP increases GFR increases and vise versa

Question 14

what is only removed in the descending limb

Answer 14

water

Question 15

what is only reabsorbed in the ascending limb

Answer 15

Na+, K+, Cl-

Question 16

effects of atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 16

released when blood pressure is high, opposite of angiotensin II