Anatomy 2 Open ended exam 2

Question 1

How many liters of blood are in your body

Answer 1

About 5 litters

Question 2

Do veins and arteries have anything to do with with oxygen

Answer 2

NO

Question 3

How does blood move

Answer 3

1. pacemaker cells to start an action potential
2. cause the contractile cells to start an action potential
3. to make the contractile cells contract
4. to raise the pressure to create a pressure gradient
5. blood moves

Question 4

What is end diastolic volume (EDV)

Answer 4

the volume of blood in the ventricles before contraction

Question 5

Can you have all four valves open at the same time

Answer 5

Never

Question 6

Can you have all four valves be closed at the same time

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

what is end systolic volume (ESV)

Answer 7

volume of blood remaining in the ventricles after contraction

Question 8

Extra Credit: Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

only affects/controls heart rate

Question 9

Arterioles

Answer 9

are the site with the highest resistance, 60% of resistance occurs here

Question 10

How to get rid of high blood pressure

Answer 10

you want to lower the blood pressure by creating a medicine that decreases resistance causing the muscles to relax allowing for more blood flow

Question 11

2 pressures in the capillaries that appose each other

Answer 11

1. hydrostatic/filtration - pressure exerted onto the walls of the blood vessel determined by the volume of blood, causes material to leave the blood
2. osmotic/reabsorption - cause material (H2O) to enter the blood

Question 12

3 functions of blood

Answer 12

1. transportation - O2, nutrients, waste products
2. regulation - maintain homeostasis, pH, temperature, water balance
3. protection - clotting, immune system

Question 13

3 mechanisms involved in homeostasis

Answer 13

1. vascular spasm - vasoconstriction and increased tissue pressure act to decrease blood vessel diameter
2. platelet plug formation - a patch consisting of platelets that only adheres to injury site
3. blood clotting - process that forms molecular glue; binds platelets, endothelial cells, and
   other formed elements together

Question 14

Universal donor for blood

Answer 14

O - Erythrocytes do not have A, B, nor Rh surface antigens

Question 15

Universal acceptor for blood

Answer 15

AB - do not make antibodies to A, B, or Rh antigens

Question 16

3 factors that regulate stroke volume

Answer 16

1. preload - stretch on the heart before it contracts
2. contractility - forcefulness of the contractions
3. afterload - the pressure that must be exceeded before removal of blood from ventricles

Question 17

How does the autonomic nervous system control action potentials at the pacemaker cells

Answer 17

by affecting permeability of the IF channels

Question 18

3 types of capillaries

Answer 18

1. continuous - most abundant, material movement through small intercellular clefts and tight tight junctions
2. fenestrated - endothelial have pores which allow more material to move
3. sinusoid - huge pores, huge intercellular clefts, allow most material to move through

Question 19

Equations

Answer 19

R = 1/r4
CO (blood flow) = ^P/R
^P = (p1 - p2)
CO = HR x SV
SV = EDV - ESV
CO = HR x (EDV -ESV)

Question 20

what’s the difference between arteries and veins

Answer 20

arteries take blood away from the heart to the body
veins returns blood to the heart

Question 21

What chamber of the heart is the thickest

Answer 21

left ventricle

Question 22

3 waves in a heart beat

Answer 22

1. P wave - atrial depolarization
2. QRS wave - rapid ventricular contraction
3. T wave - ventricular repolarization