Anatomy 2 Open ended exam 3

Question 1

4 processes of external respiration

Answer 1

1. pulmonary ventilation - change of gas with lungs and atmosphere
2. pulmonary exchange - exchange of gases with lungs and the blood
3. gas transport - movement of gases in the blood
4. tissue gas exchange - exchange of gases with blood and the tissues

Question 2

Boyle’s law

Answer 2

describes the relationship between pressure and volume, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to another so if one increases the other decreases
p1 v1 = p2 v2

Question 3

3 factors affecting pulmonary ventilation (air in and out of lungs)

Answer 3

1. airway resistance - anything that hinders the flow of air
2. alveolar surface tension -amount of surfactant produced and released
3. pulmonary compliance - ability of lungs to stretch

Question 4

4 lung volumes

Answer 4

1. tidal volume - amount of air that you breath in or out during quite breathing (500ml)
2. inspiratory reserve volume - maximum amount of air you can breath in after you have already taken in a tidal volume
3. expiratory reserve volume - maximum amount of air you can breath out after already exhaling a tidal volume
4. residual volume - air always remaining in the lungs

Question 5

capacity

Answer 5

sum of 2 or more lung volumes

Question 6

4 lung capacity’s

Answer 6

1. vital capacity - the sum of inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve and tidal volume (maximal amount of air that can be voluntarily be moved in or out of a breath)
2. total lung capacity - vital capacity + residual volume
3. inspiratory capacity - tidal volume + inspiratory volume
4. functional residual capacity - expiratory reserve + residual volume

Question 7

Dalton’s law of partial pressure

Answer 7

if you add all the partial pressure of the gases it will equal atmospheric pressure

Question 8

Henry’s law

Answer 8

equates solubility and partial pressure of gas, to increase a gas’s solubility you increase its partial pressure

Question 9

atmospheric pressure

Answer 9

760mmHg

Question 10

4 factors that affect O2 binding to hemoglobin

Answer 10

1. temperature - if you increase temp more O2 comes off hemoglobin, if you decrease temp more O2 remains on hemoglobin
2. PH - decrease pH (acidic) more O2 comes off hemoglobin, increase pH (basic) less O2 comes off hemoglobin
3. Pco2 - increase pco2 more O2 comes off hemoglobin, decrease pco2 less O2 comes off hemoglobin
4. 2,3 - DPG

Question 11

Hemoglibin - Oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 11

• shift curve to the right then decrease affinity for O2 binding to hemoglobin (more O2 off hemoglobin)
• shift curve to the left then increase affinity for O2 binding to hemoglobin (more O2 on hemoglobin)

Question 12

3 ways CO2 transport in the blood

Answer 12

1. dissolved in blood 7%
2. bond to hemoglobin 23%
3. converted to biocarbionate HCO3 70%

Question 13

2 types of chemoreceptors

Answer 13

1. central - in the brain, monitor PCO2 levels in the CSF
2. peripheral - in the aorta and carotid artery, measures PO2/PCO2/ PH

Question 14

respiratory system functions

Answer 14

1. regulating acid-base
2. vocalization
3. involved in the immune system
4. provides a way for water and hear loss
5. enhances venous return
6. activates certain plasma proteins

Question 15

2 parts of the respiratory tract

Answer 15

1. conducting zone - brings the gases to the alveoli
2. respiratory zone - where gas exchange occurs

Question 16

conducting zones job

Answer 16

to filter, warm, and humidify air and bring it to the lungs

Question 17

alveoli consists of

Answer 17

1. type 1 cells - involved in gas exchange
2. type 2 cells - release surfactant
3. macrophages - immune cells that engulf foreign material