Anatomy Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Divides body into right and left down midline
2
Q
Coronal plane
A
Divides body into anterior and posterior section
3
Q
Axial (transverse) plane
A
Divides the body into superior or inferior
4
Q
External jugular vein
A
Superficial vein
Nearer the surface of the body
5
Q
Internal jugular vein
A
Deep vein
Closer to the core of the body
6
Q
Dorsal surface
A
Posterior surface of wrist, hand, tongue, foot
7
Q
Volar surface
A
Anterior surface of wrist
8
Q
Palmar surface
A
Anterior surface of hand
9
Q
Ventral surface
A
Anterior surface of tongue
10
Q
Plantar surface
A
Anterior surface of foot
11
Q
Ipsilateral
A
Structure lies on the same side of the body as the other structure
12
Q
Contralateral
A
Structure lies on the opposite side of the body as the other structure
13
Q
Abduction
A
Moving away from the medial plane
14
Q
Adduction
A
Moving towards the medial plane
15
Q
Eversion of foot
A
Sole of foot rotates away from median plane
16
Q
Inversion of foot
A
Sole of foot rotates towards the median plane
17
Q
Prone
A
Lying face down
18
Q
Supine
A
Lying on back
19
Q
Lymph drainage - thoracic duct
A
Lymph drains from most of body into the left venous angle.
Major lymphatic vessel
20
Q
Lymph drainage - right lymphatic duct
A
Lymph drains from right upper body into the right venous angle
21
Q
Lymph
A
Excess tissue fluid
22
Q
Cartilage
A
Located where mobility is required at joints
23
Q
Fibrous joint (stability, mobility)
A
Very stable
Not mobile
24
Q
Fibrous joint - types
A
Syndesmoses
Sutures
Fontanelles
25
Fibrous joints - syndesmoses
```
Unites bone with fibrous sheet
Interserous membrane (ie - between radius and ulna)
```
26
Fibrous joints - sutures
Between the bones of the skull
27
Fibrous joints - fontanelles
Present in foetal skull before sutures develop
28
```
Cartilaginous joint
(stability, mobility)
```
More stability
| Less mobility
29
Primary cartilaginous joints
Growth plates
| eg: epiphyseal growth plate
30
Secondary cartilaginous joints
eg: intervertebral discs, pubic symphesis
31
```
Synovial joints
(stability, mobility)
```
Less stability
More mobility
(eg: elbow, ear)
32
Synovial joints - uniaxial (+pivot, +plane, +hinge)
uniaxial - 1 plane of movement
pivot joint - purely rotates (craniovertebral joint)
plane joint - paper rubbing (acromiclavicular joint)
Hinge joint - flexion&extension (elbow)
33
Synovial joints - biaxial (+eg)
2 planes of movement
| eg - joints of the hand
34
Synovial joints - multiaxial (+ball and socket)
move in 3 planes of movement
| eg: shoulders and hip
35
Tubercle
Bump on a bone
36
Condyl
Large, rounded area
37
Structure of bone
outer cortex - strong, dense
inner medulla - spongy, porus
central medullary cavity - contains bone marrow
periosteum - coats outside of bone
38
Each bone contains
diaphysis - shaft in the middle
metaphysis
epiphyseal growth plate
epiphysis
39
Fracture healing
initial healing - callus formation around fracture
Callus remodelling - resuming normal shape
healed bone
40
Axial skeleton
Bones of the skull - facial skeleton & cranial vault
Bones of the neck - cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone
Bones of the trunk - chest, abdomen, back
41
Bones of the cranial vault
```
1 x frontal
1 x sphenoid (butterfly)
2 x temporal
2 x parietal
1 x occipital
```
42
Bones of the facial skeleton
Mandible - chin
Maxilla - cheek
Zygomatic arch - cheekbone
Nasal bone - nose
43
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the pectoral girdle - scapulae, clavicles
Bones of the upper limbs
Bones of the pelvic girdle - hip bones, sacrum
Bones of the lower limbs
44
How many vertebrae in total?
33
45
Cervical vertebrae
C1-C7
All have a foramen in each transverse process
C1 (atlas) - no body, no spinous process
C2 (axis) - odontoid process
C7 - first palpable spinous process
46
Thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12
47
Lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5
48
Sacrum
5 sacral parts
49
Coccyx
4 coccygeal parts
50
Vertebrae features
Spinous process
Transverse process (x2)
Vertebral foramen - transmits & protects spinal cord
Vertebral arch - lamina & pedicle (protect spinal cord)
Articular process
51
Facet joint
Between 2 articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae
52
Ribs (true, false, floating)
True: 1-7 (attach via costal cartilage to sternum)
False: 8-10 (attach via costal cartilage above to sternum)
Floating: 11&12 (don't attach to sternum)
53
Arch of aorta (branches and what they supply)
```
Supplies head, neck, arms
Brachiocephalic trunk
- right common carotid artery
- right subclavian artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
```
54
Where does thoracic (descending) aorta perforate the diaphragm?
Aortic hiatus (T12)
55
Mediastinal contents on CXR
Aortic arch (buldge)
Descending aorta
RA, LV heart border
Diaphragm
56
Abdominal aorta
Continuation of the thoracic aorta
57
At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into common iliac?
L4
58
Cardiac muscle
Striated
| Involuntary
59
Smooth muscle
Non striated
| Involuntary
60
Skeletal muscle
Striated
| Voluntary
61
Circular skeletal muscle example
orbicularis oris
62
Fusiform skeletal muscle example
Biceps brachii
- spans anterior shoulder joint (flexion of shoulder)
- spans anterior elbow joint (flexion of elbow)
- spans anterior proximal radioulnar joint (suppination)
63
Pennate skeletal muscle example
Deltoid
- only crosses shoulder joint
- 3 origins, 1 insertion
64
Aponeurosis
Flattened tendon
65
Reflexes
Nerve connections are at spinal cord level
66
Stretch reflex
Tendon hammer used
| Causes contraction
67
Flexion withdrawl reflex
Touch a hot surface and quickly retract hand
68
Reflex arc
Sensory nerve detects stretch
Spinal cord synapse
Motor nerve passes message to muscle to contract
69
Muscle paralysis
A muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply
Can't move
Reduced muscle tone
70
Muscle spasticity
Muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve supply
Descending controls from brain aren't working
Muscle over contracts
Increased muscle tone
71
Gamete
Haploid cell produced in the gonads
72
Zygote
Diploid cell
| Fertilised egg cell
73
Fertilisation
Ovam moves from ovary to ampulla of uterine tube
| Spermatazoa move from testes to vagina
74
Female pouches
Vesico-uterine
| Recto-uterine (pouch of douglas)
75
Female reproductive organs
Ovaries
76
Female accessory reproductive organs
Uterus, uterine tubes, vagina
77
Menstruation
Ova develop in ovaries
Each cycle, 1 ovum is released to peritoneal cavity
Ovum wafted by fimbre to infundibulum of uterine tubes
Moved along uterine tube by cilia
Unfertilised ovum expelled by myometrium contractions
78
Where does implantation occur?
In the body of the uterus
79
Ectopic pregnancy
Fertilised ovum implants outwith uterine cavity
80
Female sterilisation
Tubule ligation - uterine tubes are clipped
81
Testes
Located in the scrotum
82
Vas deferens
Tube sperm passes through
It joins with the duct from a seminal gland to form ejaculatory duct containing semen
R&L ejaculatory duct join with prostate gland and drain into urethra
83
Sperm
Produced in seminiferous tubules
Passes into rate test
then head of epidymis which becomes vas deferens
84
What is the function of dartos muscle
To control the temperature of the sperm (wrinkles in scrotal skin)
85
Spermatic cord constituents
Testicular artery
Vas deferens
Pampiform plexus of veins
86
Male reproductive organs
Testes
87
Male accessory reproductive organs
Vas deferens
Seminal glands
Penis
Prostate gland
88
Male sterilisation
Vasectomy
