anatomy Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
through what foramen does the medulla pass to form the spinal cord
A
foramen magnum
2
Q
what does the open part of the medulla “open” into
A
4rth ventricle
3
Q
the middle cerebellar peduncle consists of what fibers?
A
motor fibers
4
Q
what part of the brain lies superior to the midbrain
A
diencephalon
5
Q
what lies immediately inferior to the midbrain
A
pons
6
Q
what separates the two hemispheres of the brain
A
the median longitudinal fissure
7
Q
what is the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum
A
the cerebellar aqueduct
8
Q
the corpus callosum consists of what fibers?
A
commissural fibers
9
Q
the primary motor cortex is the
A
frontal lobe
10
Q
the primary visual cortex is the
A
occipital lobe
11
Q
the primary sensory cortex is the
A
parietal lobe
12
Q
the primary auditory cortex is the
A
temporal lobe
13
Q
at what level does the spinal cord terminate
A
L1/L2
14
Q
what spinal level in a child ends
A
L3
15
Q
the dura mater and arachnoid mater ends at what vertebral level
A
S2
16
Q
the pia mater ends with the
A
filum terminale
17
Q
what level is a lumbar puncture on an adult
A
L3/4
18
Q
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
A
31
19
Q
what are the arteries in the circle of willis
A
anterior cerebral artery, anterior communicating artery, ophthalmic artery, internal carotids, middle cerebral, posterior communicating artery, posterior cerebral artery, superior cerebral, basilar, labyrinthine artery, arterior inferior cerebller artery, posterior inferior artery,, vertebral artery, anterior spinal artery.
20
Q
the left and right vertebral arteries arise from
A
subclavian
21
Q
the left and right internal carotid arteries arise from
A
C4
22
Q
the primary motor cortex is supplied by what artery?
A
anterior/middle cerebral
23
Q
the primary sensory area is supplied by what cerebral arteries?
A
mostly middle cerebral, some anterior
24
Q
primary visual cortex is supplied by what cerebral artery?
A
posterior cerebral
25
primary auditory area is supplied by what cerebral artery
middle
26
area for olfaction is supplied by what cerebral artery
middle
27
the vertebro-basilar system supplies
cerebellum and brainstem
28
what cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery
oculomotor
29
sympathetic innervation arises for the brain
superior cervical ganglion around the internal carotid
30
the pressure receptor along the blood supply to for the brain is
the carotid sinus along the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve
31
the chemorecptor along the blood supply for the brain is the
carotid body along the glossopharyngeal nerve
32
dural venous sinuses drain into
internal jugular vein
33
the internal jugular vein passes through the
jugular foramina
34
the superior ophthalmic vein route
the facial vein is continuous with the superior ophthalmic vein which drains into the cavernous sinus within the cranial cavity
35
the inferior petrosal sinuses lies at the base of the brain and communicates with
the basilar sinus and communicates with the internal vertebral sinus
36
the posterior spinal artery is branches of
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
37
in the epidural space what is present
internal vertebral (epidural) venous plexus
38
what is structure is present within the subarachnoid psace
connective tissue trabeculae
39
the falx cerebri seperates the
the cerebrum hemispheres
40
the falx cerebri attaches to t
crista gali and the internal occipital protuberance
41
the upper border of the falx cerebri contians
superior sagittal sinus
42
the lower border of the falx cerebri contains
inferior sagittal sinus
43
what structures surround the tentorium cerebelli
tranverse sinus, cerebellum and cerebrum
44
the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attaches to
posterior clinoid processes
45
the dural venous that runs along the atachment of falx cerebri to the tentorium is the
straight sinus
46
the fold of dura that surrounds the pituitary stalk is called
the diaphragma sellae
47
the middle meningeal artery is a branch of
the maxillary
48
the meningeal artery enters the cranial cavity through
the foramen spinosum
49
CSF is produced by
the choroid plexus
50
CSF passes through the 4rth ventricle into the subarachnoid space is through
medial aperture, and left and right apertures
51
CSf is reabsorbed through the
arachnoid villi in the sagittal sinus
52
olfactory nerve pathway
receptors in olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity, olfactory nerve fibres pass through foraminifera in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone and enter olfactory bulb in the anterior cranial fossa
53
components of olfactory nerve
smell
54
clinical application of olfactory nerve
fractured cribriform plate may tear olfactory nerve fibres causing anosmia
55
optic nerve pathway
enters via optic canal, nerves join to form optic chiasm, fibres from medial (nasal) half of each retina cross to form optic tract
56
optic nerve component
vision
57
clinical applications of optic nerve
papilloedema, blindness, hemianopsia
58
oculomotor nerve pathway
emerges from midbrain and exits via superior orbital fissure
59
oculomotor nerve components
somatic motor - extraocular muscles (superior, medial & inferior rectus and inferior oblique) and eyelid (levator palpebrae superioris)
visceral motor - parasympathetic to pupil causing constriction and to ciliary muscle causing accommodation of the lens
60
clinical applications of oculomotor nerves
drooping of upper eyelid (ptosis)
eyeball abducted and pointing down
no pupillary reflex
no accommodation of the lens
61
trochlear nerve pathway
emerges from dorsal surface of the mid brain and exits via the superior orbital fissure
62
components of trochlear nerve
somatic motor - extraocular muscle (superior oblique turns eye downwards)
63
clinical application of trochlear nerve
diplopia
64
abducent nerve pathway
emerges between pons and medulla and exits exits via the superior orbital fissure
65
abducent nerve components
somatic motor - extraocular muscle (lateral rectus abducts the eye)
66
clinical application of abducent nerve
medial deviation of the affected eye causing diplopia
67
ophthalmic nerve pathway
emerges from the pons, travels through the trigeminal ganglion and exits via the superior orbital fissure
68
components of ophthalmic nerve
General sensory - from cornea, forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose and mucosa of nasal cavity and sinuses
69
maxillary nerve pathway
emerges from the pons, travels through the trigeminal ganglion and exits via the foramen rotundum
70
components of maxillary nerve
General sensory - from face over maxilla, maxillary teeth, temperomandibular joint, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses and palate
71
pathway of mandibular nerve
emerges from the pons, travels through the trigeminal ganglion and exits via the foramen ovale
72
components of mandibular nerve
General sensory - from face over mandible, mandibular teeth, temperomandibular joint, mucosa of mouth & anterior 2/3rds of tongue
Somatic motor - muscles of mastication, part of digastric, tensor veli palatinin & tensor tympani
73
trigeminal nerve clinical applications
paralysis of muscles of mastication
loss of corneal or sneezing reflex
loss of sensation in the face
trigeminal neuralgia
74
facial nerve pathway
emerges between pons and medulla and exits via internal acoustic meatus, facial canal and stylomastoid foramen
75
components of facial nerve
somatic motor - muscles of facial expression & scalp, stapedius of middle ear, part of digastric muscle
visceral motor - parasympathetic innervation of submandibular & sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal glands, glands of nose & palate
special sensory - taste from anterior 2/3rd of tongue & soft palate
general sensory - from external acoustic meatus
76
clinical application of facial nerve
most frequently injured - due to long pathway through bone
| Bell’s palsy - cannot frown, close eyelid, or bare teeth
77
pathway of vestibulocochlear nerve
emerges from between pons and medulla and exits via internal acoustic meatus, dividing into vestibular & cochlear nerves
78
components of vestibulocochlear nerve
special sensory - vestibular sensation from semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule gives sense of position & movement
- hearing from spiral organ
79
clinicla applications of vestibulocochlear nerve
tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
deafness (conductive vs sensorineural)
vertigo (loss of balance)
nystagmus (involuntary rapid eye movements)
80
pathway of glossopharyngeal nerve
emerges from medulla and exits via jugular foramen
81
components of glossopharyngeal nerve
special sensory - taste from posterior 3rd of tongue
general sensory - cutaneous sensations from middle ear and posterior oral cavity
visceral sensory - sensation from carotid body & carotid sinus
visceral motor - parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland
somatic motor - to stylopharyngeus, helps with swallowing
82
clinical applications of glossopharyngeal
loss of gag reflex and taste from back of tongue
| associated with injuries to CNs X and XI - jugular foramen syndrome
83
vagus nerve pathway
emerges from medulla and exits via jugular foramen, then everywhere!
84
components of vagus nerve
special sensory - taste from epiglottis and palate
general sensory - sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus
visceral sensory - from pharnyx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, oesophagus, stomach, intestine
visceral motor - parasympathetic innervation muscle in bronchi, gut, heart
somatic motor - to pharynx, larynx, palate & oesophagus
85
clinical application of vagus
damage to pharyngeal branches cause difficulty in swallowing
| damage to laryngeal branches causes difficulty in speaking
86
accessory nerve pathway
small cranial (medulla) and large spinal roots exit via jugular foramen
87
components of accessory nerve
somatic motor - striated muscle of soft palate, pharynx & larynx, and to sternocleidomastoid & trapezius
88
application of accessory nerve
weakness in turning head and shrugging shoulder
89
pathway of hypoglossal nerve
emerges from medulla and exits through the hypoglossal canal
90
components of hypoglossal nerve
somatic motor - to muscles of tongue
91
clinical application of hypoglossal nerve
vulnerable to damage during tonsillectomy
| causes paralysis & atrophy of ipsilateral half of tongue. Tip deviates towards affected side
92
vertebral arteries route
– right and left arise from the subclavian arteries ascending via the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae entering through the foramen magnum. They then branch of to give the meningeal branch to supply the falx cerebelli, anterior and posterior spinal arteries to supply the spinal cord and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Finally both merge to form the basilar artery which bifurcates into the posterior cerebral arteries.
93
cerebellum blood supply is from the
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
94
structures that traverse through the cavernous sinus
abducen's nerve
carotid plexus
internal carotid artery
95
travels through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve and maxillary branches of the trigeminal
96
what are the four folds of the dura
tentorium cerebri
falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae
97
falx cerebelli attachments
internal occipital crest to projecting between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
98
diaphragma sellae is
small circular fold of dura forms the roof of the sella turica
99
extradural haematoma cause
blood pools between skull and dura usually from meningeal artery
100
subdural haematoma cause
venous blood collects between dura and arachnoid mater form cerebral vein damage
101
CSF is produced from
plasma
102
association fibre example
connects cortical areas, includes the fornix connecting the hippocampus to the mamillary body
103
septum pellucidum is the
thin triangular vertical double membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain its runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix.
104
what are the four parts of the corpus callosum
Rostrum, Genu, body, Splenium
105
Rostrum of the corpus callosum connects
orbital frontal lobes
106
Genu of the anterior corpus callosum connects
frontal lobes
107
body of the corpus callosum connects
superficial surfaces of the cerebrum via the corona radiata
108
body of the corpus callosum connects the
two occipital lobes
109
internal capsule blood supply is from
middle cerebral artery
110
cerebellum grey matter organisation
located on the surface of the cerebellum, tightly folded forming the cerebellar cortex
111
cerebellum white matter organisation
located underneath the cerebellar cortex embedding the four cerebellar nuclei
112
lateral horns of the spinal cord are located between which vertebrae?
T1-L2 and S2-S4
113
ascending white matter functional tracts of the spinal cord
Dorsal column for sensory of fine touch, vibration and proprioception
anterolateral system; anterior spinothalamic (crude touch, pressure) and the lateral spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature)
spinocerebellar tracts; proprioception
114
descending pyramidal tracts of the spinal cord
corticospinal tract – supplies musculature of the body
| corticobulbar tract – musculature of head and neck
115
descending extrapyramidal tracts of the spinal cord
vestibulospinal – balance and posture
reticulospinal - medial pons (facilitates voluntary movement) lateral medulla (inhibits voluntary movement)
rubrospinal tracts – red nucleus mid brain for fine control of hand movement
tectospinal tracts – coordinates head to vision stimulus
