Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

neurology > clinical > Flashcards

clinical Flashcards

(200 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

allergic conjunctivitis symptoms

A

Itchy
red
discharge
lid swelling and conjunctival swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

allergic conjunctivitis treatment

A

Topical anti-histamine
Avoid allergens
mast cell stabilisers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

corneal abrasion symptoms

A

Blurred vision
Epithelial defect
Watering
pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

corneal abrasion investigations

A 
Slit lamp
penlight
visual acuity
red reflex
extraocular movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

corneal abrasions treatment

A

Topical antibiotics

analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

acute anterior uveitis signs

A

Hypopyon
small irregular pupil
past history
cells in anterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

acute anterior uveitis symptoms

A 
Pain
watering
Floaters
blurred vision
Photophobia
red
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acute anterior uveitis investigations

A 
Fluorescein angiography
optical coherence tomography
ultrasonography
blood count 
Mantoux
HLA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

acute anterior uveitis treatment

A

Topical steroids

dilating drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

scleritis symptoms

A

Very painful
redness
nodule
tender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

scleritis investigations

A

Slit lamp
blood tests
MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

scleritis treatment

A

Systemic steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

acute angle glaucoma signs

A

Hard eyeball
fixed mid dilated pupil
Hazy cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

acute angle glaucoma symptoms

A 
Very painful
redness
blurred vision
nausea
vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

acute angle glaucoma investigations

A

Slit lamp
ophthalmoscopy
tonometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

acute angle glaucoma treatment

A 
Lower intraocular pressure
constrict pupil
I.V. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
analgesics, antiemetics
pilocarpine 
steroid eye drops
iridotomy
beta blocker drops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

orbital cellulitis symptoms

A 
Pain
redness 
double/blurred vision
malaise
reduced eye movement
pyrexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

orbital cellulitis signs

A

proptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

orbital cellulitis investigations

A

CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

orbital cellulitis treatment

A

admit
IV antibiotics
drain pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glioma symptoms

A

Epilepsy
focal deficit
not encapsulated
no metastatic spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

glioma signs

A

raised ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

glioma investigations

A

CT/MRI
biopsy
angiography

No lumbar puncture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

glioma treatments

A 
corticosteroids
treat epilepsy
analgesics
antiemetics
counselling
debulk or biopsy only cannot remove fully
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
meningioma signs
Epilepsy focal deficit no metastatic spread calcification
26
meningioma investigations
CT/MRI/biopsy PET, angiography No lumbar puncture
27
meningioma treatment
``` corticosteroids treat epilepsy analgesics antiemetics counselling surgery chemotherapy radiotherapy ```
28
pituitary tumours symptoms
Visual disturbance epilepsy focal deficit
29
pituitary tumours signs
Hormone imbalance | Raised ICP
30
pituitary tumour investigations
CT/MRI/biopsy PET angiography No lumbar puncture
31
pituitary tumour treatment
``` Endocrine replacement corticosteroids treat epilepsy analgesics antiemetics counselling surgery chemotherapy radiotherapy ```
32
raised intracranial pressure signs
Papilloedema 6th nerve palsy 3rd nerve palsy headache worse in morning and exertional , lying flat, focal signs falling down in Glasgow coma scale
33
raised intracranial pressure symptoms
``` Headache Nausea seizures pulsatile tinnitus visual disturbance somnolence cognitive impairment altered consciousness pupillary dilation ```
34
raised intracranial pressure investigations
Fundoscopy IVP monitoring CT
35
raised intracranial pressure treatment
``` Mannitol hyperventilation decrease barbiturate coma surgical decompression head end elevation ``` Glasgow Coma Scale reduce temperature maintain PO2, reduce PCO2
36
hydrocephalus signs
``` Older; asymptomatic headaches Papilloedema visual problems gait loss of upgaze impaired consciousness ```
37
hydrocephalus symptoms
Infants; splaying sutures, bulging fontanelles, abducen’s palsy exaggerated reflexes respiratory problems
38
hydrocephalus investigations
``` CT MRI (US kid) gait lumbar puncture ```
39
hydrocephalus treatment
``` Acetazolamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitor External ventricular drain in emergency eliminate obstruction CSF diversion ventriculostomy Shunt insertion ```
40
stroke lacunar symptoms
Lacunar; pure motor, pure sensory, dysarthria, ataxic hemiparesis
41
stroke PCA symptoms
PCA; coma, vertigo, nausea, CN palsy, ataxia, visual field defects, vomiting, deficits, hemiparesis, hemisensory loss
42
stroke ACA symptoms
ACA; paralysis of foot, leg loss of sensation. Impairment of gait/stance
43
stroke MCA symptoms
paralysis/sensory loss of face/arm/leg gaze paralysis, aphasia, neglect, homonymous hemianopia
44
stroke investigations
``` CT – infarct blood tests MRI – haemorrhage ECG ECHO carotid doppler angiogram hyper-coagulability ```
45
stroke treatment
``` IV TPA <3 – 4.5hr stroke unit Aspirin thrombectomy rehab prevention; anti-hypertensives anti-platelets Lipid lowering drugs warfarin for AF carotid endartectomy ```
46
vasogenic cerebral oedema symptoms
``` Headache neck pain dizziness irregular breathing vision loss memory loss ```
47
vasogenic cerebral oedema signs
``` Stupor seizures loss of consciousness inability to walk difficulty speaking ```
48
vasogenic cerebral oedema investigations
``` Blood tests neurological exam CT MRI blood tests ```
49
vasogenic cerebral oedema treatment
``` Steroids mannitol IV fluids oxygen therapy lowering body temperature ```
50
cytotoxic oedema symptoms
``` Headache neck pain dizziness irregular breathing vision loss memory loss ```
51
cytotoxic oedema signs
``` Stupor seizures loss of consciousness inability to walk difficulty speaking ```
52
cytotoxic oedema investigations
``` Blood tests neurological exam CT MRI blood tests ```
53
cytotoxic oedema treatment
mannitol
54
corneal ulcer signs
bilateral, opacity, decreased vision
55
corneal ulcer investigations
Slit lamp | Microscopy
56
corneal ulcer treatment
corneal transplantation
57
cataracts symptoms
Loss of vision | dazzle glare
58
cataracts investigations
``` Visual acuity test refraction test contrast sensitivity testing colour vision testing slit lamp glare testing tonometry ```
59
cataracts treatment
surgery
60
primary open angle glaucoma symptoms and signs
Optic disk changes Asymptomatic, bilateral, visual field defects
61
primary open angle glaucoma treatment
Eye drops; prostaglandins, beta blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, laser trabeculoplasty, trabeculectomy
62
dementia assessment
Neuropsychological assessment MMSE MOCA
63
dementia investigations
Bloods, CT/MRI, CSF, EEG, functional imaging, genetic
64
dementia treatment
``` Treatable causes; B12, endocrine, infection. symptomatic support therapy cholinesterase inhibitors NMDA antagonist ```
65
Parkinson's signs
Bradykinesia rigidity tremor postural instability
66
Parkinson's investigation
diagnosed from >2 symptoms but a SPECT can be done
67
treatment for Parkinsons
``` Levodopa MAOB inhibitors COMT inhibitors apomorphine functional neusurgery ```
68
disc prolapse symptom
Acute onset pain | numbness and weakness involved in Root nerve
69
disc prolapse investigations
MRI
70
disc prolapse treatment
Rehabilitation nerve root injection discectomy
71
cauda equina syndrome
Bilateral sciatica saddle anaesthesia urinary dysfunction
72
cauda equina investigation
MRI
73
cauda equina treatment
Emergency lumbar discectomy
74
cervical spondylosis symptoms
Myelopathy or radiculopathy | months to years
75
cervical spondylosis investigation
MRI
76
cervical spondylosis treatment
conservative
77
lumbar stenosis symptoms
Spinal claudication | Worse on walking relieved by standing
78
lumbar stenosis investigations
MRI
79
lumbar stenosis treatment
lumbar laminectomy
80
malignant cord compression symptoms
Pain, weakness, sphincter disturbance
81
malignant cord compression investigation
MRI
82
Malignant cord compression treatment
decompression or radiotherapy
83
epidural abscess symtpoms
back pain pyrexia focal neurology
84
epidural abscess investigation
MRI
85
epidural abscess treatment
surgical decompression and IV antibiotics
86
spinal cord stroke symtpoms and sigsn
``` Onset over hours or sudden Back pain, visceral paraparesis quadriparesis numbness paraesthesia urinary symptoms ```
87
spinal cord stroke investigation
MRI
88
spinal cord treatment
Maintain BP, reverse hypovolaemia/ arrhythmia OT and Physio manage vascular factors
89
epilepsy signs
Myoclonic jerks in morning, déjà vu, lip smacking, fiddling
90
epilepsy symptoms for focal
Spontaneous recurring seizures | Focal; aura, motor features, autonomic, awareness
91
epilepsy symptoms primary general
Spontaneous recurring seizures | Primary generalised no warning
92
epilepsy investigations
``` Blood sugars ECG alcohol/drugs CT MRI <50 focal video-telemetry ```
93
epilepsy treatment for primary general
Sodium valproate for primary general
94
epilepsy treatment for partial
lamotrigine for partial
95
status epilepticus signs/symptoms
Seizure no stopping >30 minutes
96
status epileptics investigations
Blood tests, liver function, oxygen saturation, blood gas, toxicology, electrolytes, anti-convulsants X-ray , CT, lumbar puncture
97
status epilepticus treatment
1st line lorazepam, diazepam 2nd line phenytoin, valproate 3rd line anaesthesia
98
Migraine signs
triggers and aura
99
migraine symptoms
``` Very disabling unilateral throbbing nausea osmophobia phonophobia photophobia ```
100
migraine investigations
``` Imaging tests if red flags blood tests urinalysis EEG eye exam lumbar puncture ```
101
abortive treatment for migraine
aspirin triptans
102
prophylactic treatment for migraines
prophylactic; propranolol, anti-epileptics, tricyclic anti-depressants, venlafaxine
103
cluster headache signs
``` Unilateral prominent ipsilateral autonomic symptoms aura episodic circadian rhythm chronic minutes to hours ```
104
cluster headache symtpoms
``` Orbital and temporal pain rapid onset rapid cessation of pain severe agitation ```
105
cluster headache abortive treatment
subcutaneous sumatriptan + O2 abortive bout; depomedrone injection, oral prednisone
106
preventative cluster treatment
verapamil, lithium, topiramate
107
paroxysmal hemicrania signs
Duration 2-30 minutes rapid onset chronic
108
paroxysmal hemicrania symptoms
Orbital and temporal | precipitated by bending or rotating head
109
paroxysmal hemicrania investigations
Indomethacin test | MRI
110
paroxysmal hemicrania 1st line treatment
indomethacin
111
paroxysmal hemicrania prophylaxis
topiramate | COX 2 inhibitors
112
SUNCT signs
10-240 seconds trigger cutaneous 3-200 attacks a day
113
SUNCT symptoms
Unilateral, supraorbital, temporal stabbing, pulsating pain | conjunctival injection and lacrimation
114
SUNCT prophylaxis
lamotrigine topiramate gabapentin carbamazepine
115
trigeminal neuralgia signs
5-10 second triggers
116
trigeminal neuralgia symptoms
Unilateral maxillary or mandibular division pain | stabbing
117
prophylaxis for trigeminal neuralgia
carbamazepine
118
treatment for trigeminal neuralgia
surgical intervention glycerol ganglion injection stereotactic radiosurgery decompressive surgery
119
thunderclap headache symptoms
Rapid collapse and death | extremely painful, rapid onset headache
120
thunder headache investigation
CT
121
hypotension investigation
MRI
122
hypotension treatment
Bed rest, fluids, analgesia, caffeine, epidural blood patch
123
giant cell arteritis signs
50 new headache tenderness of superficial temporal arteries raised inflammatory markers
124
giant cell arteritis symtpoms
``` Diffuse unwell severe scalp tenderness jaw claudication visual disturbance beading temporal arteries loss of appetite ```
125
giant cell arteritis investigations
biopsy CRP raised ESR
126
giant cell arteritis treatment
high dose prednisolone
127
meningitis signs
Cerebral dysfunction focal deficits petechial skin rash
128
meningitis symptoms
``` Stiff neck fever altered mental status photophobia nausea vomiting ```
129
meningitis investigations
Blood cultures | lumbar punctures
130
meningitis treatment
Antibiotics IV fluids analgesia
131
encephalitis signs
Meningism cerebral dysfunction seizures focal symptoms
132
encephalitis symptoms
Flue like prodrome | prog. Headache
133
encephalitis investigations
``` Blood cultures imaging CT/MRI lumbar puncture EEG PCR ```
134
encephalitis treatment
aciclovir for HSV
135
brain abcess signs
Raised ICP | +/- meningism
136
brain abcess symptoms
Fever, headache, focal symptoms
137
brain abcess investigations
CT/MRI source blood culture biopsy
138
brain abcess treatment
Drainage penicillin for step metronidazole for anaerobes
139
lyme disease signs and symptoms
Erythema migrans + flu multi system MSK + neuro encephalomyelitis stages
140
lyme disease investigation
Serology CSF lymphocytosis MRI nerve conduction studies/ EMG
141
lyme disease treatment
Prolonged antibiotic treatment I.V. ceftriaxone oral doxycycline
142
neurosyphilis signs
Staged years decades latency vision problems
143
neurosyphilis symptoms
Nausea, vomiting | stiff neck, headache, mood swings, weakness, early onset dementia
144
neurosyphilis investigations
Treponema non-treponemal specific antibody tests CSF lymphocytes increased
145
neurosyphilis treatment
high dose penicillin
146
CJD signs
Insidious onset >60 myoclonus motor abnormalities cortical blindness
147
CJD symptoms
Rapid progressive dementia behavioural abnormalities seizures
148
CJD investigations
EEG MRI CSF
149
CJD treatment
Full time care pain meds anti-seizure medication and muscle relaxers
150
Age related macular degeneration signs
Distortion on amsler chart drusen Pigment epithelial changes
151
Age related macular degeneration symptoms
Progressive loss of central vision | distortion
152
Age related macular degeneration investigations
OCT | fluorescein angiography
153
Age related macular degeneration treatment
Low vision aids dry wet- intravitreal anti VEGF low vision aids
154
diabetic retinopathy signs
Microaneurysm retinal haemorrhages and exudate neovascularisation
155
diabetic retinopathy investigations
Flurescein angiography | OCT
156
diabetic retinopathy treatment
Laser low vision aids intravitreal anti VEGF
157
MS signs
Variable and severity in a series of relapses
158
MS progressive signs
sensory, fatigue, temperature, stiffness, spasms, slurred speech, swallowing, bladder, bowel, cognitive, oscillopsia, diplopia, visiual loss (older
159
MS relapses signs and symptoms
optic neuritis, sensory, weakness, diplopia, vertigo, ataxia, bladder CN involvement, nystagmus, UMN afferent pupillary defect, plantars extensor, hyperreflexia
160
MRI criteria and additional investigations for MS
MRI Macdonald criteria Posers criteria CSF oligoclonal bands Visual/somatosensory response bloods CXR
161
MS diagnosis
lesions on MRI
162
MS relapse treatment
relapse; oral prednisolone, rehab
163
MS disease modifying treatment
injections B interferons, glatiramer acetate, oral dimethyl fumarate
164
MS symptom modifying treatment
antispasmodics | physio, amitriptyline, gabapentin, anticholinergic, laxatives, sildenafil, CBT, carbamazepine
165
MS inflammation treatment
immunosuppression
166
muscle disease signs
Atrophy, reduced tone + reflexes no sensory Motor weakness
167
muscle disease symptoms
Weakness, SOB, poor swallow, cardiomyopathy, cramp, pain, stiffness
168
muscle disease investigations
Creatine kinase EMG biopsy genetic testing
169
myasthenia gravis symptoms
``` Fatigable weakness SOB diplopia ptosis difficult chewing ```
170
myasthenia gravis treatment
``` Symptomatic; AChesterase inhibitor prednisolone steroid immunoglobulin Thymectomy ```
171
myasthenia gravis investigations
AChR ab Anti MuSK ab neurophysiology CT
172
generalised peripheral neuropathy signs
Nerve root; myotomal wasting, weakness, reflex + dermatomal change individual nerve general – distal moving proximal
173
generalised peripheral neuropathy investigations
``` Blood tests genetic nerve conduction CSF biopsy ```
174
generalised peripheral neuropathy treatment
``` Pain relief anti-seizure medication topic treatments anti-depressants transcutaneous nerve stimulation plasma exchange physio ```
175
motor neurone disease signs
UMN + LMN no sensory involvement cognitive decline
176
motor neurone disease investigation
EMG
177
motor neurone disease treatment
Supportive PEG riluzole palliative care
178
acoustic neuroma signs
unilateral deafness
179
acoustic neuroma symptoms
impaired facial sensation | balance problems
180
acoustic neuroma investigations
Audiology | MRI
181
acoustic neuroma treatment
Microsurgery | stereotactic radiosurgery
182
normal pressure hydrocephalus signs and symptoms
>60 Dementia gait disturbance urinary incontinence
183
normal pressure hydrocephalus investigations
MRI CT lumbar puncture intraventricular pressure monitoring
184
normal pressure hydrocephalus treatment
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors repeated lumbar puncture CSF shunt
185
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Headaches and visual disturbance
186
idiopathic intracranial hypertension sign
young obese female
187
idiopathic intracranial hypertension investigation
Fundoscopy visual field screening CT MRI lumbar puncture
188
idiopathic intracranial treatment
Lose weight Acetazolamide CSF diversion optic nerve sheath fenestration
189
extra dural haemorrhage sign
concave/convex on CT
190
extradural/subdrual haemorrhage treatment
Craniotomy laminectomy epidural drain
191
subdural haemorrhage sign
convex ellipse on CT
192
diffuse traumatic axonal injury signs and symptoms
``` Headache dizzy sleeping nausea fatigue comatose ```
193
diffuse traumatic axonal injury diagnosis
microscopy
194
diffuse traumatic axonal injury treatment
Steroids Rehabilitation and support speech, physical and recreational therapy
195
locked in syndrome symptoms
Total paralysis below level of third nerve nuclei
196
locked in syndrome sign/diagnosis
Recognising patient can open eye voluntarily and signal numerically
197
coma investigations no focal/menigism
No meningism/focal – toxicology, bloods, hepatic/renal, acid base, ABG, B.P. CO poisoning.
198
coma investigations menigism
meningism; CT, lumbar
199
coma investigation focal
CT, MRI, lumbar, metabolic screen, EEG
200
coma treatment
``` Skin care bladder/bowel function control of seizures DVT prophylaxis prevention of contractures peptic ulceration prevention ```

neurology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions