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MB1: Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system and what is it comprised of?

A

Cardiovascular and lymphatic system

Acts in thermoregulation, gas exchange and immune response

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2
Q

2 types of circulation

A

Systemic and pulmonary

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3
Q

Layers of the heart

A

Epicardium - visceral, serous and pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium - epithelial lined

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4
Q

Name the valves of the heart

A

Tricuspid
mitral
aortic
pulmonary

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5
Q

Describe the hearts conducting system

A

Impulse generated at SA node, causing contraction of atria
Travels to AV node at atrioventricular septum Travels down bundle of his in AV septum
Spreads out to myocardium through purkinje fibres, ventricular contraction
Controls itself without nervous input from brain, unless required

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6
Q

Layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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7
Q

describe a neurovascular bundle

A

a bundle containing an artery, nerve and vein

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8
Q

What blood pressure do arteries carry blood at

A

High systemic BP - generally at textbook pressure 120/80 mmHg

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9
Q

What is artery branching called

A

Bifurcation - divides into 2

Trifurcation - divides into 3

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10
Q

What is an end artery

A

only vessel carrying blood to that body territory

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11
Q

what is an infarction

A

irreversible cell death due to hypoxia

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12
Q

what is a collateral

A

the alternative routes in an anastomosis

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13
Q

what is an anastomosis

A

connection of arteries without a capillary

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14
Q

What is sympathetic tone

A

Where sympathetic nerves excise tonic conduction of action potential on arteriole walls. it is regulated

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15
Q

Describe vasodilation and vasoconstriction in relation to Sympathetic tone

A

Vasodilation - reduced impulses carried by sympathetic nerves and so smooth muscle relaxes, blood flow increases and BP decreases
Vasoconstriction - increased impulses carried by sympathetic nerves to constrict smooth muscle and increase blood pressure, narrowing blood flow

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16
Q

Name the term given to the aorta’s ability to maintain constant pressure

A

elastic recoil

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17
Q

name the aortic anatomy

A

Ascending aorta
Arch of aorta
Descending aorta - thoracic and abdominal

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18
Q

what does the arch of aorta supply

A

First branch to brachiocephalic trunk
second to common carotid
third to left subclavian

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19
Q

Common peripheral pulses (6)

A 
Carotid
Brachial artery
Dorsalis pedis
radial artery 
femoral artery
popliteal
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20
Q

2 types of vein

A

Superficial

deep

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21
Q

2 venous systems

A

Systemic venous system

Hepatic portal venous system

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22
Q

what do veins have that arteries do not

A

Valves

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23
Q

what are venous branches called

A

Tributaries

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24
Q

What is the benefit of veins being in a neurovascular bundle?

A

artery pulsation moves deoxygenated blood back to heart

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25
Why do veins not have a round lumen
they have a thinner t.media
26
What is the function of lymph nodes?
filter foreign particles and pathogens - immune surveilance
27
What does the lymphatic system do in tissues
collects excess tissue fluid
28
where is lymph returned to bloodstream?
right lymphatic duct - right venous angle | thoracic duct - left venous angle
29
components of the axial skeleton
skull, neck and bones of trunk
30
components of the appendicular skeleton
upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle
31
what is a bony feature and how is it formed
moulding to make them more functional and better for job adjacent structure applies force to developing bone develops at same time forcing it to grow around structure to form foramen
32
Example of bony features
greater and lesser and trochanters | tibial tuberosity
33
3 types of joint
fibrous synovial cartilaginous
34
5 types of skeletal muscle
``` Circular fusiform quadrate pennate flat with aponeurosis ```
35
Attachments to bone
origin and insertion
36
what is an origin
most proximal part and least movable
37
what is an insertion
more distal part and most movable
38
When can a joint be moved in terms of muscle
when the muscle spans the joint and attaches to bones on other side
39
Explain movement in deltoid muscle
3 origins and one insertion so can move by flexion and extension of shoulder as well as abduction and adduction
40
Explain movement of biceps brachii
anteriorly spans shoulder so assists in shoulder flexion spans elbow so functions in flexion and extension spans proximal radioulnar anteriorly so can supinate forearm
41
How do you clinically examine a muscle?
test muscle nerve supply and sensation ability and power of movement reflexes
42
Types and descriptions of reflexes
Protective - reflex in response to dangerous stimuli by CNS and effector muscles Automatic - tendon hammer applies stretch to muscle. muscle contracts to prevent overstretching causing a twitch in usual muscle direction
43
Explain the reflex arc
Sensory nerve from affector detects stretch and is relayed to spinal cord Synapse in cord bridges sensory to motor neuron Motor neuron carries impulse alerting muscle to contract, followed by brief brain regulation to prevent an overly brisk contraction
44
Define Paralysis and how it can be seen
muscle without motor nerve supply | reduced tone on exam
45
Define spacticity and how it can be seen
Intact motor nerve supply but brain cannot regulate overstretching. Increased tone on exam
46
Name the gametes and where they are produced
male spermatozoa and female oocyte | produced by gonads
47
where does the reproductive system lie
pelvic cavity
48
what makes up the bony pelvis
2 ileum, sacrum, pubic bone
49
what is the pelvic floor and how many openings does it have
layer of skeletal muscle that separates perineum from pelvic cavity 3 openings in females 2 in males reproductive system, renal system and distal alimentary
50
What pouches are formed by the parietal peritoneum
Females - rectouterine pouch of douglas and vesicouterine pouch Males - rectovesicle
51
Female reproductive surface anatomy
Labia - Major and Minor Mons pubis Anus Vaginal orifice
52
3 layers of endometrium
Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium
53
3 parts of uterine tube
Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum (with fimbriae)
54
where will fertilsation generally occur?
Ampulla
55
where is the oocyte released
peritoneal cavity, collected by fimbriae and brushed by cilia into uterine tube
56
What is an ectopic pregnancy
where ovum is fertilised and implants in a location other than the uterus
57
Male surface anatomy
Penis Prepuce Mons pubis Anus
58
When is the penis in anatomical position
when erect
59
What are the primary reproductive organs
Ovaries and testes
60
What is the spermatic cord
contains testicular artery, vas deferens and pampinoform plexus of veins
61
Describe development of testes
grown on posterior wall of abdominal cavity during pregnancy, descended into scrotum by birth
62
what regulates temperature of testes
dartos muscle
63
describe passing of sperm from testis to vas deferens
passes from seminiferous tubules to rete testis, to head of epididymis to epididymis and to vas deferens
64
describe path of sperm
spermatic cord passes through anterior abdominal wall through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity connects with a duct from seminal gland to from an ejaculatory duct right and left ducts join within prostate and drain into urethra
65
What makes up the CNS and what does it do?
Brain Spinal cord Central controlling of nerves
66
What is the PNS and what does it do
All other nerves besides CNS, Spinal and cranial nerves - controlling some involuntary action, sensory and motor function Autonomic nerves - controlling all involuntary response
67
what is a nerve axon insulated with
Myelin
68
what are bundles of nerve cells/ axons called in the nervous system
CNS- tract | PNS - ganglia
69
what are peripheral nerves
bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue | the major ones are named
70
What are the 6 modalities
``` Somatic sensory somatic motor visceral afferent special sensory sympathetic parasympathetic ```
71
what is the outer brain known as and what does it consist of
cortex, made up of the temporal, parietal, frontal and occipital lobes Gyri are peaks and sulci are troughs
72
How many cranial nerves are there
12
73
Name the cranial nerves
``` Olfactory Optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducent facial vestibulocochlear glosopharyngeal vagus spinal accessory hypoglossal ```
74
in what order o cranial nerves run in the brain in terms of number?
anterior to posterior (generally)
75
what nerve runs through foramen magnum
none! it is the spinal cord
76
what nerves run through the anterior cranial fossa
CN I
77
what nerves run through the middle cranial fossa
CN II-VI
78
what nerves run through the posterior cranial fossa
CN VII-XII
79
What nerves run through what foraminae
``` Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone I Optic canal II Superior orbital fissure III, IV, V1, VI Foramen rotundum V2 Foramen ovale V3 Internal acoustic meatus VII, VIII Jugular foramen IX, X, XI Hypoglossal canal XII ```
80
True/false - pathology only affects the intercranial part of a nerve
False - it can affect any of it
81
what protects the spinal cord
Vertebral canal
82
what are the two enlargements on the spinal cord and why are they enlarged
Cervical Lumbosacral Limb control
83
What are the spinal cord segments
``` Cervical - C1-C8 Thoracic - T1-T12 Lumbar - L1-L5 Sacral - S1-S5 Coccygeal - Co ```
84
how many nerves does the spinal cord connect to
31 bilaterally
85
where is the conus medullaris and what is it
L1-2, end of spinal cord
86
what is the cauda equina
lumbar and sacral nerve roots which descend to their foraminae via intervertebral canal
87
Where do spinal nerves supply
Soma
88
where do posterior rami supply
small posterior strip
89
where do anterior rami supply
lateral, anterior and part of posterior as well as limbs via plexus
90
what do anterior rootlets supply
sensory function
91
what do posterior rootlets suppy
motor function
92
what do rami connect to spinal cord with
roots and rootlets
93
What is a dermatome
division of the body into segments supplied by a single pair of spinal nerve
94
What does the T4 dermatome supply
nipple
95
What does the T10 dermatome supply
umbillicus
96
Name the plexuses, what they are supplied by and what they supply
``` Cervical - C1-4 Posterio scalp, neck wall and diaphragm Brachial - C5-T1 upper limb Lumbar - L1-4 lower limb Sacral L5-S4 lower limb, gluteal and perineum ```
97
what are the functional subdivisions of nervous system
Somatic - Body wall and external environment | Autonomic - visceral motor system and internal environment
98
what are the types of somatic sensation
``` Touch - coarse and fine pain - sharp is well localised temperature proprioception vibration ```
99
How is somatic sensation conducted?
Somatic sensory mechanorecepors are stimulated and action potentials are conduced along ramus. These may weave through a plexus to reach a spinal nerve Action potentials are conducted via axons that pass through dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root and then dorsal rootlets Arrive at posterior horn and cross midline of spinal cord to ascend to brain
100
A reflex has a ___ and ___ response
rapid and involuntary
101
The ANS is _______
involuntary
102
what are the types of motor control in the ANS and how is it described
Sympathetic Parasympathetic Dual motor control
103
what are organ sensory nerves known as?
visceral afferents
104
visceral afferents?
touch temp pain - colicky or iscaemic and can be described as dull and nauseating
105
what does the parasympathetic system target
internal organs
106
what does the sympathetic system do, where does it come from
``` Supply internal organs Supply body wall organs Supplies arterioles Fight or flight exits via T1-L2 passes to all spinal nerves ```
107
what does the parasympathetic system do, where does it come from
Supplies same internal organs as sympathetic division Rest and digest Craniosacral outflow - only passes out by cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and sacral spinal nerves

MB1: Principles (10 decks)

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