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MB1: Principles > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

stable internal environment, essential for normal cell and body function

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2
Q

what does a disruption in homeostasis do

A

disease or death

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3
Q

what is the intrinsic system (generally)

A

local control in cell

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4
Q

what is the extrinsic system (generally)

A

regulatory mechanisms outside organ by nervous action or endocrine glands

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5
Q

what is positive feedback

A

amplifies initial change

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6
Q

what is negative feedback

A

main homeostatic control

it opposes the initial change by using a sensor, control centre and effector

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7
Q

what is feedforward

A

response made in anticipation to change

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8
Q

Name the vital signs

A 
Heart rate 
oxygen saturation
blood pressure
capillary refill rate 
respiratory rate 
consciousness 
temperature
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9
Q

What is NEWS

A

National Early Warning System - chart used to record vitals

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10
Q

True/false - values on NEWS overrides clinical concern

A

FALSE - clinical concern and judgement will always override the news score

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11
Q

What else do you do besides vitals

A

Ask and observe how the patent is feeling

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12
Q

what is the sound heard in blood pressure

A

Korotkoff sounds

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13
Q

which korotkoff sound measures BP

A

the first sound meaurtes systolic pressure and the last muffled sound followed by an absence of sound measures the diastolic

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14
Q

What is blood pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on blood vessel walls

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15
Q

Define systolic and diastolic

A

Systolic - pressure exerted by blood on blood vessel walls when heart contracts
Diastolic - pressure exerted by blood on blood vessel walls when heart relaxes

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16
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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17
Q

What is MAP

A

average arterial blood pressure during 1 cardiac cycle

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18
Q

How is MAP measured

A

[(2xDiastolic) + Systolic]/3

DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure

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19
Q

What is the minimum map to perfuse brain heart and kidneys?

what is the average MAP

A

60 mmHg

70-105 mmHg

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20
Q

what are baroreceptors and where are they located?

A

stretch sensitive receptors that depending on stretch cause impulses to be sent to NTS more or less
located on carotid artery and aorta

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21
Q

How is MAP calculated?

A

HR x SV x SVR

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22
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance

A

sum of resistance across all circulatory system vasculature

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23
Q

what neurotransmitter increases heart rate

A

noradrenaline

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24
Q

what neurotransmitter decreases heart rate

A

acetylcholine

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25
how is stroke volume increased
sympathetic nerves further stimulate ventricular myocardium which causes it to increase contraction force
26
hormones regulate MAP in the _____
long term
27
what is normal core body temp
around 37.8C
28
what is normothermia
normal core body temp - optimum for cell metabolism and function
29
what ways can temperature be measured
Rectal (36.7-37.5) - most accurate Tympanic (35.5-37.5) - most common Oral - unreliable
30
what is basal metabolic rate
minimum energy required to sustain body function - hormonally influenced
31
what ways can heat be produced?
oxidation of food | movement of skeletal muscles - shivering and moving
32
Methods of heat exchange?
Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporation
33
what detects heat gain or loss
central and peripheral thermoceptors
34
what effectors conserve or help to generate heat
skeletal muscles, arterioles and sweat glands
35
What is the control centre for thermoregulation
Hypothalamus Posterior hypothalamus for cold Anterior hypothalamus for warmth
36
Fever temperature
38-40C
37
Hyperthermia temperature
uncontrolled rise above 40C
38
Hypothermia temperature
under 35C
39
Describe the mechanism of fever
chemicals released from macrophage acting as endogenous pyrogen - stimulating prostaglandins in hypothalamus Prostaglandins reset core body temp to greater temperature to initiate posterior hypothalamus in cold response cycle can be broken when pyrogen or prostagandins reduced or ceased. hypothalamus cools body back to normal set point
40
What is the importance of cell membranes
Controls nutrient entry and exit of waste - selectively permeable Differences in ion concentration Joining cells to form tissues and organs Allowing cells to respond to environmental signals
41
What is the cell membrane composed of
Majority phospholipids
42
What are phospholipids composed of
Glycerol backbone with polar head and phosphate group and 2 fatty acid tails
43
The phospholipid bilayer is _______ and phospholipids are ____ in terms of movement
fluid | free
44
What helps to stiffen the bilayer
Cholesterol
45
True/false - water soluble molecules can easily diffuse across the cell membrane
False - it is difficult for water soluble molecules to get across the cell membrane with the exception of some uncharged polar molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
46
Peripheral proteins
not embedded in membrane | adhere tightly to an extracellular surface
47
Integral proteins
embedded in membrane | can be linked to lipid or fatty acid component
48
Transmembrane proteins
spans the entire membrane | pores, carriers, channels, pumps
49
What is the glycocalyx
short carbohydrate molecules that are bound to proteins and lipids
50
What is a molecule passing through the cell membrane dependent on?
Solubility in lipid | Particle size
51
Simple diffusion
Diffusion through lipid bilayer that will continue to dynamic equilibrium if the substance is insoluble in lipid simple diffusion cannot occur
52
What are the factors of fick's law?
``` Magnitude of concn gradient Surface area of membrane Lipid solubility of substance Molecular mass Diffusion distance - usually constant within body ```
53
What is the electrochemical gradient
net effect of simultaneous electrical and concentration gradients
54
What is the net rate of diffusion proportional to? (Q)
∆C x A x P
55
What is osmolarity
concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution
56
What is tonicity
effect a solution has on cell volume
57
What are the characteristics surrounding carrier transport
Specificity Saturation Competition
58
Primary active transport
energy required directly to remove substance against concn gradient
59
Secondary active transport
carrier utilises energy from an ion concn gradient (sodium usually) - a driver force
60
Symport
solute and sodium move in the same direction
61
Antiport
solute and sodium move in opposite directions
62
Sodium potassium pump
3 Na out and 2K in Used in regulating cell volume Energy used to drive the pump serves as an energy source for secondary active transport
63
What is Em
membrane potential - the difference in charge between ECF and ICF
64
What cells can produce membrane potential typically
Nerve and muscle
65
What is the equilibrium potential for potassium and what does it rest at
-90mV | where there is no net movement of potassium out of cell by concn gradient or in by electrical gradient
66
What is the nernst equation
Eion=61log x [ion]o/[ion]i
67
What is the equilibrium potential for sodium and what doe sit rest at?
+60mV
68
What is the overall resting membrane potential?
-70mV
69
why is Em not equal to Ek?
there is an inward leak of sodium down the electrochemical gradient
70
Why is the value of Em more negative than was thought to be?
potassium is more permeable to the membrane hence why it is more negative
71
what is haemostasis
arrest of bleeding while keeping blood vessels open
72
Stages of anticoagulation
platelet plug - primary haemostasis fibrin clot - secondary haemostasis fibrinolysis
73
what do platelets release when bound to a wound to form a fibrin clot
calcium
74
what tissue factor binds to phospholipid/platelet layer
VII
75
what do factor V and X do
catalyse conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
76
what does thrombin do
catalyses conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which acts on factor VIII/ IX to form a fibrin clot
77
single clotting factor deficiency
hemophilia | hereditary
78
multiple clotting factor deficiencies
Acquired generally | Disseminated intravascular coagulation
79
What is fibrinolysis
plagminogen is converted to plasmin by TPA - plasmin breaks fibrin into fibrin degradation products
80
how do serine protease inhibitors act as anticoagulants
produces anti thrombin III which inhibits action and production of thrombin and therefore factor VII, V, X, VIII, IX
81
how do PC/PS act as anticoagulants
activated by thrombin and acts on factors V, X, VIII, IX to inhibit further clot formation
82
What is arterial thrombosis and how is it treated
caused by atherosclerosis build up and forms a platelet rich thrombus Treated with aspirin and anti platelet drugs - risk factors for atherosclerosis modified
83
What is venous thrombosis and how is it treated
low pressure system with no platelets activated so cascade of coagulation due to inactivity, fibin rich Can cause PE and DVT Treated with heparin and warfarin
84
what is virchows triad
risk factors for venous thrombosis | stasis, vessel wall injury, hypercoagulability

MB1: Principles (10 decks)

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