Histology

Question 1

Cell is how much water?

Answer 1

80%

Question 2

what is the cell membrane made up of and how can it be described?

Answer 2

hydrophillic lipid bilayer
anchored membrane proteins
proteins that can laterally diffuse
selectively permeable and amphipathic

Question 3

what is an inclusion?

Answer 3

non bound organelles synthesised by the cell

Question 4

3 componenets of cytoskeleton

Answer 4

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

Question 5

where do microtubules originate from

Answer 5

MTOC, centrosome

Question 6

what are microtubules made of

Answer 6

2 tubulin strands, alpha and beta tubulin

Question 7

name of transport molecules that attach to microtubules

Answer 7

dynein and kinesin

Question 8

what are microfilaments made of

Answer 8

fine actin strands

Question 9

what binds intracellular elements together

Answer 9

intermediate microfilaments

Question 10

heterochromatin

Answer 10

highly condensed DNA

not undergoing transcription

Question 11

euchromatin

Answer 11

less condensed DNA undergoing transcription

Question 12

What does the ER do?

Answer 12

membrane bound spaces
SER - processes popypeptides
RER - involved in protein synthesis, ribosome rich and provides space for polypeptide

Question 13

Name of inner mitochondrial membrane and its folds?

Answer 13

Christae

increase SA

Question 14

tight junction?

Answer 14

prevents diffusion

also called occluding

Question 15

anchoring junctions?

Answer 15

links cells togehter by actin molecules

Question 16

desmosomes?

Answer 16

sub membrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells.

skin for mechanical stability

Question 17

gap junction

Answer 17

allows selective diffusion through connexon pores

Question 18

why do cardiac muscle cells require gap junctions

Answer 18

to allow for a wave of excitation to occur

not required in skeletal muscle

Question 19

H&E?

Answer 19

Haematoxylin (purple and acidic affinity) and eosin (pink and basic affinity)

Question 20

How is a slide prepared?

Answer 20

sliced thinly, dehydrated, put into organic solvent, penetrated in hot wax.
wax washed out and cut on microtome.
stained

Question 21

What is an artifact

Answer 21

a distortion when preserving a tissue

Question 22

4 basic tissue types

Answer 22

Epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle

Question 23

At apical and basal ends epithelial cells are

Answer 23

polar

Question 24

epithelial cells attached to

Answer 24

basal lamina

Question 25

Squamous

Answer 25

flattened like shape

Question 26

cuboidal

Answer 26

cube shaped

Question 27

columnar

Answer 27

column shaped

Question 28

simple epithelium

Answer 28

single layer

Question 29

stratified epithelium

Answer 29

multi layered

Question 30

pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 30

appears single layered but actually all attached to basal lamina

Question 31

what is a goblet cell

Answer 31

a cell that secreted mucous | it acts as its own gland

Question 32

endocrine gland

Answer 32

secreted into vascular system from basal end

Question 33

exocrine gland

Answer 33

secreted into duct or tissue from apical end

Question 34

examples of soft tissue

Answer 34

tendons, ligaments, dermis of skin

Question 35

types of cartilage

Answer 35

elastic, fibrocartilage, hyaline

Question 36

where does hard connective tissue receive its nutrients

Answer 36

extracellular matrix

Question 37

what are the types of bone

Answer 37

diaphysis (hard) epiphysis (softer)

Question 38

what is the extracellular matrix made of

Answer 38

ground substance - GAGs fibres tissue fluid

Question 39

what are fibroblasts

Answer 39

maintain extracellular matrix

Question 40

fat cell?

Answer 40

adipose

Question 41

types of muscle and funcion

Answer 41

Cardiac - walls of heart, not very striated. contains intercalated disk skeletal - conscious control, striated and multinucleated smooth - involuntary and lines hollow organs - no striations

Question 42

types of neuron

Answer 42

multipolar bipolar pseudounipolar

Question 43

schwann cells?

Answer 43

PNS - support cells and produce myelin

Question 44

bipolar neuron?

Answer 44

one dendrite one axon

Question 45

pseudounipolar neuron?

Answer 45

axon in both directions

Question 46

multipolar neuron?

Answer 46

one axon many dendrites

Question 47

3 glia of CNS

Answer 47

microglia astrocytes oligodenrocytes

Question 48

3 salivary glands

Answer 48

Parotid submandibular sublingual

Question 49

which salivary gland produces most mucous

Answer 49

sublingual

Question 50

True/false: saliva has same salt content to blood

Answer 50

False - it is hypotonic

Question 51

What structural tissues compose the GI tract?

Answer 51

Mucosal layer - epithelium with basal lamina, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae Submucosa - loose connective tissue Muscularis externa - two thick layers smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal) Serosa - outer connective tissue layer to connect and suspend tract

Question 52

Types of mucosa

Answer 52

protective absorptive protective and absorptive secretory

Question 53

Name of GI nervous system

Answer 53

enteric

Question 54

name of nerve bundles in GI tract

Answer 54

Ganglia

Question 55

What is the inside of trachea lined with

Answer 55

columnar epithelial cells, grow shorter the further down. contain cilia Goblet cells and sumucosal glands trap foreign particles

Question 56

True/false - bronchioles have hyaline cartilage

Answer 56

false- bronchi and trachea do, but bronchioles have smooth muscle

Question 57

Alveoli

Answer 57

small air sacs formed by squamous simple epithelia, share basal lamina with capillary

Question 58

Structure of liver cells to make liver?

Answer 58

lobules

Question 59

what is the portal triad

Answer 59

a branch of hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile duct

Question 60

function of islets of langerhans

Answer 60

produce hormones such as insulin

Question 61

where are pancreatic digestive juices activated and what is contained

Answer 61

contains, lipases, proteases and nucleases. secreted into duodenum and activated there to prevent digestion of pancreas

Question 62

What is the tunica intima

Answer 62

single layer squamous epithelial cells | seperated from tunica media by internal elastic tissue

Question 63

what is the tunica media

Answer 63

smooth muscle, sometimes elastic fibres

Question 64

what is the tunica adventitia

Answer 64

supporting connective tissue | separated from tunica media by external elastic membrane

Question 65

what is the name of the blood vessels blood supply

Answer 65

vaso vasorum

Question 66

types of capillary

Answer 66

continuous (no gaps) fenestrated (small pores) discontinuous (large cell and basal lamina gaps)

Question 67

veins have

Answer 67

thin t.media and large t.adventitia valves longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 68

true/false- blood flow is regulated to capillaries

Answer 68

true - by precapillary sphincters

Question 69

lymph functions to

Answer 69

immune surveillance at lymph nodes | remove excess fluid from tissues

Question 70

composition of blood

Answer 70

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

Question 71

lifespan of RBC

Answer 71

around 4 months

Question 72

size and function of RBC

Answer 72

7 microns | elastic cytoskelteton to fit through small capillaries and no nucleus to supply greater oxygen to tissues

Question 73

erythrocytes made by

Answer 73

hemopoiesis

Question 74

true/false - platelets have a nucleus

Answer 74

false

Question 75

cell that makes platelets

Answer 75

megakaryocytes

Question 76

Categories of WBC

Answer 76

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 77

Neutrophil

Answer 77

multi lobed nucleus | most common leukocyte

Question 78

basophil

Answer 78

rarest leukocyte bilobed nucleus effector cells in allergic reactions, containing granules with pro inflammatory mediators

Question 79

Eosinophil

Answer 79

High eosin affinity bilobed nucleus parasitic infection

Question 80

monocyte

Answer 80

horseshoe nucleus | involved in phagocytosis

Question 81

lymphocytes

Answer 81

non lobed nucleus no visible granules B&T cells acquired immune response